. . . . . . . "Kapal Nur Al Marege, koleksi pribadi Muhammad Ridwan Alimudin, 2019.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . "Navigation dans l'Antiquit\u00E9"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Waka at Waitangi in the early morning.jpg"@en . . . "Maritime history dates back thousands of years. In ancient maritime history, evidence of maritime trade between civilizations dates back at least two millennia. The first prehistoric boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes which were developed independently by various Stone Age populations. In ancient history, various vessels were used for coastal fishing and travel. A mesolithic boatyard has been found from the Isle of Wight in Britain"@en . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La navigation dans l'Antiquit\u00E9 marque la premi\u00E8re grande \u00E9tape dans la conqu\u00EAte de l\u2019espace maritime. Certaines \u00EEles de la mer M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e ont \u00E9t\u00E9 fr\u00E9quent\u00E9es par des chasseurs-cueilleurs peut-\u00EAtre d\u00E8s le XIIe mill\u00E9naire. \u00C0 partir du N\u00E9olithique, la navigation s\u2019intensifie et la M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e devient tr\u00E8s vite un trait d\u2019union entre ses rivages, un moyen de communication par excellence. On a longtemps cru, en particulier \u00E0 la suite de Richard Lefebvre des No\u00EBttes, que les marins de l\u2019Antiquit\u00E9 \u00E9taient incapables de se diriger en haute mer et que leurs navires, \u00E9quip\u00E9s d\u2019avirons lat\u00E9raux de gouverne et de voiles carr\u00E9es, n\u2019\u00E9taient que de pi\u00E8tres embarcations, au tonnage m\u00E9diocre, incapables de s\u2019\u00E9loigner des c\u00F4tes ; gr\u00E2ce \u00E0 des \u00E9tudes nombreuses et aux acquis r\u00E9cents de l\u2019arch\u00E9ologie sous-marine, les chercheurs se sont aujourd\u2019hui d\u00E9gag\u00E9s de ces id\u00E9es fausses et pr\u00E9con\u00E7ues."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Maritime history dates back thousands of years. In ancient maritime history, evidence of maritime trade between civilizations dates back at least two millennia. The first prehistoric boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes which were developed independently by various Stone Age populations. In ancient history, various vessels were used for coastal fishing and travel. A mesolithic boatyard has been found from the Isle of Wight in Britain Austronesian peoples used novel technologies like multihulls, outriggers, crab claw sails, and tanja sails. This enabled the rapid spread of Austronesians into the islands of both the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, known as the Austronesian expansion. They laid the groundwork for the maritime trade routes into South Asia and the Arabian Sea by around 1000 to 600 BC, which would later become the Maritime Silk Road. Egyptians had trade routes through the Red Sea, importing spices from the \"Land of Punt\" and from Arabia. By the time of Julius Caesar, several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon water transport through the sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north. Navigation was known in Sumer between the 4th and the 3rd millennium BC. The search for the source of spices in these maritime trade routes later led to the Age of Exploration."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La navigation dans l'Antiquit\u00E9 marque la premi\u00E8re grande \u00E9tape dans la conqu\u00EAte de l\u2019espace maritime. Certaines \u00EEles de la mer M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e ont \u00E9t\u00E9 fr\u00E9quent\u00E9es par des chasseurs-cueilleurs peut-\u00EAtre d\u00E8s le XIIe mill\u00E9naire. \u00C0 partir du N\u00E9olithique, la navigation s\u2019intensifie et la M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e devient tr\u00E8s vite un trait d\u2019union entre ses rivages, un moyen de communication par excellence."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hokule'a.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . "a relatively high level article should not be making use of primary sources"@en . . . . . "410"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "18476303"^^ . . . . . . . "Boracay paraw sailboats 010.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064A\u0646. \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062F\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064A \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u064A\u064F\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0650\u0645\u062A \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631. \u0639\u064F\u062B\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062C\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u064A\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "August 2022"@en . "58382"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Typical Austronesian ship designs, left to right:\n*H\u014Dk\u016Blea, a Polynesian voyaging catamaran with crab claw sails\n*Filipino double-outrigger paraw with a crab claw sail\n*A Melanesian single-outrigger tepukei with a forward-mounted crab claw sail from the Solomon Islands\n*Nur al Marege, an Indonesian replica of a padewakang with tanja sails\n*Waka, narrow M\u0101ori war canoes propelled by paddling"@en . . . . "the date speaks for itself"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064A\u0646. \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062F\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064A \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u064A\u064F\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0650\u0645\u062A \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631. \u0639\u064F\u062B\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062C\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u064A\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627. \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0631\u0639\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u064A\u0637\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u062A\u0642\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062E\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627. \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062E\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064A\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0632\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0632\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u064A\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u064A\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0626\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0632\u064A. \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062D\u0648 1000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 600 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u00AB\u0628\u0646\u0637\u00BB \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u0645\u0631. \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062E\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0647\u062F \u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u064A\u0635\u0631. \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F. \u0623\u062F\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062F\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064A \u0628\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064A \u0648\u0642\u062A \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ancient maritime history"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1124301588"^^ . . . . . "Maquette Prao Mus\u00E9e de la Marine Paris.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .