. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Londres no se caracteriza por ning\u00FAn estilo arquitect\u00F3nico en general, habiendo acumulado edificios de diversos periodos. Se conservan pocas estructuras anteriores al Gran Incendio de 1666, a excepci\u00F3n de la Torre de Londres y algunos ejemplos de la arquitectura del estilo Tudor. El estilo Tudor es, en arquitectura inglesa, el \u00FAltimo estilo de la arquitectura medieval El Museo Brit\u00E1nico de Londres es el mayor museo del Reino Unido, y uno de los mayores y m\u00E1s famosos museos de antig\u00FCedades de todo el mundo. Se abri\u00F3 el 15 de enero de 1759 y tiene m\u00E1s de 5 millones de visitantes al a\u00F1o, convirti\u00E9ndose en uno de los museos m\u00E1s visitados del mundo. Sobre las ruinas de una catedral medieval destruida por el Gran Incendio se alza la Catedral de San Pablo, templo anglicano construido entre 1676 y 1710 bajo la direcci\u00F3n del arquitecto Christopher Wren. En el centro de Londres se sit\u00FAa Trafalgar Square, una plaza construida para conmemorar la batalla de Trafalgar en la que la armada brit\u00E1nica venci\u00F3 a la flota francoespa\u00F1ola frente a las costas de Espa\u00F1a en tiempos de Napole\u00F3n. El nombre original era Plaza de Guillermo IV, pero George Ledwell Taylor sugiri\u00F3 cambiar el nombre. All\u00ED es donde se encuentra la \"columna de Nelson\". El Palacio de Westminster, es el lugar en el que se re\u00FAnen las dos c\u00E1maras del Parlamento del Reino Unido (la C\u00E1mara de los Lores y la C\u00E1mara de los Comunes). El palacio se encuentra situado en la orilla norte del r\u00EDo T\u00E1mesis en la ciudad de Westminster en Londres. cerca de otros edificios gubernamentales en Whitehall. El palacio sirvi\u00F3 inicialmente como residencia real, pero ning\u00FAn monarca ha vivido en \u00E9l, desde el siglo XVI. La mayor parte de la estructura actual data del siglo XIX, fecha en la que el palacio fue reconstruido despu\u00E9s de un incendio en 1834 que destruy\u00F3 la mayor parte del edificio. Los arquitectos responsables de la reconstrucci\u00F3n del palacio fueron Sir Charles Barry y . El edificio es un ejemplo del estilo neog\u00F3tico. Una de las caracter\u00EDsticas m\u00E1s notables del palacio es la torre del reloj, una atracci\u00F3n tur\u00EDstica que alberga la campana llamada Big Ben, nombre asignado err\u00F3neamente al reloj de la torre. \n* Datos: Q4787156 \n* Multimedia: Architecture of London / Q4787156"@es . . . . "Londres no se caracteriza por ning\u00FAn estilo arquitect\u00F3nico en general, habiendo acumulado edificios de diversos periodos. Se conservan pocas estructuras anteriores al Gran Incendio de 1666, a excepci\u00F3n de la Torre de Londres y algunos ejemplos de la arquitectura del estilo Tudor. El estilo Tudor es, en arquitectura inglesa, el \u00FAltimo estilo de la arquitectura medieval Sobre las ruinas de una catedral medieval destruida por el Gran Incendio se alza la Catedral de San Pablo, templo anglicano construido entre 1676 y 1710 bajo la direcci\u00F3n del arquitecto Christopher Wren."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "London's architectural heritage involves many architectural styles from different historical periods. London's architectural eclecticism stems from its long history, continual redevelopment, destruction by the Great Fire of London and The Blitz, and state recognition of private property rights which have limited large scale state planning. This sets London apart from other European capitals such as Paris and Rome which are more architecturally homogeneous. London's architecture ranges from the Romanesque central keep of The Tower of London, the great Gothic church of Westminster Abbey, the Palladian royal residence Queen's House, Christopher Wren's Baroque masterpiece St Paul's Cathedral, the High Victorian Gothic of The Palace of Westminster, the industrial Art Deco of Battersea Power Sta"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062F\u0646"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Il ricco patrimonio delle architetture di Londra \u00E8 rappresentato da un'ampia variet\u00E0 di stili architettonici relativi a diversi periodi storici. L'eclettismo architettonico caratteristico di Londra deriva dalla sua lunga storia, dalla continua riqualificazione, dalla distruzione causata dal Grande incendio del 1666 e dalla Battaglia d'Inghilterra, della seconda guerra mondiale, nonch\u00E9 dal riconoscimento statale dei diritti di propriet\u00E0 privata che spesso impedirono una pianificazione su larga scala. Questo distingue Londra dalle altre grandi capitali europee come Parigi e Roma che sono architettonicamente pi\u00F9 omogenee e aderiscono a un progetto universale.L'eclettico patrimonio architettonico di Londra spazia dal mastio centrale romanico della Torre di Londra, alla grande chiesa gotica del"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Architecture of London"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Il ricco patrimonio delle architetture di Londra \u00E8 rappresentato da un'ampia variet\u00E0 di stili architettonici relativi a diversi periodi storici. L'eclettismo architettonico caratteristico di Londra deriva dalla sua lunga storia, dalla continua riqualificazione, dalla distruzione causata dal Grande incendio del 1666 e dalla Battaglia d'Inghilterra, della seconda guerra mondiale, nonch\u00E9 dal riconoscimento statale dei diritti di propriet\u00E0 privata che spesso impedirono una pianificazione su larga scala. Questo distingue Londra dalle altre grandi capitali europee come Parigi e Roma che sono architettonicamente pi\u00F9 omogenee e aderiscono a un progetto universale.L'eclettico patrimonio architettonico di Londra spazia dal mastio centrale romanico della Torre di Londra, alla grande chiesa gotica dell'Abbazia di Westminster, dalla residenza reale palladiana della Queen's House, al capolavoro barocco di Christopher Wren, la Cattedrale di San Paolo, dall'alto gotico vittoriano del Palazzo di Westminster all'Art d\u00E9co industriale della Battersea Power Station, dal modernismo del dopoguerra di Barbican Estate al grattacielo postmoderno 30 St Mary Axe The Gherkin. Come capitale del Regno Unito, Londra ha gli edifici pi\u00F9 importanti dello stato britannico come il Palazzo di Westminster il centro della democrazia britannica, Buckingham Palace la residenza ufficiale della monarchia britannica, il 10 Downing Street residenza ufficiale del Primo Ministro britannico e l'Abbazia di Westminster la chiesa ufficiale della famiglia reale nonch\u00E9 il luogo della maggior parte delle incoronazioni dei monarchi inglesi e britannici dal 1066. Londra annovera anche numerosi monumenti come il Monumento al grande incendio di Londra del XVII secolo, il Marble Arch, il Wellington Arch, l'Albert Memorial e la Royal Albert Hall a Kensington. La Colonna di Nelson \u00E8 un monumento riconosciuto a livello internazionale a Trafalgar Square, spesso considerata il centro di Londra. Alla fine del dominio romano sulla Britannia, nel V secolo, la superficie occupata dall'insediamento romano divenne il progetto approssimativo della citt\u00E0 sassone e medievale. Questo antico nucleo di Londra \u00E8 conosciuto come la City of London con Westminster, l'antico centro del potere politico di Londra, che si trova a occidente. Sopravvivono relativamente poche strutture dal passato medievale di Londra a causa della distruzione quasi totale della citt\u00E0 a causa del Grande incendio del 1666, ma i monumenti notevoli sopravvissuti comprendono la Torre di Londra, l'Abbazia di Westminster, la Westminster Hall, la Guildhall, il St. James's Palace, il Lambeth Palace e una manciata di costruzioni Tudor sparse per la citt\u00E0. Dopo il Grande incendio, Londra fu trasformata quando fu ricostruita e notevolmente modernizzata sotto la direzione dell'architetto barocco Sir Christopher Wren, con la nuova Cattedrale di San Paolo come fulcro. Dopo un periodo di grande espansione, nel XVIII e XIX secolo, dal 1831 al 1925 Londra raggiunse il suo apice come citt\u00E0 pi\u00F9 grande e popolosa del mondo, oltre ad essere la capitale dell'Impero britannico nella sua massima estensione e potenza. In questo periodo Londra si estendeva ampiamente oltre i suoi confini storici, assorbendo molti insediamenti precedentemente considerati zone rurali e creando vasti sobborghi. La citt\u00E0 venne trasformata dalla rivoluzione industriale in quanto progetti infrastrutturali come i West India Docks, il Regent's Canal, i capolinea ferroviari interurbani come la stazione di Paddington e il primo sistema ferroviario sotterraneo al mondo resero Londra la citt\u00E0 preminente dell'era industriale. Dopo aver subito una significativa distruzione durante la seconda guerra mondiale e un periodo di declino economico nel dopoguerra, Londra \u00E8 ancora una volta una capitale globale della cultura e del commercio, con molti nuovi sviluppi che si aggiungono al suo eclettico paesaggio urbano. Durante la maggior parte della storia di Londra, l'altezza degli edifici venne limitata per legge. Queste restrizioni vennero gradualmente eliminate nel secondo dopoguerra (ad eccezione di quelle che proteggono alcune viste della Cattedrale di San Paolo) e da allora i grattacieli sono diventati sempre pi\u00F9 numerosi, in particolare nel XXI secolo. Sono ormai numerosi nel distretto finanziario della City di Londra e nel Canary Wharf, un nuovo distretto finanziario creato negli anni 1980 e 1990 nell'ex area portuale londinese dell'Isle of Dogs. Tra gli alti edifici recenti degni di nota figurano il grattacielo Tower 42 degli anni 1980, il radicale Lloyd's Building di Richard Rogers, One Canada Square il pezzo centrale del distretto di Canary Wharf e il 30 St Mary Axe (soprannominato il \"Gherkin\") che ha stabilito un precedente per altri recenti grattacieli costruiti in uno stile high-tech simile. The Shard di Renzo Piano, completato nel 2012, \u00E8 l'edificio pi\u00F9 alto di Londra e per molti anni lo \u00E8 stato dell'Unione europea, nonch\u00E9 il sesto edificio pi\u00F9 alto d'Europa e il 96\u00B0 edificio pi\u00F9 alto del mondo Dal 2004, a fine giugno, si tiene il London Festival of Architecture che si concentra sull'importanza dell'architettura e del design a Londra nel presente. Un quarto degli architetti del Regno Unito opera a Londra, dove hanno sede la maggior parte degli studi di pi\u00F9 alto profilo come Zaha Hadid Architects, Norman Foster + Partners, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, David Chipperfield e David Adjaye tra i pi\u00F9 noti a livello internazionale. Il fine settimana di settembre dell'Open House offre un'opportunit\u00E0 annuale di visitare gratuitamente le architetture normalmente chiuse al pubblico, che vanno dai grandi edifici pubblici come la Banca d'Inghilterra ad alcune abitazioni private contemporanee."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "December 2021"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "5748072"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1112734735"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "multiple parameters missing"@en . "London's architectural heritage involves many architectural styles from different historical periods. London's architectural eclecticism stems from its long history, continual redevelopment, destruction by the Great Fire of London and The Blitz, and state recognition of private property rights which have limited large scale state planning. This sets London apart from other European capitals such as Paris and Rome which are more architecturally homogeneous. London's architecture ranges from the Romanesque central keep of The Tower of London, the great Gothic church of Westminster Abbey, the Palladian royal residence Queen's House, Christopher Wren's Baroque masterpiece St Paul's Cathedral, the High Victorian Gothic of The Palace of Westminster, the industrial Art Deco of Battersea Power Station, the post-war Modernism of The Barbican Estate and the Postmodern skyscraper 30 St Mary Axe 'The Gherkin'. After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, the layout of the Roman settlement governed the plan of the Saxon and medieval city. This core of London is known as the City of London, while Westminster, the ancient centre of political power, lies to the west. Relatively few medieval structures survive due to the city's near-total destruction in the Great Fire of 1666, with exceptions such as the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Westminster Hall, Guildhall, St James's Palace, Lambeth Palace and some Tudor buildings. After the Great Fire, London was rebuilt and greatly modernised under the direction of the baroque architect Sir Christopher Wren, with the new St Paul's Cathedral as its centrepiece. After a period of dramatic expansion in the 18th and 19th centuries, London reached its zenith as the world's largest and populous city from 1831 to 1925, becoming the capital of the British Empire at its greatest extent and power. In this period London sprawled vastly beyond its historical boundaries, absorbing many formerly rural settlements and creating vast suburbs. The city was further transformed by the Industrial Revolution as infrastructure projects like the West India Docks, the Regent's Canal, intercity railway termini like Paddington Station and the world's first underground railway system set London apart as the pre-eminent city of the industrial age. After suffering significant destruction during the Blitz of World War II and a period of economic decline in the post-war period, London is once again a global capital of culture and commerce, with much new development adding to its eclectic cityscape. Throughout most of London's history, the height of buildings has been restricted. These restrictions gradually eroded in the post-war period (except those protecting certain views of St Paul's Cathedral). High rise buildings have become ever more numerous since, particularly in the 21st century. Skyscrapers are now numerous in the City of London financial district and Canary Wharf: a new financial district created in the 1980s and 90s in the former London docklands area of the Isle of Dogs. Recent tall buildings include the 1980s skyscraper Tower 42, the radical Lloyd's building by Richard Rogers, One Canada Square: the centre piece of the Canary Wharf district and 30 St Mary Axe (nicknamed the \"Gherkin\") which has set a precedent for other recent high-rise developments built in a similar high-tech style. Renzo Piano's The Shard completed in 2012 is the tallest building in London and for many years in the European Union, as well as the sixth-tallest building in Europe and the 96th-tallest building in the world"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .