. "Anti-Chinese violence in California includes a number of massacres, riots, expulsions and other violent actions that were directed at Chinese-American communities during the mid and late 19th century. The attacks on Chinese were often sparked by labor disputes. In the 1880s alone, Chinese communities were attacked in 34 towns in California, often resulting in the local Chinatown being looted and burned."@en . . . . "11431"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Anti-Chinese violence in California includes a number of massacres, riots, expulsions and other violent actions that were directed at Chinese-American communities during the mid and late 19th century. The attacks on Chinese were often sparked by labor disputes. In the 1880s alone, Chinese communities were attacked in 34 towns in California, often resulting in the local Chinatown being looted and burned."@en . . . . . . . "Anti-Chinese violence in California"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "59823742"^^ . . . "1117410377"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .