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\u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u064A\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0627\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0648\u0644\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064A. \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u062F\u064A\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0648\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062A\u060C \u062A\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064A\u0629\u00BB."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness"@en . . . . . . . . . "13001588"^^ . . . . . . . "La consciencia animal (o conciencia animal) es la calidad o estado de conciencia propia de un animal, es decir, de experimentar subjetivamente los objetos externos o bien algo dentro de \u00E9l mismo.\u200B\u200B La conciencia ha sido definida como: sentidos, estar al corriente del mundo circundante, subjetividad, la capacidad de experimentar, estar despierto, tener un sentido de identidad, y el sistema ejecutivo de control de la mente.\u200B A pesar de la dificultad en definirla, muchos fil\u00F3sofos creen que hay una intuici\u00F3n subyacente compartida en t\u00E9rminos generales sobre qu\u00E9 es consciencia.\u200B La mayor\u00EDa de los cient\u00EDficos que estudian el tema reconocen que los organismos con sistema nervioso central tienen alguna capacidad cerebral para sentir sufrimiento y disfrute en forma de experiencias conscientes. El 7 de julio de 2012 un prominente grupo internacional de neurocientificos cognitivos\u200B\u200B se dieron cita en la Universidad de Cambridge (Reino Unido) para celebrar la Francis Crick Memorial Conference 2012,\u200B que trat\u00F3 sobre la consciencia en los humanos y animales dieron a conocer la (Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness), en la cual se reconoce que otros animales distintos al ser humano tambi\u00E9n poseen consciencia.\u200B Tambi\u00E9n se discute en qu\u00E9 medida los invertebrados tienen esas capacidades.\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B\u200B El tema de la consciencia animal es desglosado con algunas dificultades. Plantea el problema de otras mentes de forma especialmente definida porque los animales, careciendo de la capacidad de expresar lenguaje humano, no pueden comunicar sus experiencias con el detalle al que estamos acostumbrados.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58"@zh . . . . . . . . . "360"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC790\uAC01 \uB610\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC758\uC2DD\uC740 100\uB144 \uB118\uAC8C \uD65C\uBC1C\uD788 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB418\uC5B4 \uC654\uB2E4. 1927\uB144 Carr\uC740 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC758\uC2DD\uC131\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC774\uD574\uB098 \uCE21\uC815\uC740 \"\uC778\uAC04\uC758 \uC758\uC2DD\uC131\uC758 \uAE30\uBCF8\uC801\uC778 \uC870\uAC74\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uD655\uC2E4\uD558\uACE0 \uC644\uBCBD\uD55C \uC9C0\uC2DD\"\uC5D0 \uB2EC\uB824\uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD588\uB2E4. 1985\uB144 Burghardt\uC5D0 \uB530\uB974\uBA74, \"\uAC00\uC7A5 \uC88B\uC740 \uBC29\uBC95\uC740 -\uD0DC\uC544\uC640 \uC720\uC544 \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC5B4\uB9B0\uC774\uB4E4\uC758 \uC790\uC544\uC758\uC2DD, \uC790\uAC01, \uC758\uC0AC\uC18C\uD1B5, \uBAA9\uC801, \uBBFF\uC74C, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uBC18\uC601-\uC758 \uCD9C\uD604(\uC870\uC9D0)\uACFC \uAC1C\uCCB4\uBC1C\uC0DD\uC744 \uBC1D\uD600\uB0B4\uAE30 \uC704\uD55C \uAD00\uCC30\uACFC \uC2E4\uD5D8(\uD2B9\uD788 \uC815\uC2E0\uBB3C\uB9AC\uD559\uC73C\uB85C\uC368)\uC774\uB2E4\" \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC790\uAC01\uC758 \uC8FC\uC81C\uB294 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC5B4\uB824\uC6C0\uC73C\uB85C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uC5EC \uC788\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD788 \uC2EC\uAC01\uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uB2E4\uB978 \uC9C0\uC131\uB4E4\uC758 \uBB38\uC81C\uB85C \uD45C\uC2DC\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC65C\uB0D0\uD558\uBA74, \uC778\uAC04\uC758 \uC5B8\uC5B4\uB97C \uD45C\uC2DC\uD560 \uB2A5\uB825\uC774 \uBD80\uC871\uD55C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740, \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uACBD\uD5D8\uC744 \uC6B0\uB9AC\uC5D0\uAC8C \uB9D0\uD574\uC904 \uC218 \uC5C6\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uBB38\uC81C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uAC1D\uAD00\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uC720\uB97C \uB2EC\uAE30 \uC5B4\uB835\uB2E4. \uC65C\uB0D0\uD558\uBA74 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC774 \uC790\uAC01 \uC788\uC74C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uBD80\uC778\uC740, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC774 \uB290\uB07C\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC774 \uAC00\uCE58\uC5C6\uAC70\uB098 \uADF8\uD1A0\uB85D \uD574\uB85C\uC6B4 \uB3C4\uB355\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC798\uBABB\uB418\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC558\uC74C\uC744 \uC554\uC2DC\uD568\uC744 \uC885\uC885 \uC5BB\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. 17\uC138\uAE30 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uCCA0\uD559\uC790 \uB974\uB124 \uB370\uCE74\uB974\uD2B8\uB294 \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4, \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uC798\uBABB \uB2E4\uB8EC\uB2E4\uACE0 \uBE44\uB09C\uBC1B\uC544\uC654\uB2E4. \uC65C\uB0D0\uD558\uBA74, \uADF8\uB294 \uC720\uC77C\uD558\uAC8C \uC778\uAC04\uB9CC\uC774 \uC790\uAC01\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD588\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . "1122313185"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Kesadaran hewan adalah kesadaran diri pada hewan atau rasa sadar akan objek-objek luar atau sesuatu di dalam dirinya sendiri. Kesadaran dalam manusia telah didefinisikan sebagai rasa sadar, , qualia, kemampuan untuk mengalami atau merasakan, keberadaan konsep , atau sistem kendali budi. Meskipun sulit didefinisikan, banyak filsuf yang meyakini bahwa terdapat intuisi dasar yang sama mengenai kesadaran."@in . . "La D\u00E9claration de Cambridge sur la Conscience (en anglais Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness) fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence au manifeste initi\u00E9 par Jaak Panksepp, Diana Reiss, David Edelman, Bruno Van Swinderen, Philip Low et Christof Koch, puis sign\u00E9 en juin 2012 dans l'Universit\u00E9 de Cambridge (Royaume-Uni) durant une s\u00E9rie de conf\u00E9rences sur la conscience chez les animaux humains et non humains ; la D\u00E9claration conclut que les animaux non humains ont une conscience analogue \u00E0 celle des animaux humains."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La D\u00E9claration de Cambridge sur la Conscience (en anglais Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness) fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence au manifeste initi\u00E9 par Jaak Panksepp, Diana Reiss, David Edelman, Bruno Van Swinderen, Philip Low et Christof Koch, puis sign\u00E9 en juin 2012 dans l'Universit\u00E9 de Cambridge (Royaume-Uni) durant une s\u00E9rie de conf\u00E9rences sur la conscience chez les animaux humains et non humains ; la D\u00E9claration conclut que les animaux non humains ont une conscience analogue \u00E0 celle des animaux humains."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "228"^^ . . . . "Animal consciousness"@en . . . "July 2017"@en . . . "\u0421\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C: \u043E\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043D\u0451\u043C. \u041E\u043D\u043E \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E: \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E-\u0442\u043E \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445. \u0423 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Sentience), \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0430, \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0441\u043F\u044B\u0442\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C, \u0431\u043E\u0434\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043C\u0430. \u041D\u0435\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0442\u0440\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u044B \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044E\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E \u0442\u043E\u043C, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435."@ru . . "Kesadaran hewan"@in . . . . . "La consciencia animal (o conciencia animal) es la calidad o estado de conciencia propia de un animal, es decir, de experimentar subjetivamente los objetos externos o bien algo dentro de \u00E9l mismo.\u200B\u200B La conciencia ha sido definida como: sentidos, estar al corriente del mundo circundante, subjetividad, la capacidad de experimentar, estar despierto, tener un sentido de identidad, y el sistema ejecutivo de control de la mente.\u200B A pesar de la dificultad en definirla, muchos fil\u00F3sofos creen que hay una intuici\u00F3n subyacente compartida en t\u00E9rminos generales sobre qu\u00E9 es consciencia.\u200B"@es . "250"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "This is Einstein! \u2013 Knoxville Zoo"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Consci\u00EAncia animal tem sido pesquisada ativamente h\u00E1 mais de 100 anos. O delicado tema da consci\u00EAncia animal envolve tr\u00EAs dimens\u00F5es principais: a cogni\u00E7\u00E3o, a auto-consci\u00EAncia e a senci\u00EAncia. Um estudo levado a cabo por Philip Low, juntamente com o reconhecido f\u00EDsico Stephen Hawking, comprovou que a estrutura que se pensava que distinguia os animais humanos e os animais n\u00E3o humanos, o c\u00F3rtex cerebral, n\u00E3o \u00E9 o produtor de consci\u00EAncia. Assim sendo, considerando o restante do c\u00E9rebro que produz os est\u00EDmulos de consci\u00EAncia de si, concluiu-se que os animais n\u00E3o humanos possuem consci\u00EAncia. No entanto, da sua compreens\u00E3o, e da an\u00E1lise de estudos cient\u00EDficos recentes, resulta a d\u00FAvida sobre a poss\u00EDvel presen\u00E7a de consci\u00EAncia nos animais invertebrados. De acordo com Burghardt, 1985, \"a melhor abordagem \u00E9 a utiliza\u00E7\u00E3o de experimento (especialmente psicof\u00EDsica) e observa\u00E7\u00E3o para tra\u00E7ar o alvorecer e ontogenia da auto-consci\u00EAncia, percep\u00E7\u00E3o, comunica\u00E7\u00E3o, inten\u00E7\u00E3o, cren\u00E7as e reflex\u00E3o em fetos humanos normais, beb\u00E9s e crian\u00E7as\", de consci\u00EAncia. O tema da consci\u00EAncia animal \u00E9 assolado por uma s\u00E9rie de dificuldades. Ele coloca o problema de outras mentes numa forma essencialmente grave, pois os animais, sem a capacidade de expressar a linguagem humana, n\u00E3o nos podem comunicar as suas experi\u00EAncias. Al\u00E9m disso, \u00E9 dif\u00EDcil raciocinar objetivamente sobre esta quest\u00E3o, visto que a nega\u00E7\u00E3o de que um animal \u00E9 consciente muitas vezes leva a entender que eles n\u00E3o sentem, que a sua vida n\u00E3o tem valor, e que a agress\u00E3o neles exercida n\u00E3o \u00E9 moralmente errado. O fil\u00F3sofo franc\u00EAs Ren\u00E9 Descartes no s\u00E9culo XVII, por exemplo, argumentou que somente os seres humanos s\u00E3o conscientes.Ap\u00F3s uma compila\u00E7\u00E3o de pesquisas sobre ondas cerebrais de animais, um grupo de neurocientistas renomados, durante a Francis Crick Memorial Conference na Universidade de Cambridge, Inglaterra, realizada no dia 7 de julho de 2012, assinaram um manifesto admitindo \"inequivocamente\" que \"os humanos n\u00E3o s\u00E3o os \u00FAnicos a possuir os substratos neurol\u00F3gicos que geram a consci\u00EAncia. Animais n\u00E3o humanos, incluindo todos os mam\u00EDferos e p\u00E1ssaros, e muitas outras criaturas, incluindo polvos, tamb\u00E9m possuem esses substratos neurais\". As pesquisas demonstram a capacidade de tais animais perceberem sua pr\u00F3pria exist\u00EAncia e o mundo ao seu redor. Al\u00E9m disso, nos \u00FAltimos anos a neuroci\u00EAncia tem vindo a mapear as \u00E1reas do c\u00E9rebro, descobrindo que as \u00E1reas que nos distinguem dos outros animais n\u00E3o s\u00E3o as que produzem a consci\u00EAncia. Assim, deduz-se que os animais estudados possuem consci\u00EAncia porque \"as estruturas cerebrais respons\u00E1veis pelos processos que geram a consci\u00EAncia nos humanos e outros animais s\u00E3o equivalentes\". Apesar das muitas evid\u00EAncias j\u00E1 coletadas, a quest\u00E3o da consci\u00EAncia animal est\u00E1 longe de ter chegado a um consenso, quer filos\u00F3fico, quer cient\u00EDfico, persistindo muitos problemas conceituais, metodol\u00F3gicos e interpretativos."@pt . . . . . . "\u0421\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445"@ru . . . . "Whale song \u2013 Oceania Project"@en . . . . . . . "Kesadaran hewan adalah kesadaran diri pada hewan atau rasa sadar akan objek-objek luar atau sesuatu di dalam dirinya sendiri. Kesadaran dalam manusia telah didefinisikan sebagai rasa sadar, , qualia, kemampuan untuk mengalami atau merasakan, keberadaan konsep , atau sistem kendali budi. Meskipun sulit didefinisikan, banyak filsuf yang meyakini bahwa terdapat intuisi dasar yang sama mengenai kesadaran. Topik kesadaran hewan menghadapi beberapa kesulitan, seperti dalam bentuk yang paling sulit karena hewan tidak dapat memberitahukan pengalaman subjektif mereka kepada manusia. Selain itu, pertanyaan ini sulit dijawab secara objektif, karena klaim bahwa hewan tidak sadar sering kali dihubungkan dengan klaim bahwa hewan tidak memiliki perasaan, nyawanya tidak berharga, dan melukai hewan tidak salah secara moral. Contohnya, filsuf Prancis dari abad ke-17 Ren\u00E9 Descartes kadang-kadang dituduh menyiksa hewan karena ia pernah berargumen bahwa hanya manusia yang memiliki kesadaran. Filsuf-filsuf yang menganggap pengalaman subjektif sebagai esensi kesadaran pada umumnya meyakini bahwa keberadaan dan sifat kesadaran hewan tidak dapat diketahui. Filsuf Amerika Thomas Nagel menjabarkan argumen ini di dalam sebuah esai yang berjudul What Is it Like to Be a Bat? (Bagaimana Rasanya Menjadi Seekor Kelelawar). Ia menyatakan bahwa suatu organisme merupakan organisme yang sadar \"jika dan hanya jika terdapat sesuatu mengenai bagaimana rasanya menjadi organisme tersebut - sesuatu mengenai bagaimana rasanya bagi organisme itu\"; dan ia berargumen bahwa kita tidak akan pernah bisa menempatkan pikiran kita ke dalam pikiran hewan meskipun kita telah mempelajari otak dan perilaku hewan. Pemikir-pemikir lain, seperti ilmuwan kognitif , menolak argumen ini dan menganggapnya tidak jelas. Beberapa psikolog dan ahli etologi telah berupaya membuktikan keberadaan kesadaran hewan dengan mendeskripsikan sejumlah perilaku yang tampaknya menunjukkan kepercayaan akan sesuatu yang tidak dapat dirasakan secara langsung, seperti buku Animal Minds karya pada tahun 2001. Kesadaran hewan telah diteliti secara aktif selama lebih dari 100 tahun. Pada tahun 1927, psikolog Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa pemahaman akan kesadaran hewan bergantung pada \"pengetahuan yang akurat dan lengkap mengenai kondisi-kondisi mendasar [kesadaran] pada manusia\". Pada tahun 2012, sekelompok ahli neurosains menandatangani , yang \"dengan tegas\" menekankan bahwa \"manusia bukan satu-satunya yang memiliki substrat-substrat neurologis yang menghasilkan kesadaran. Hewan-hewan non-manusia, termasuk semua mamalia dan burung, dan banyak makhluk lain, termasuk gurita, juga memiliki substrat-substrat neural tersebut.\""@in . . . . . . . . . . . "About forty meanings attributed to the term consciousness can be identified and categorized based on functions and experiences. The prospects for reaching any single, agreed-upon, theory-independent definition of consciousness appear remote."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "true"@en . . . . . . . . . "\uB3D9\uBB3C \uC790\uAC01"@ko . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u064A\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C: \u043E\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043D\u0451\u043C. \u041E\u043D\u043E \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E: \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E-\u0442\u043E \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F. \u042D\u0442\u043E \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445. \u0423 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. 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"\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u9019\u500B\u8A71\u984C\u5145\u6EFF\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u56F0\u96E3\u3002\u5B83\u5728\u4ED6\u5FC3\u554F\u984C\u65B9\u9762\u986F\u73FE\u51FA\u7279\u5225\u660E\u986F\u7684\u554F\u984C\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5176\u4ED6\u52D5\u7269\u7F3A\u4E4F\u4F7F\u7528\u4EBA\u985E\u8A9E\u8A00\u7684\u80FD\u529B\uFF0C\u7121\u6CD5\u4EE5\u6211\u5011\u80FD\u7CBE\u78BA\u7406\u89E3\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u9673\u8FF0\u5176\u611F\u77E5\u7D93\u6B77\u3002 \u6B64\u5916\uFF0C\u5F88\u96E3\u5C0D\u9019\u500B\u554F\u984C\u9032\u884C\u5BA2\u89C0\u63A8\u7406\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5426\u8A8D\u52D5\u7269\u6709\u610F\u8B58\u901A\u5E38\u610F\u5473\u8457\u5B83\u6C92\u6709\u611F\u89BA\uFF0C\u5B83\u7684\u751F\u547D\u6C92\u6709\u50F9\u503C\uFF0C\u50B7\u5BB3\u5B83\u5728\u9053\u5FB7\u4E0A\u4E26\u6C92\u6709\u932F\u3002 \u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C17 \u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u6CD5\u570B\u54F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u52D2\u5167\u00B7\u7B1B\u5361\u723E\uFF08Ren\u00E9 Descartes\uFF09\u6709\u6642\u56E0\u70BA\u8650\u5F85\u52D5\u7269\u63D0\u4F9B\u7406\u7531\u800C\u53D7\u5230\u6279\u8A55\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u4ED6\u8A8D\u70BA\u53EA\u6709\u4EBA\u985E\u624D\u6709\u610F\u8B58\u3002 \u5C07\u4E3B\u89C0\u7D93\u9A57\u8996\u70BA\u610F\u8B58\u672C\u8CEA\u7684\u54F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u4E5F\u666E\u904D\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4F5C\u70BA\u95DC\u806F\u7269\uFF0C\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u548C\u672C\u8CEA\u6C38\u9060\u7121\u6CD5\u88AB\u56B4\u683C\u5730\u78BA\u77E5\u3002\u7F8E\u570B\u54F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u6E6F\u746A\u65AF\u00B7\u5167\u683C\u723E\uFF08Thomas Nagel\uFF09\u5728\u300A\u6210\u70BA\u8759\u8760\u662F\u4EC0\u9EBC\u611F\u89BA\uFF1F\u300B\u95E1\u660E\u4E86\u9019\u4E00\u89C0\u9EDE\uFF1A\u4E00\u500B\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u662F\u6709\u610F\u8B58\u7684\uFF0C\u300C\u7576\u4E14\u50C5\u7576\u6709\u67D0\u7A2E\u6771\u897F\u53EF\u4EE5\u6210\u70BA\u90A3\u500B\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u2014\u67D0\u7A2E\u6771\u897F\u5C0D\u65BC\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u4F86\u8AAA\u662F\u9019\u6A23\u7684\u300D\uFF1B\u4ED6\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u7121\u8AD6\u6211\u5011\u5C0D\u52D5\u7269\u7684\u8166\u548C\u884C\u70BA\u4E86\u89E3\u591A\u5C11\uFF0C\u6211\u5011\u6C38\u9060\u7121\u6CD5\u771F\u6B63\u5C07\u81EA\u5DF1\u7F6E\u8EAB\u65BC\u52D5\u7269\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4E26\u4EE5\u5B83\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u9AD4\u9A57\u5B83\u7684\u4E16\u754C\u3002 \u5176\u4ED6\u601D\u60F3\u5BB6\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u8A8D\u77E5\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u4FAF\u4E16\u9054\uFF08Douglas Hofstadter\uFF09\u8A8D\u70BA\u9019\u500B\u8AD6\u9EDE\u4E0D\u9023\u8CAB\u3002 \u4E00\u4E9B\u5FC3\u7406\u5B78\u5BB6\u548C\u52D5\u7269\u884C\u70BA\u5B78\u5BB6\u901A\u904E\u63CF\u8FF0\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u884C\u70BA\u4F86\u8AD6\u8B49\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u7684\u5B58\u5728\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u884C\u70BA\u4F3C\u4E4E\u8868\u660E\u52D5\u7269\u5C0D\u5B83\u5011\u7121\u6CD5\u76F4\u63A5\u611F\u77E5\u7684\u4E8B\u7269\u6301\u6709\u4FE1\u5FF5\u2014\u5510\u7D0D\u5FB7\u00B7\u683C\u91CC\u82AC\uFF08Donald Griffin\uFF092001\u5E74\u51FA\u7248\u7684\u300A\u52D5\u7269\u601D\u7DAD\u300B\uFF08Animal Minds\uFF09\u56DE\u9867\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u8B49\u64DA\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Consci\u00EAncia animal tem sido pesquisada ativamente h\u00E1 mais de 100 anos. O delicado tema da consci\u00EAncia animal envolve tr\u00EAs dimens\u00F5es principais: a cogni\u00E7\u00E3o, a auto-consci\u00EAncia e a senci\u00EAncia. Um estudo levado a cabo por Philip Low, juntamente com o reconhecido f\u00EDsico Stephen Hawking, comprovou que a estrutura que se pensava que distinguia os animais humanos e os animais n\u00E3o humanos, o c\u00F3rtex cerebral, n\u00E3o \u00E9 o produtor de consci\u00EAncia. Assim sendo, considerando o restante do c\u00E9rebro que produz os est\u00EDmulos de consci\u00EAncia de si, concluiu-se que os animais n\u00E3o humanos possuem consci\u00EAncia. No entanto, da sua compreens\u00E3o, e da an\u00E1lise de estudos cient\u00EDficos recentes, resulta a d\u00FAvida sobre a poss\u00EDvel presen\u00E7a de consci\u00EAncia nos animais invertebrados. De acordo com Burghardt, 1985, \"a melhor abord"@pt . . . . . . . . "Consciencia animal"@es . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . "InternetArchiveBot"@en . "\uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC790\uAC01 \uB610\uB294 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC758\uC2DD\uC740 100\uB144 \uB118\uAC8C \uD65C\uBC1C\uD788 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB418\uC5B4 \uC654\uB2E4. 1927\uB144 Carr\uC740 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC758\uC2DD\uC131\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC774\uD574\uB098 \uCE21\uC815\uC740 \"\uC778\uAC04\uC758 \uC758\uC2DD\uC131\uC758 \uAE30\uBCF8\uC801\uC778 \uC870\uAC74\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uD655\uC2E4\uD558\uACE0 \uC644\uBCBD\uD55C \uC9C0\uC2DD\"\uC5D0 \uB2EC\uB824\uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD588\uB2E4. 1985\uB144 Burghardt\uC5D0 \uB530\uB974\uBA74, \"\uAC00\uC7A5 \uC88B\uC740 \uBC29\uBC95\uC740 -\uD0DC\uC544\uC640 \uC720\uC544 \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC5B4\uB9B0\uC774\uB4E4\uC758 \uC790\uC544\uC758\uC2DD, \uC790\uAC01, \uC758\uC0AC\uC18C\uD1B5, \uBAA9\uC801, \uBBFF\uC74C, \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uBC18\uC601-\uC758 \uCD9C\uD604(\uC870\uC9D0)\uACFC \uAC1C\uCCB4\uBC1C\uC0DD\uC744 \uBC1D\uD600\uB0B4\uAE30 \uC704\uD55C \uAD00\uCC30\uACFC \uC2E4\uD5D8(\uD2B9\uD788 \uC815\uC2E0\uBB3C\uB9AC\uD559\uC73C\uB85C\uC368)\uC774\uB2E4\" \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC790\uAC01\uC758 \uC8FC\uC81C\uB294 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC5B4\uB824\uC6C0\uC73C\uB85C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2F8\uC5EC \uC788\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD788 \uC2EC\uAC01\uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uB2E4\uB978 \uC9C0\uC131\uB4E4\uC758 \uBB38\uC81C\uB85C \uD45C\uC2DC\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC65C\uB0D0\uD558\uBA74, \uC778\uAC04\uC758 \uC5B8\uC5B4\uB97C \uD45C\uC2DC\uD560 \uB2A5\uB825\uC774 \uBD80\uC871\uD55C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uB4E4\uC740, \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uACBD\uD5D8\uC744 \uC6B0\uB9AC\uC5D0\uAC8C \uB9D0\uD574\uC904 \uC218 \uC5C6\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uB610\uD55C \uBB38\uC81C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uAC1D\uAD00\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uC720\uB97C \uB2EC\uAE30 \uC5B4\uB835\uB2E4. \uC65C\uB0D0\uD558\uBA74 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC774 \uC790\uAC01 \uC788\uC74C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uBD80\uC778\uC740, \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC774 \uB290\uB07C\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC758 \uC0DD\uBA85\uC774 \uAC00\uCE58\uC5C6\uAC70\uB098 \uADF8\uD1A0\uB85D \uD574\uB85C\uC6B4 \uB3C4\uB355\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC798\uBABB\uB418\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC558\uC74C\uC744 \uC554\uC2DC\uD568\uC744 \uC885\uC885 \uC5BB\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. 17\uC138\uAE30 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uCCA0\uD559\uC790 \uB974\uB124 \uB370\uCE74\uB974\uD2B8\uB294 \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4, \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uB3D9\uBB3C\uC744 \uC798\uBABB \uB2E4\uB8EC\uB2E4\uACE0 \uBE44\uB09C\uBC1B\uC544\uC654\uB2E4. \uC65C\uB0D0\uD558\uBA74, \uADF8\uB294 \uC720\uC77C\uD558\uAC8C \uC778\uAC04\uB9CC\uC774 \uC790\uAC01\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD588\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within a non-human animal, or of being aware of an external object or something within itself. In humans, consciousness has been defined as: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, qualia, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition, many philosophers believe there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is."@en . . . . "\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u9019\u500B\u8A71\u984C\u5145\u6EFF\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u56F0\u96E3\u3002\u5B83\u5728\u4ED6\u5FC3\u554F\u984C\u65B9\u9762\u986F\u73FE\u51FA\u7279\u5225\u660E\u986F\u7684\u554F\u984C\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5176\u4ED6\u52D5\u7269\u7F3A\u4E4F\u4F7F\u7528\u4EBA\u985E\u8A9E\u8A00\u7684\u80FD\u529B\uFF0C\u7121\u6CD5\u4EE5\u6211\u5011\u80FD\u7CBE\u78BA\u7406\u89E3\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u9673\u8FF0\u5176\u611F\u77E5\u7D93\u6B77\u3002 \u6B64\u5916\uFF0C\u5F88\u96E3\u5C0D\u9019\u500B\u554F\u984C\u9032\u884C\u5BA2\u89C0\u63A8\u7406\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5426\u8A8D\u52D5\u7269\u6709\u610F\u8B58\u901A\u5E38\u610F\u5473\u8457\u5B83\u6C92\u6709\u611F\u89BA\uFF0C\u5B83\u7684\u751F\u547D\u6C92\u6709\u50F9\u503C\uFF0C\u50B7\u5BB3\u5B83\u5728\u9053\u5FB7\u4E0A\u4E26\u6C92\u6709\u932F\u3002 \u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C17 \u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u6CD5\u570B\u54F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u52D2\u5167\u00B7\u7B1B\u5361\u723E\uFF08Ren\u00E9 Descartes\uFF09\u6709\u6642\u56E0\u70BA\u8650\u5F85\u52D5\u7269\u63D0\u4F9B\u7406\u7531\u800C\u53D7\u5230\u6279\u8A55\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u4ED6\u8A8D\u70BA\u53EA\u6709\u4EBA\u985E\u624D\u6709\u610F\u8B58\u3002 \u5C07\u4E3B\u89C0\u7D93\u9A57\u8996\u70BA\u610F\u8B58\u672C\u8CEA\u7684\u54F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u4E5F\u666E\u904D\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4F5C\u70BA\u95DC\u806F\u7269\uFF0C\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u548C\u672C\u8CEA\u6C38\u9060\u7121\u6CD5\u88AB\u56B4\u683C\u5730\u78BA\u77E5\u3002\u7F8E\u570B\u54F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u6E6F\u746A\u65AF\u00B7\u5167\u683C\u723E\uFF08Thomas Nagel\uFF09\u5728\u300A\u6210\u70BA\u8759\u8760\u662F\u4EC0\u9EBC\u611F\u89BA\uFF1F\u300B\u95E1\u660E\u4E86\u9019\u4E00\u89C0\u9EDE\uFF1A\u4E00\u500B\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u662F\u6709\u610F\u8B58\u7684\uFF0C\u300C\u7576\u4E14\u50C5\u7576\u6709\u67D0\u7A2E\u6771\u897F\u53EF\u4EE5\u6210\u70BA\u90A3\u500B\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u2014\u67D0\u7A2E\u6771\u897F\u5C0D\u65BC\u6709\u6A5F\u9AD4\u4F86\u8AAA\u662F\u9019\u6A23\u7684\u300D\uFF1B\u4ED6\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u7121\u8AD6\u6211\u5011\u5C0D\u52D5\u7269\u7684\u8166\u548C\u884C\u70BA\u4E86\u89E3\u591A\u5C11\uFF0C\u6211\u5011\u6C38\u9060\u7121\u6CD5\u771F\u6B63\u5C07\u81EA\u5DF1\u7F6E\u8EAB\u65BC\u52D5\u7269\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4E26\u4EE5\u5B83\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u9AD4\u9A57\u5B83\u7684\u4E16\u754C\u3002 \u5176\u4ED6\u601D\u60F3\u5BB6\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u8A8D\u77E5\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u4FAF\u4E16\u9054\uFF08Douglas Hofstadter\uFF09\u8A8D\u70BA\u9019\u500B\u8AD6\u9EDE\u4E0D\u9023\u8CAB\u3002 \u4E00\u4E9B\u5FC3\u7406\u5B78\u5BB6\u548C\u52D5\u7269\u884C\u70BA\u5B78\u5BB6\u901A\u904E\u63CF\u8FF0\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u884C\u70BA\u4F86\u8AD6\u8B49\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u7684\u5B58\u5728\uFF0C\u9019\u4E9B\u884C\u70BA\u4F3C\u4E4E\u8868\u660E\u52D5\u7269\u5C0D\u5B83\u5011\u7121\u6CD5\u76F4\u63A5\u611F\u77E5\u7684\u4E8B\u7269\u6301\u6709\u4FE1\u5FF5\u2014\u5510\u7D0D\u5FB7\u00B7\u683C\u91CC\u82AC\uFF08Donald Griffin\uFF092001\u5E74\u51FA\u7248\u7684\u300A\u52D5\u7269\u601D\u7DAD\u300B\uFF08Animal Minds\uFF09\u56DE\u9867\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u8B49\u64DA\u3002 1927\u5E74\uFF0C\u7F8E\u570B\u529F\u80FD\u5FC3\u7406\u5B78\u5BB6\u54C8\u7DAD\u00B7\u5361\u723E\uFF08Harvey Carr\uFF09\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u5C0D\u52D5\u7269\u610F\u8B58\u7684\u4EFB\u4F55\u6709\u6548\u8861\u91CF\u6216\u7406\u89E3\u90FD\u53D6\u6C7A\u65BC\u300C\u5C0D\u4EBA\u985E\uFF08\u76F8\u95DC\uFF09\u57FA\u672C\u689D\u4EF6\u7684\u6E96\u78BA\u53CA\u5B8C\u6574\u7406\u89E3\u300D\u3002 2012\u5E74\uFF0C\u4E00\u7FA4\u795E\u7D93\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u7C3D\u7F72\u4E86\u300A\u528D\u6A4B\u610F\u8B58\u5BA3\u8A00\u300B\uFF08Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness\uFF09\uFF0C\u660E\u78BA\u8AD6\u65B7\u300C\u4EBA\u985E\u4E26\u4E0D\u662F\u552F\u4E00\u64C1\u6709\u7522\u751F\u610F\u8B58\u7684\u795E\u7D93\u57FA\u8CEA\u7684\u52D5\u7269\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u6240\u6709\u54FA\u4E73\u52D5\u7269\u548C\u9CE5\u985E\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u8A31\u591A\u5176\u4ED6\u52D5\u7269\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u7AE0\u9B5A\uFF0C\u4E5F\u64C1\u6709\u9019\u4E9B\u795E\u7D93\u57FA\u8CEA\u300D\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . "Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within a non-human animal, or of being aware of an external object or something within itself. In humans, consciousness has been defined as: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, qualia, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition, many philosophers believe there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is. The topic of animal consciousness is beset with a number of difficulties. It poses the problem of other minds in an especially severe form because animals, lacking the ability to use human language, cannot tell us about their experiences. Also, it is difficult to reason objectively about the question, because a denial that an animal is conscious is often taken to imply that it does not feel, its life has no value, and that harming it is not morally wrong. The 17th-century French philosopher Ren\u00E9 Descartes, for example, has sometimes been criticised for providing a rationale for the mistreatment of animals because he argued that only humans are conscious. Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known. The American philosopher Thomas Nagel spelled out this point of view in an influential essay titled What Is it Like to Be a Bat?. He said that an organism is conscious \"if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism\u2014something it is like for the organism\"; and he argued that no matter how much we know about an animal's brain and behavior, we can never really put ourselves into the mind of the animal and experience its world in the way it does itself. Other thinkers, such as the cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter, dismiss this argument as incoherent. Several psychologists and ethologists have argued for the existence of animal consciousness by describing a range of behaviors that appear to show animals holding beliefs about things they cannot directly perceive\u2014Donald Griffin's 2001 book Animal Minds reviews a substantial portion of the evidence. Animal consciousness has been actively researched for over one hundred years. In 1927, the American functional psychologist Harvey Carr argued that any valid measure or understanding of awareness in animals depends on \"an accurate and complete knowledge of its essential conditions in man\". A more recent review concluded in 1985 that \"the best approach is to use experiment (especially psychophysics) and observation to trace the dawning and ontogeny of self-consciousness, perception, communication, intention, beliefs, and reflection in normal human fetuses, infants, and children\". In 2012, a group of neuroscientists signed the , which \"unequivocally\" asserted that \"humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neural substrates.\""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "124265"^^ . . . "25.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "D\u00E9claration de Cambridge sur la conscience"@fr . . . . . . . . .