. . . . . . . . . "38436"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La pal\u00E9oprot\u00E9omique est l'application de la prot\u00E9omique (l'analyse des ensembles de prot\u00E9ines) aux mat\u00E9riaux anciens. Les prot\u00E9omes anciens peuvent \u00EAtre trouv\u00E9s dans des fossiles, des s\u00E9diments, etc. Les prot\u00E9ines apportent moins d'informations que l'ADN, mais pr\u00E9sentent l'avantage de se conserver potentiellement bien plus longtemps."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ancient proteins are the ancestors of modern proteins that survive as molecular fossils. Certain structural features of functional importance, particularly relating to metabolism and reproduction, are often conserved through geologic time. Early proteins consisted of simple amino acids, with more complicated amino acids being formed at a later stage through biosynthesis. Such late-arising amino acids included molecules like: histidine, phenylalanine, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Ancient enzymatic proteins performed basic metabolic functions and required the presence of specific co-factors. The characteristics and ages of these proteins can be traced through comparisons of multiple genomes, the distribution of specific architectures, amino acid sequences, and the signatur"@en . . "1123122422"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Pal\u00E9oprot\u00E9omique"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ancient protein"@en . "Ancient proteins are the ancestors of modern proteins that survive as molecular fossils. Certain structural features of functional importance, particularly relating to metabolism and reproduction, are often conserved through geologic time. Early proteins consisted of simple amino acids, with more complicated amino acids being formed at a later stage through biosynthesis. Such late-arising amino acids included molecules like: histidine, phenylalanine, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Ancient enzymatic proteins performed basic metabolic functions and required the presence of specific co-factors. The characteristics and ages of these proteins can be traced through comparisons of multiple genomes, the distribution of specific architectures, amino acid sequences, and the signatures of specific products caused by particular enzymatic activities. Alpha and beta proteins (\u03B1/\u03B2) are considered the oldest class of proteins. Mass spectrometry is one analytical method used to determine the mass and chemical makeup of peptides. Ancestral sequence reconstruction takes place through the collection and alignment of homologous amino acid sequences. These sequences must bear a sufficient amount of diversity to contain phylogenetic signals that resolve evolutionary relationships and allow for further deduction of targeted ancient phenotype. From there a phylogenetic tree can be constructed to illustrate the genetic resemblance between various amino acid sequences and common ancestors. The ancestral sequence is then inferred and reconstructed through maximum likelihood at the phylogenetic node(s). From there, encoding genes are synthesized, expressed, purified, and incorporated into the genome of an extant host organisms. Functionality and product properties are observed and experimentally characterized. Using a greater degree of variance in representative monomeric proteins will increase the overall precision of the results."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "La pal\u00E9oprot\u00E9omique est l'application de la prot\u00E9omique (l'analyse des ensembles de prot\u00E9ines) aux mat\u00E9riaux anciens. Les prot\u00E9omes anciens peuvent \u00EAtre trouv\u00E9s dans des fossiles, des s\u00E9diments, etc. Les prot\u00E9ines apportent moins d'informations que l'ADN, mais pr\u00E9sentent l'avantage de se conserver potentiellement bien plus longtemps."@fr . . . . . "56920215"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .