. . "Tappeto anatolico"@it . . . "\u041A\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0456\u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043B, \u0437 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044F\u043C\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435 \u0432 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438."@uk . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0432\u0440\u044B (\u0442\u0443\u0440. T\u00FCrk hal\u0131s\u0131) \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043B, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Turkey Prayer rug.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . "La alfombra turca o alfombra de Anatolia es un t\u00E9rmino de conveniencia, com\u00FAnmente usado para designar alfombras tejidas en Anatolia (o en el Asia Menor) y sus regiones adyacentes. Geogr\u00E1ficamente, su \u00E1rea de producci\u00F3n se puede comparar con los territorios hist\u00F3ricamente dominados por el Imperio otomano. Tiene un tejido anudado con pelo y se produce para uso dom\u00E9stico y su colocaci\u00F3n en suelos o paredes, su venta en locales y tambi\u00E9n para la exportaci\u00F3n. Junto con el kilim de tejido plano, las alfombras turcas representan una parte esencial de la cultura regional, que hoy se conoce oficialmente como la cultura de Turqu\u00EDa,\u200B y se deriva del pluralismo \u00E9tnico, religioso y cultural de uno de los centros m\u00E1s antiguos de la civilizaci\u00F3n humana. Esta mezcla originariamente comenz\u00F3 como resultado del encuentro de los turcos y su cultura con las de los pueblos que se encontraban en su camino durante su migraci\u00F3n desde Asia central a Occidente, as\u00ED como los armenios, las tribus cauc\u00E1sicas y kurdas que viv\u00EDan o migraban a Anatolia a diferentes \u00E9pocas de la historia contribuyeron con sus motivos y ornamentos tradicionales.\u200B\u200B La llegada del Islam y el desarrollo del arte isl\u00E1mico influy\u00F3 profundamente en el dise\u00F1o de la alfombra de Anatolia. Sus ornamentos y patrones reflejan as\u00ED la historia pol\u00EDtica y la diversidad social del \u00E1rea. Sin embargo, la investigaci\u00F3n cient\u00EDfica no pudo, hasta el momento, atribuir ninguna caracter\u00EDstica de dise\u00F1o particular a ninguna tradici\u00F3n \u00E9tnica o regional espec\u00EDfica, o tambi\u00E9n diferenciar entre patrones de dise\u00F1o n\u00F3madas y campesinos.\u200B Dentro del grupo de alfombras orientales, la alfombra de Anatolia se distingue por las caracter\u00EDsticas particulares de sus tintes y colores, motivos, texturas y t\u00E9cnicas. Los ejemplos var\u00EDan en tama\u00F1o desde peque\u00F1as yastik hasta alfombras grandes, del tama\u00F1o de una habitaci\u00F3n. Los ejemplos m\u00E1s antiguos de alfombras de Anatolia que se conocen datan del siglo XIII. Diferentes tipos de alfombras se han tejido desde entonces en manufacturas y talleres provinciales, hogares de aldeas, asentamientos tribales o en la carpa de los n\u00F3madas. Las alfombras se produc\u00EDan simult\u00E1neamente en todos los niveles de la sociedad, principalmente con lana de oveja, algod\u00F3n y tintes naturales. A menudo est\u00E1n ligadas con nudos sim\u00E9tricos, fueron tan ampliamente utilizados en la zona que los comerciantes de alfombras occidentales a comienzos del siglo XX que adoptaron el t\u00E9rmino nudo \u00ABturco\u00BB o \u00ABGhiordes\u00BB para esta t\u00E9cnica. A partir de 1870, la corte otomana tambi\u00E9n fabricaba alfombras de seda, a veces con hilos de oro o plata, Pero el material tradicional de la mayor\u00EDa de las alfombras turcas fue el hilado a mano de lana te\u00F1ida natural. En Europa, las alfombras turcas se representaban con frecuencia en pinturas renacentistas, a menudo en un contexto de dignidad, prestigio y lujo. Los contactos pol\u00EDticos y el comercio se intensificaron entre Europa occidental y el mundo isl\u00E1mico despu\u00E9s del siglo XIII. Cuando se estableci\u00F3 el comercio directo con el Imperio otomano durante el siglo XIV, se dio a todos los tipos de alfombras, indiscriminadamente, la firma de alfombras \u00ABturcas\u00BB, independientemente de su lugar de fabricaci\u00F3n real.\u200B Desde finales del siglo XIX, las alfombras orientales han estado sujetas al inter\u00E9s hist\u00F3rico y cient\u00EDfico del arte en el mundo occidental.\u200B\u200B\u200B El arte y la artesan\u00EDa de la alfombra de Turqu\u00EDa experimentaron serios cambios con la introducci\u00F3n de tintes sint\u00E9ticos del \u00FAltimo tercio del siglo XIX en adelante. La producci\u00F3n masiva de alfombras baratas dise\u00F1adas para el \u00E9xito comercial hab\u00EDa llevado la antigua tradici\u00F3n a la extinci\u00F3n. A finales del siglo XX, proyectos como la Iniciativa de alfombras DOBAG han revivido con \u00E9xito la tradici\u00F3n del tejido de alfombras de Anatolia con hilado de lana a mano y dise\u00F1os tradicionales.\u200B\u200B"@es . . . "Tappeto anatolico \u00E8 un termine convenzionale, comunemente usato oggi per indicare i tappeti tessuti in Anatolia (o Asia minore) e le sue regioni adiacenti. Geograficamente, la sua area di produzione pu\u00F2 essere paragonata ai territori che erano storicamente dominati dall'Impero ottomano. Denota un tessuto a pelo intrecciato, per pavimento o rivestimento murale, che viene prodotto per uso domestico, vendita locale ed esportazione. Insieme ai tessuti piatti (kilim), i tappeti anatolici rappresentano una parte essenziale della cultura regionale, che \u00E8 ufficialmente intesa come cultura della Turchia, e deriva dal pluralismo etnico, religioso e culturale di uno dei centri pi\u00F9 antichi della civilt\u00E0 umana. La tessitura dei tappeti rappresenta un mestiere tradizionale che risale alla preistoria. I tappeti sono stati tessuti molto prima di quanto suggerirebbero anche i tappeti pi\u00F9 antichi sopravvissuti come il tappeto Pazyryk. Durante la sua lunga storia, l'arte e l'artigianato del tappeto tessuto hanno assorbito e integrato diverse tradizioni culturali. Nei tappeti anatolici si trovano tracce di disegno bizantino. Popoli turchi migranti dall'Asia centrale, armeni, trib\u00F9 caucasiche e curde che vivevano o migravano in Anatolia in diversi momenti della storia, vi hanno contribuito con i loro motivi e ornamenti tradizionali. L'arrivo dell'Islam e lo sviluppo dell'arte islamica hanno profondamente influenzato il disegno del tappeto anatolico. I suoi ornamenti e motivi riflettono quindi la storia politica e la diversit\u00E0 sociale dell'area. Tuttavia, la ricerca scientifica non \u00E8 ancora in grado di attribuire una particolare caratteristica di progettazione a una specifica tradizione etnica o regionale, o addirittura di differenziare tra modelli di progettazione nomade e di villaggio. All'interno del gruppo dei tappeti orientali, il tappeto anatolico si distingue per le caratteristiche particolari dei suoi coloranti e colori, motivi, trame e tecniche. Gli esempi variano da piccoli cuscini (yastik) a tappeti di grandi dimensioni. I primi esempi sopravvissuti di tappeti anatolici noti oggi risalgono al XIII secolo. Distinti tipi di tappeti sono stati tessuti sin da quando erano fabbricati nelle corti e laboratori provinciali, case di villaggio, insediamenti tribali o nella tenda di un nomade. I tappeti sono stati prodotti simultaneamente a tutti i diversi livelli della societ\u00E0, principalmente usando lana di pecora, cotone e tinture a colori naturali. I tappeti anatolici sono spesso legati con nodi simmetrici, che erano ampiamente usati nell'area e che i commercianti di tappeti occidentali, all'inizio del XX secolo, chiamarono con il termine \"turco\" o \"Ghiordes\". Dal 1870 in poi, la corte ottomana produceva anche tappeti di seta, a volte con fili intrecciati di oro o argento, ma il materiale tradizionale della maggior parte dei tappeti anatolici era lana filata e tinta con colori naturali. In Europa, i tappeti anatolici erano raffigurati nei dipinti del Rinascimento, spesso in un contesto di prestigio e lusso. I contatti politici e il commercio si intensificarono tra l'Europa occidentale e il mondo islamico dopo il XIII secolo, quando ebbe inizio il commercio diretto con l'Impero ottomano durante il XIV secolo. Tutti i tipi di tappeti furono dapprima attribuiti indiscriminatamente al nome commerciale dei tappeti \"turchi\", indipendentemente dal loro luogo di produzione reale. Dalla fine del XIX secolo, i tappeti orientali furono oggetto di interesse storico e scientifico-artistico nel mondo occidentale. La ricchezza e la diversit\u00E0 culturale della tessitura dei tappeti vennero gradualmente comprese. Pi\u00F9 recentemente, anche i tappeti a tessitura piatta (Kilim, Soumak, Cicim e Zili) hanno attratto l'interesse di collezionisti e scienziati. L'arte e l'artigianato del tappeto anatolico subirono gravi cambiamenti con l'introduzione dei coloranti sintetici dall'ultimo terzo del XIX secolo in poi. La produzione in serie di tappeti economici, progettati per il successo commerciale, aveva portato l'antica tradizione vicina all'estinzione. Alla fine del XX secolo, progetti come DOBAG Carpet Initiative hanno riscoperto con successo la tradizione della tessitura di tappeti anatolici usando lana filata a mano, tinte naturali e disegni tradizionali."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . "Ein anatolischer Teppich (auch: t\u00FCrkischer Teppich) ist ein schwerer textiler Bodenbelag, der in der geographischen Region Anatolien oder Kleinasien und den angrenzenden Gebieten traditionell in Handarbeit f\u00FCr den Eigengebrauch, den lokalen Handel und den Export produziert wird. Anatolische Teppiche bilden einen wichtigen Bestandteil der Kultur und des kulturellen Erbes der heutigen T\u00FCrkei."@de . . . . . . "100529"^^ . "La alfombra turca o alfombra de Anatolia es un t\u00E9rmino de conveniencia, com\u00FAnmente usado para designar alfombras tejidas en Anatolia (o en el Asia Menor) y sus regiones adyacentes. Geogr\u00E1ficamente, su \u00E1rea de producci\u00F3n se puede comparar con los territorios hist\u00F3ricamente dominados por el Imperio otomano. Tiene un tejido anudado con pelo y se produce para uso dom\u00E9stico y su colocaci\u00F3n en suelos o paredes, su venta en locales y tambi\u00E9n para la exportaci\u00F3n. Junto con el kilim de tejido plano, las alfombras turcas representan una parte esencial de la cultura regional, que hoy se conoce oficialmente como la cultura de Turqu\u00EDa,\u200B y se deriva del pluralismo \u00E9tnico, religioso y cultural de uno de los centros m\u00E1s antiguos de la civilizaci\u00F3n humana. Esta mezcla originariamente comenz\u00F3 como resultado"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Right image: Tribal Kurdish Cuval, ca. 1880 in traditional design, with harsh synthetic colours."@en . "\u041A\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0456\u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043B, \u0437 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044F\u043C\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435 \u0432 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438."@uk . . . . . "Catifa turca"@ca . . . . . . . . . . "6861578"^^ . . . . "\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u0432\u0451\u0440"@ru . . . . . . . . . "Left image: Pieter de Hooch: Portrait of a family making music, 1663, Cleveland Museum of Art"@en . . . . . . . . "\u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF"@el . . . . . . . . "horizontal"@en . . . "Pieter de Hooch 019.jpg"@en . . . . . . "Anatolian rug is a term of convenience, commonly used today to denote rugs and carpets woven in Anatolia and its adjacent regions. Geographically, its area of production can be compared to the territories which were historically dominated by the Ottoman Empire. It denotes a knotted, pile-woven floor or wall covering which is produced for home use, local sale, and export. Together with the flat-woven kilim, Anatolian rugs represent an essential part of the regional culture, which is officially understood as the Culture of Turkey today, and derives from the ethnic, religious and cultural pluralism of one of the most ancient centres of human civilisation. Rug weaving represents a traditional craft dating back to prehistoric times. Rugs were woven much earlier than even the oldest surviving rugs like the Pazyryk rug would suggest. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has absorbed and integrated different cultural traditions. Traces of Byzantine design can be observed in Anatolian rugs; Turkic peoples migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia at different times in history contributed their traditional motifs and ornaments. The arrival of Islam and the development of the Islamic art has profoundly influenced the Anatolian rug design. Its ornaments and patterns thus reflect the political history and social diversity of the area. However, scientific research was unable, as yet, to attribute any particular design feature to any specific ethnic or regional tradition, or even to differentiate between nomadic and village design patterns. Within the group of oriental carpets, the Anatolian rug is distinguished by particular characteristics of its dyes and colours, motifs, textures and techniques. Examples range in size from small pillows (yastik) to large, room-sized carpets. The earliest surviving examples of Anatolian rugs known today date from the thirteenth century. Distinct types of rugs have been woven ever since in court manufactures and provincial workshops, village homes, tribal settlements, or in the nomad's tent. Rugs were simultaneously produced at all different levels of society, mainly using sheep wool, cotton and natural dyes. Anatolian rugs are most often tied with symmetrical knots, which were so widely used in the area that Western rug dealers in the early 20th century adopted the term \"Turkish\" or \"Ghiordes\" knot for the technique. From the 1870s onwards, the Ottoman court manufactures also produced silk-piled rugs, sometimes with inwoven threads of gold or silver, but the traditional material of the majority of Anatolian rugs was hand-spun, naturally-dyed wool. In Europe, Anatolian rugs were frequently depicted in Renaissance paintings, often in a context of dignity, prestige and luxury. Political contacts and trade intensified between Western Europe and the Islamic world after the 13th century AD. When direct trade was established with the Ottoman Empire during the 14th century, all kinds of carpets were at first indiscriminately given the trade name of \"Turkish\" carpets, regardless of their actual place of manufacture. Since the late nineteenth century, oriental rugs have been subject to art historic and scientific interest in the Western world. The richness and cultural diversity of rug weaving were gradually better understood. More recently, also flat woven carpets (Kilim, Soumak, Cicim, Zili) have attracted the interest of collectors and scientists. The art and craft of the Anatolian rug underwent serious changes by the introduction of synthetic dyes from the last third of the 19th century onwards. The mass production of cheap rugs designed for commercial success had brought the ancient tradition close to extinction. In the late twentieth century, projects like the DOBAG Carpet Initiative have successfully revived the tradition of Anatolian rug weaving using hand-spun, naturally-dyed wool and traditional designs."@en . . . . . . . . "Anatolischer Teppich"@de . "Right image: Animal carpet, around 1500, found in Marby Church, J\u00E4mtland, Sweden. Wool, 160 cm x 112 cm, Swedish History Museum, Stockholm"@en . . "Tapete turco ou tapete da Anat\u00F3lia \u00E9 um termo de conveni\u00EAncia, comumente usado para designar tapetes tecidos na Anat\u00F3lia (\u00C1sia Menor) e em suas regi\u00F5es adjacentes. Geograficamente, sua \u00E1rea de produ\u00E7\u00E3o pode ser comparada com os territ\u00F3rios historicamente dominados pelo Imp\u00E9rio Otomano. Possui um tecido atado com fios e \u00E9 produzido para uso dom\u00E9stico, coloca\u00E7\u00E3o em pisos ou paredes, venda local e tamb\u00E9m exporta\u00E7\u00E3o. Juntamente com o kilim de tecido plano, os tapetes turcos representam uma parte essencial da cultura regional, hoje conhecida oficialmente como a cultura da Turquia, que \u00E9 derivada do pluralismo \u00E9tnico, religioso e cultural de um dos centros mais antigos da civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o humana. Essa mistura come\u00E7ou originalmente como resultado do encontro dos turcos e de sua cultura com as pessoas "@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "Marby carpet.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Tapete turco ou tapete da Anat\u00F3lia \u00E9 um termo de conveni\u00EAncia, comumente usado para designar tapetes tecidos na Anat\u00F3lia (\u00C1sia Menor) e em suas regi\u00F5es adjacentes. Geograficamente, sua \u00E1rea de produ\u00E7\u00E3o pode ser comparada com os territ\u00F3rios historicamente dominados pelo Imp\u00E9rio Otomano. Possui um tecido atado com fios e \u00E9 produzido para uso dom\u00E9stico, coloca\u00E7\u00E3o em pisos ou paredes, venda local e tamb\u00E9m exporta\u00E7\u00E3o. Juntamente com o kilim de tecido plano, os tapetes turcos representam uma parte essencial da cultura regional, hoje conhecida oficialmente como a cultura da Turquia, que \u00E9 derivada do pluralismo \u00E9tnico, religioso e cultural de um dos centros mais antigos da civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o humana. Essa mistura come\u00E7ou originalmente como resultado do encontro dos turcos e de sua cultura com as pessoas que estavam em seu caminho durante a migra\u00E7\u00E3o da \u00C1sia Central para o Ocidente, bem como com as tribos arm\u00EAnias, caucasianas e curdas que viveram ou migraram para a Anat\u00F3lia em diferentes momentos da hist\u00F3ria, contribu\u00EDram com seus temas e ornamentos tradicionais. A chegada do Isl\u00E3 e o desenvolvimento da arte isl\u00E2mica influenciaram profundamente o design dos tapete anatolianos. Seus ornamentos e padr\u00F5es refletem a hist\u00F3ria pol\u00EDtica e a diversidade social da regi\u00E3o. No entanto, pesquisas cient\u00EDficas ainda n\u00E3o puderam atribuir nenhuma caracter\u00EDstica espec\u00EDfica de design a nenhuma tradi\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9tnica ou regional espec\u00EDfica, nem tamb\u00E9m diferenciar entre padr\u00F5es de design n\u00F4made e campon\u00EAs. Dentro do grupo de tapetes orientais, os tapetes da Anat\u00F3lia se distinguem pelas caracter\u00EDsticas particulares de seus corantes e cores, temas, texturas e t\u00E9cnicas. Os exemplos variam em tamanho; desde pequenos yastik at\u00E9 tapetes grandes, do tamanho de uma sala. Os exemplos mais antigos de tapetes da Anat\u00F3lia datam do s\u00E9culo XIII. Diferentes tipos de tapetes eram tecidos em f\u00E1bricas e oficinas provinciais, casas de aldeia, assentamentos tribais ou em tendas de n\u00F4mades. Os tapetes eram produzidos simultaneamente em todos os n\u00EDveis da sociedade, principalmente com l\u00E3 de ovelha, algod\u00E3o e corantes naturais. Eles s\u00E3o frequentemente amarrados com n\u00F3s sim\u00E9tricos, e eram t\u00E3o amplamente utilizados na \u00E1rea que os comerciantes de tapetes ocidentais no in\u00EDcio do s\u00E9culo XX adotaram o termo de \"turco\" ou \"guiordes\" para essa t\u00E9cnica de n\u00F3. A partir de 1870, a corte otomana tamb\u00E9m fabricava tapetes de seda, \u00E0s vezes com fios de ouro ou prata, mas o material tradicional da maioria das fia\u00E7\u00F5es de tapetes turcos era a l\u00E3 natural tingida \u00E0 m\u00E3o. Na Europa os tapetes turcos eram frequentemente retratados em pinturas renascentistas, geralmente em um contexto de dignidade, prest\u00EDgio e luxo. Os contatos pol\u00EDticos e o com\u00E9rcio se intensificaram entre a Europa Ocidental e o mundo isl\u00E2mico ap\u00F3s o s\u00E9culo XIII. Quando o com\u00E9rcio direto com o Imp\u00E9rio Otomano foi estabelecido durante o s\u00E9culo XIV, todos os tipos de tapetes receberam indiscriminadamente a assinatura de tapetes \"turcos\", independentemente de seu local de fabrica\u00E7\u00E3o real. Desde o final do s\u00E9culo XIX, os tapetes orientais est\u00E3o sujeitos ao interesse hist\u00F3rico e cient\u00EDfico da arte no mundo ocidental."@pt . . . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0432\u0440\u044B (\u0442\u0443\u0440. T\u00FCrk hal\u0131s\u0131) \u2014 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043B, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438."@ru . "Anatolian rug"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "200"^^ . . . . . . "\u041A\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0438"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . "221"^^ . . . "Anatolisk matta"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Pile Rug, ca 1875; Southwestern Anatolia.jpg"@en . "165"^^ . . . . . . "187"^^ . "left"@en . "Left image: Pile rug, circa 1875; Southwestern Anatolia, with bright but harmonic natural dyes"@en . . . "190"^^ . . . . . . "Right image: \"Transylvanian\" type prayer rug, 17th century, National Museum, Warsaw"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ein anatolischer Teppich (auch: t\u00FCrkischer Teppich) ist ein schwerer textiler Bodenbelag, der in der geographischen Region Anatolien oder Kleinasien und den angrenzenden Gebieten traditionell in Handarbeit f\u00FCr den Eigengebrauch, den lokalen Handel und den Export produziert wird. Anatolische Teppiche bilden einen wichtigen Bestandteil der Kultur und des kulturellen Erbes der heutigen T\u00FCrkei. Das Teppichkn\u00FCpfen ist ein traditionelles Kunsthandwerk, das weit in die pr\u00E4islamische Zeit zur\u00FCckreicht. Im Lauf der langen Geschichte Anatoliens und des Kunsthandwerks der Teppichherstellung wurden unterschiedliche kulturelle Einfl\u00FCsse in die Gestaltung integriert. Spuren byzantinischer Ornamente haben sich in den Teppichmustern ebenso erhalten wie die traditionellen Muster und Dekors der Turkv\u00F6lker, die aus Zentralasien einwanderten. Auch Griechen, Armenier, kaukasische und kurdische St\u00E4mme, die in Anatolien leben oder zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten dorthin einwanderten, haben ihre traditionellen Muster eingebracht. Die \u00DCbernahme des Islam und die Entwicklung der islamischen Kunst beeinflussten die Gestaltung tiefgreifend. Aus den Mustern der Teppichkn\u00FCpferei l\u00E4sst sich somit die politische und ethnische Geschichte und Vielfalt Kleinasiens ablesen. Etwa ab dem 12. Jahrhundert n. Chr., als die politischen und Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Westeuropa und der islamischen Welt intensiver wurden, wurden anatolische Kn\u00FCpfteppiche auch in Europa bekannt. Weil sich der direkte Handel zuerst zwischen dem Osmanischen Reich und Europa etablierte, waren Orientteppiche in Europa zun\u00E4chst nur unter dem Handelsnamen \u201Et\u00FCrkische\u201C Teppiche bekannt, unabh\u00E4ngig von ihrem tats\u00E4chlichen Ursprungsland. Erst nachdem im sp\u00E4ten 19. Jahrhundert das wissenschaftliche Interesse westeurop\u00E4ischer Kunsthistoriker erwacht war, wurde die k\u00FCnstlerische und kulturelle Vielfalt des anatolischen Teppichs besser verstanden. Innerhalb der Gruppe der Orientteppiche zeichnet sich der anatolische Teppich durch charakteristische Farben, Muster, Strukturen und Techniken aus. Meist aus Wolle und Baumwolle, manchmal auch aus Seide bestehend, werden anatolische Teppiche meist mit dem symmetrischen (\u201Et\u00FCrkischen\u201C oder \u201EG\u00F6rdes\u201C-Knoten) gekn\u00FCpft. Die Formate reichen vom kleinen Kissen (yastik) bis hin zu gro\u00DFen, den Raum ausf\u00FCllenden Teppichen. Die fr\u00FChesten erhaltenen t\u00FCrkischen Teppiche datieren aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Seitdem wurden kontinuierlich bis heute unterschiedliche Teppichtypen in Manufakturen, eher provinziellen Werkst\u00E4tten, in D\u00F6rfern, kleinen Siedlungen oder von Nomaden hergestellt. Jede soziale Gruppe kennt dabei charakteristische Techniken und verwendet charakteristische Materialien. Wissenschaftliche Versuche, ein bestimmtes Muster einer ethnischen, regionalen, oder auch nur der nomadischen oder d\u00F6rflichen Tradition zuzuordnen, blieben aufgrund des kontinuierlichen Austauschs von Mustern im Rahmen der ausgedehnten Migrationen und des Einflusses der kommerziellen Produktion bislang erfolglos. Traditionelle t\u00FCrkische Teppiche wurden nicht nur in ihrem Ursprungsland, sondern auch in Westeuropa als Kunstwerke gesch\u00E4tzt. Schon auf europ\u00E4ischen Gem\u00E4lden aus der Renaissancezeit werden Orientteppiche dargestellt. Seit dem 19. Jahrhundert werden sie auch wissenschaftlich von Kunsthistorikern in Westeuropa und der T\u00FCrkei erforscht. Seit einiger Zeit haben auch die Flachgewebe (Kelim, Sumak, Cicim, Zili) das Interesse von Sammlern und Wissenschaftlern gefunden. In den 1980er Jahren entstanden Initiativen wie die DOBAG-Initiative, in den 2000er Jahren dann die Turkish Cultural Foundation, deren Ziel es ist, die traditionelle Kunst des Teppichkn\u00FCpfens mit handgesponnener, in Naturfarben gef\u00E4rbter Wolle und in traditionellen Mustern wiederzubeleben."@de . . "La catifa turca o catifa d'Anat\u00F2lia \u00E9s un terme de conveni\u00E8ncia, comunament usat per designar catifes teixides a Anat\u00F2lia (o l'\u00C0sia Menor) i les seves regions adjacents. Geogr\u00E0ficament, la seva \u00E0rea de producci\u00F3 es pot comparar amb els territoris hist\u00F2ricament dominats per l'Imperi Otom\u00E0. T\u00E9 un teixit nuat amb p\u00E8l i es produeix per a \u00FAs dom\u00E8stic i la seva col\u00B7locaci\u00F3 a terres o parets, la seva venda en locals i tamb\u00E9 per l'exportaci\u00F3. Juntament amb el de teixit pla, les catifes d'Anat\u00F2lia representen una part essencial de la cultura regional, que avui es coneix oficialment com la , i es deriva del pluralisme \u00E8tnic, religi\u00F3s i cultural d'un dels centres m\u00E9s antics de la civilitzaci\u00F3 humana. Aquesta barreja origin\u00E0riament va comen\u00E7ar com a resultat de la trobada dels turcs i la seva cultura"@ca . . . . . . . "147"^^ . . . "Rare Eastern Anatolian Tribal Kurdish Cuval Circa 1880 Private Collection.jpg"@en . "Left image: Phoenix and Dragon carpet, 164 x 91 cm, Anatolia, circa 1500, Pergamon Museum, Berlin"@en . . "1124781312"^^ . "\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u064A\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0633\u0643\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062A\u062D\u062A \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0644\u062A\u063A\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062A\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0639 \u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062A\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0631\u0647. \u064A\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u060C \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Tapetes turcos"@pt . . . . . . . . . "Anatoliska mattor \u00E4r handknutna fr\u00E5n Anatolien i Turkiet. Materialet \u00E4r ull, bomull eller silke och de knyts med . Tidiga exemplar finns avbildade p\u00E5 m\u00E5lningar av Lorenzo Lotto och Hans Holbein den yngre i b\u00F6rjan av 1500-talet. Deras m\u00F6nster har efter konstn\u00E4rerna kommit att kallas Lottomattor och Holbeinmattor. Under en period fr\u00E5n 1700-talet fram till omkring 1880, d\u00E5 indigo upph\u00F6rde att vara tillg\u00E4ngligt p\u00E5 grund av st\u00F6rda handelsf\u00F6rbindelser \u00F6sterut och ersattes av anilinf\u00E4rger, tillverkades m\u00E5nga av de klassiska turkiska b\u00F6nemattorna som ghiordemattorna, , kulamattorna och melasmattorna. Omkring 1880\u20131922 tillverkades mattor av varierande kvalitet, fr\u00E4mst , och Sivasmattor. Efter 1922 skedde en tillbakag\u00E5ng f\u00F6r tillverkningen av handknutna mattor och ersattes av maskinknutna mattor. Enklare by- och nomadmattor fortsatte dock fram till omkring 1950 att tillverkas enligt traditionell teknik. En lyxproduktion av silkesmattor, hovmanufakturmattor som kum-, kapu- och har skett parallellt."@sv . "Tappeto anatolico \u00E8 un termine convenzionale, comunemente usato oggi per indicare i tappeti tessuti in Anatolia (o Asia minore) e le sue regioni adiacenti. Geograficamente, la sua area di produzione pu\u00F2 essere paragonata ai territori che erano storicamente dominati dall'Impero ottomano. Denota un tessuto a pelo intrecciato, per pavimento o rivestimento murale, che viene prodotto per uso domestico, vendita locale ed esportazione. Insieme ai tessuti piatti (kilim), i tappeti anatolici rappresentano una parte essenziale della cultura regionale, che \u00E8 ufficialmente intesa come cultura della Turchia, e deriva dal pluralismo etnico, religioso e culturale di uno dei centri pi\u00F9 antichi della civilt\u00E0 umana."@it . . "\u03A4\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03AE\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03AD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C5\u03C6\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 (\u03AE \u039C\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u0391\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1) \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2. \u0393\u03B5\u03C9\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B7 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03B4\u03AC\u03C6\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AD\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039F\u03B8\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2. \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03CC, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03CE\u03BB\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE. \u039C\u03B1\u03B6\u03AF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C5\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03AF\u03BC\u03B9\u03B1, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03B5\u03CD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03BF\u03BC\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03BB\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BD\u03BF\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03AE\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B5\u03B8\u03BD\u03BF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC, \u03B8\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE\u03C2."@el . . . . . "Phoenix and dragon carpet Anatolia first half or middle 15th century.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Anatolian rug is a term of convenience, commonly used today to denote rugs and carpets woven in Anatolia and its adjacent regions. Geographically, its area of production can be compared to the territories which were historically dominated by the Ottoman Empire. It denotes a knotted, pile-woven floor or wall covering which is produced for home use, local sale, and export. Together with the flat-woven kilim, Anatolian rugs represent an essential part of the regional culture, which is officially understood as the Culture of Turkey today, and derives from the ethnic, religious and cultural pluralism of one of the most ancient centres of human civilisation."@en . . . . . . . "left/right/center"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u03A4\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C2 \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03AE\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03AD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C5\u03C6\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 (\u03AE \u039C\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u0391\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1) \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2. \u0393\u03B5\u03C9\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B7 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03B4\u03AC\u03C6\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AD\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039F\u03B8\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2. \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03CC, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03CE\u03BB\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE. \u039C\u03B1\u03B6\u03AF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C5\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03AF\u03BC\u03B9\u03B1, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03B5\u03CD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03BF\u03BC\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03BB\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BD\u03BF\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03AE\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B5\u03B8\u03BD\u03BF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC, \u03B8\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE\u03C2. \u0397 \u03CD\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03B5\u03CD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE \u03C4\u03AD\u03C7\u03BD\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03CA\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2. \u03A7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03C5\u03C6\u03AC\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03CD \u03BD\u03C9\u03C1\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BA\u03CC\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B5\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03AD\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03B5\u03BD\u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03AF \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03A0\u03AC\u03B6\u03B9\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA. \u039A\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03B7 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C7\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B4\u03B5\u03BE\u03B9\u03CC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD \u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C6\u03B7\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BD\u03C3\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03C9\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B4\u03CC\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2. \u038A\u03C7\u03BD\u03B7 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u0392\u03C5\u03B6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD\u03CE\u03BD \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B7\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC. \u039F\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03BB\u03B1\u03BF\u03AF \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u039A\u03B5\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u0391\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03CE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u0391\u03C1\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF\u03B9, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u039A\u03BF\u03CD\u03C1\u03B4\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5 \u03B6\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03CC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03B2\u03B1\u03BB\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C4\u03AF\u03B2\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1. \u0397 \u03AC\u03C6\u03B9\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0399\u03C3\u03BB\u03AC\u03BC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C0\u03C4\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C7\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B7\u03C1\u03AD\u03B1\u03C3\u03B5 \u03B2\u03B1\u03B8\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AC \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03C4\u03C1\u03AF\u03B6\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03AD\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE\u03C2. \u03A9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B5\u03BD \u03BC\u03C0\u03CC\u03C1\u03B5\u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03B3\u03BC\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B5\u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BA\u03AC\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B5\u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7 \u03B5\u03B8\u03BD\u03BF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03AE \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C3\u03B7 \u03AE \u03B1\u03BA\u03CC\u03BC\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03AE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C7\u03C9\u03C1\u03BF\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03AF\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u0395\u03BD\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0391\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B2\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C4\u03AF\u03B2\u03B1, \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C5\u03C6\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B5\u03C7\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2. \u0397 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03B5\u03B8\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC \u03BC\u03B1\u03BE\u03B9\u03BB\u03AC\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1 (yastik) \u03BC\u03AD\u03C7\u03C1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03B1, \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AD\u03B8\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B4\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5, \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC. \u03A4\u03BF \u03C0\u03B9\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03CE\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03CE\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03AE\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B4\u03AD\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03C1\u03AF\u03C4\u03BF \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1. \u0394\u03B9\u03AC\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C4\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03AD\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C5\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B1, \u03B5\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03C1\u03B3\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1, \u03C3\u03C0\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C9\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD, \u03C6\u03C5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03AE \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03BA\u03B7\u03BD\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03C9\u03BD. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03B3\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B2\u03B1\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03C5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03B2\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5, \u03B2\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03BA\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B2\u03B1\u03C6\u03CE\u03BD. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C7\u03BD\u03AC \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03B5\u03B4\u03B5\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03CC\u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03CE\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5 \u03BF\u03B9 \u0394\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03C0\u03C9\u03BB\u03B7\u03C4\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 20\u03BF\u03CD \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C5\u03B9\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u00AB\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2\u00BB \u03AE \u00AB\u03B3\u03BA\u03B9\u03CC\u03C1\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2\u00BB \u03BA\u03CC\u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C4\u03B5\u03C7\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE. \u0391\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B5\u03BA\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 1870 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03C4\u03B1, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03B8\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B1\u03C5\u03BB\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03CD\u03B1\u03B6\u03B5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03C9\u03C4\u03AC \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B1\u03BD \u03BD\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03BF\u03CD \u03AE \u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD. \u03A9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03CC \u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03BF\u03C8\u03B7\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03C9\u03BD \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C0\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03CC \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03C7\u03AD\u03C1\u03B9, \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B2\u03B1\u03BC\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF \u03BC\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AF. \u03A3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0395\u03C5\u03C1\u03CE\u03C0\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03B6\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C4\u03B1\u03BA\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03BA\u03B5\u03C2, \u03C3\u03C5\u03C7\u03BD\u03AC \u03C3\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03AF\u03C3\u03B9\u03BF \u03B1\u03BE\u03B9\u03BF\u03C0\u03C1\u03AD\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2, \u03BA\u03CD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2. \u039F\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03B5\u03BC\u03C0\u03CC\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03B5\u03BD\u03C4\u03AC\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0394\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u0395\u03C5\u03C1\u03CE\u03C0\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B9\u03C3\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03BA\u03CC\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD 13\u03BF \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC.\u03A7. \u038C\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03B9\u03B5\u03C1\u03CE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C3\u03BF \u03B5\u03BC\u03C0\u03CC\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u039F\u03B8\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD 14\u03BF \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1, \u03CC\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03B4\u03B7 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AF\u03C4\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u00AB\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03BA\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC\u00BB, \u03B1\u03BD\u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C4\u03CC\u03C0\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2. \u0391\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B4\u03AD\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03AD\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03B2\u03C1\u03B5\u03B8\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B5\u03BD\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C7\u03BD\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0394\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03BA\u03CC\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5. \u039F \u03C0\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03CD\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03B7\u03C4\u03AC. \u03A0\u03B9\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03C3\u03C6\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1, \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2, \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C0\u03B5\u03B4\u03B1 \u03C5\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AC \u03C7\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03AD\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03B5\u03BB\u03BA\u03CD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03B5\u03BD\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD \u03C3\u03C5\u03BB\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD."@el . . "\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u064A\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0633\u0643\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062A\u062D\u062A \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0644\u062A\u063A\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062A\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0639 \u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062A\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0631\u0647. \u064A\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u060C \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629. \u064A\u0639\u062F \u0646\u0633\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0644\u060C \u062F\u0645\u062C \u0641\u0646 \u0648\u062D\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062C \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062F\u0645\u062C \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062C\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062F\u064A. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A\u060C \u062A\u0623\u062B\u0631 \u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A. \u062A\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062A\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u062E\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063A\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060C \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060C \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u062A\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062D\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062F \u062A\u0623\u0633\u064A\u0633 \u062E\u0637 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u060C \u0628\u063A\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064A. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064A\u060C \u064A\u062A\u0645\u064A\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0628\u062E\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629\u064B \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646\u060C \u0648\u064A\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u064F\u0642\u062F \u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062A\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u062D\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u062C\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062C\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062A\u0631\u062C\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u064F\u0646\u0633\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062D\u0644\u060C \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064A\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063A\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062F\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0645\u060C \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0646\u064F\u0633\u062C \u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u062D\u0631\u064A\u0631\u064A \u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u062A\u0632\u064A\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u062E\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062E\u064A\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060C \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0623\u0646\u062D\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A. \u0641\u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060C \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0643\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0627\u0647\u062A\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A \u0628\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064A. \u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u064B\u0627\u060C \u062C\u0630\u0628\u062A \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062C \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064A\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0647\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062C\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062C \u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F\u0648\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u063A\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La catifa turca o catifa d'Anat\u00F2lia \u00E9s un terme de conveni\u00E8ncia, comunament usat per designar catifes teixides a Anat\u00F2lia (o l'\u00C0sia Menor) i les seves regions adjacents. Geogr\u00E0ficament, la seva \u00E0rea de producci\u00F3 es pot comparar amb els territoris hist\u00F2ricament dominats per l'Imperi Otom\u00E0. T\u00E9 un teixit nuat amb p\u00E8l i es produeix per a \u00FAs dom\u00E8stic i la seva col\u00B7locaci\u00F3 a terres o parets, la seva venda en locals i tamb\u00E9 per l'exportaci\u00F3. Juntament amb el de teixit pla, les catifes d'Anat\u00F2lia representen una part essencial de la cultura regional, que avui es coneix oficialment com la , i es deriva del pluralisme \u00E8tnic, religi\u00F3s i cultural d'un dels centres m\u00E9s antics de la civilitzaci\u00F3 humana. Aquesta barreja origin\u00E0riament va comen\u00E7ar com a resultat de la trobada dels turcs i la seva cultura amb les dels pobles que es trobaven en el seu cam\u00ED durant la seva migraci\u00F3 des d'\u00C0sia central a Occident, aix\u00ED com els armenis, les tribus cauc\u00E0siques i kurdes que vivien o migraven a Anat\u00F2lia a diferents \u00E8poques de la hist\u00F2ria van contribuir amb els seus motius i ornaments tradicionals. L'arribada de l'islam i el desenvolupament de l'art isl\u00E0mic va influir profundament en el disseny de la catifa d'Anat\u00F2lia. Els seus ornaments i patrons reflecteixen aix\u00ED la hist\u00F2ria pol\u00EDtica i la diversitat social de l'\u00E0rea. Tanmateix, la recerca cient\u00EDfica no va poder, fins al moment, atribuir cap caracter\u00EDstica de disseny particular a cap tradici\u00F3 \u00E8tnica o regional espec\u00EDfica, o tamb\u00E9 diferenciar entre patrons de disseny n\u00F2mades i camperols. Dintre del grup de catifes orientals, la catifa d'Anat\u00F2lia es distingeix per les caracter\u00EDstiques particulars dels seus tints i colors, motius, textures i t\u00E8cniques. Els exemples varien en mida des de petites yastik fins catifes grans, de la mida d'una cambra. Els exemples m\u00E9s antics de catifes d'Anat\u00F2lia que es coneixen daten del segle xiii. Diferents tipus de catifes s'han teixit de llavors en\u00E7\u00E0 en manufactures i tallers provincials, llars de llogarets, assentaments tribals o en la carpa dels n\u00F2mades. Les catifes es produ\u00EFen simult\u00E0niament en tots els nivells de la societat, principalment amb llana d'ovella, cot\u00F3 i tints naturals. Sovint estan lligades amb nusos sim\u00E8trics, que van ser tan \u00E0mpliament utilitzats en la zona que els comerciants de catifes occidentals a comen\u00E7aments del segle xx van adoptar el terme nus \u00ABturc\u00BB o \u00ABGhiordes\u00BB per a aquesta t\u00E8cnica. A partir de 1870, la cort otomana tamb\u00E9 fabricava catifes de seda, de vegades amb fils d'or o plata, per\u00F2 el material tradicional de la majoria de les catifes d'Anat\u00F2lia va ser la filatura a m\u00E0 de llana tenyida natural. A Europa, les catifes d'Anat\u00F2lia es representaven amb freq\u00FC\u00E8ncia en pintures renaixentistes, sovint en un context de dignitat, prestigi i luxe. Els contactes pol\u00EDtics i el comer\u00E7 es van intensificar entre Europa occidental i el m\u00F3n isl\u00E0mic despr\u00E9s del segle xiii. Quan es va establir el comer\u00E7 directe amb l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 durant el segle xiv, es va donar a tots els tipus de catifes, indiscriminadament, la firma de catifes \u00ABturques\u00BB, independentment del seu lloc de fabricaci\u00F3 real. Des de finals del segle xix, les catifes orientals han estat subjectes a l'inter\u00E8s hist\u00F2ric i cient\u00EDfic de l'art en el m\u00F3n occidental. L'art i l'artesania de la catifa de Turquia van experimentar seriosos canvis amb la introducci\u00F3 de tints sint\u00E8tics de l'\u00FAltim ter\u00E7 del segle xix en endavant. La producci\u00F3 massiva de catifes barates dissenyades per a l'\u00E8xit comercial havia portat l'antiga tradici\u00F3 a l'extinci\u00F3. A la fi del segle xx, projectes com la Iniciativa de catifes DOBAG han reviscut amb \u00E8xit la tradici\u00F3 del teixit de catifes d'Anat\u00F2lia amb filatura de llana a m\u00E0 i dissenys tradicionals."@ca . . . . . "Alfombra turca"@es . . . . . . . . "Anatoliska mattor \u00E4r handknutna fr\u00E5n Anatolien i Turkiet. Materialet \u00E4r ull, bomull eller silke och de knyts med . Tidiga exemplar finns avbildade p\u00E5 m\u00E5lningar av Lorenzo Lotto och Hans Holbein den yngre i b\u00F6rjan av 1500-talet. Deras m\u00F6nster har efter konstn\u00E4rerna kommit att kallas Lottomattor och Holbeinmattor. Under en period fr\u00E5n 1700-talet fram till omkring 1880, d\u00E5 indigo upph\u00F6rde att vara tillg\u00E4ngligt p\u00E5 grund av st\u00F6rda handelsf\u00F6rbindelser \u00F6sterut och ersattes av anilinf\u00E4rger, tillverkades m\u00E5nga av de klassiska turkiska b\u00F6nemattorna som ghiordemattorna, , kulamattorna och melasmattorna."@sv .