. . . . . . . "Cladosporium pullulans"@en . . . . "Pullularia fermentans var. schoenii"@en . "La levure noire Aureobasidium pullulans est une esp\u00E8ce de champignons ubiquistes, c\u2019est-\u00E0-dire qu\u2019elle est pr\u00E9sente partout et dans diff\u00E9rents environnements (sol, air, eau). On la retrouve souvent sur la surface de diff\u00E9rentes plantes, dont le pommier o\u00F9 elle survit comme \u00E9piphyte, sans affecter son h\u00F4te. Elle est n\u00E9anmoins associ\u00E9e \u00E0 certains probl\u00E8mes de roussissure des fruits. Certaines souches de cette levure ont \u00E9t\u00E9 s\u00E9lectionn\u00E9es pour leur efficacit\u00E9 contre diff\u00E9rentes maladies du pommier, notamment contre le feu bact\u00E9rien et les pourritures d\u2019entrep\u00F4ts."@fr . . . . "Hormonema oleae"@en . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans is een gistvormende schimmel, die behoort tot de ascomyceten uit de familie . Het meeste komt de ongeslachtelijke vorm (anamorf) voor, maar de schimmel heeft ook een weinig voorkomende geslachtelijke vorm (teleomorf), die waarschijnlijk voorkomt onder de naam Discosphaerina fagi. De schimmel komt in veel uiteenlopende biotopen voor en wordt bijvoorbeeld gevonden in de grond, in de lucht, in water en op vele plantenoppervlakken. De schimmel kan tegen hoge en lage temperaturen, hoge zoutgehalten en zeer zure omgevingen. Aureobasidium pullulans komt voor als epifyt of endofyt op of in appelbomen, wijnstokken, pompoenen, sperziebonen en kool. Verder komt de schimmel voor in bijvoorbeeld badkamers, wasruimtes en op vochtige muren. De schimmel kan zich beschermen door de vorming van structuren bestaande uit mannitol en . Stammen van Aureobasidium pullulans worden in de biotechnologie gebruikt voor de productie van verschillende enzymen (amylase, , lipase, cellulase, , , transferases), sideroforen, polysachariden en eetbare eencellige micro-organismen (enkelcellig eiwit). Verder wordt de schimmel gebruikt voor de biologische bestrijding van schimmels en bacteri\u00EBn, die bijvoorbeeld tijdens het bewaren optreden en van bacterievuur in appelboomgaarden. De gladde gistcellen hebben een dunne wand en zijn verschillend in grootte en vorm. Op een PDA-voedingsbodem (Potato Dextrose Agar) zijn de kolonies in het begin geel, creme-achtig, lichtroze of lichtbruin. Na 3 - 4 dagen verkleuren ze zwart, worden ze glad en bedekt met slijm. De kolobies kleuren zwart door de vorming van chlamydosporen en door de vorming van melanine in de schimmeldraden. De schimmeldraden zijn glad met een dunne celwand en 2 - 16 \u03BCm dik. Ze vormen een compact mycelium. De schimmel kan ook macro- en microconidia vormen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans (Syn.: Pullularia pullulans) ist ein ubiquit\u00E4r nachweisbarer hefe\u00E4hnlicher Pilz, der unterschiedliche Oberfl\u00E4chen und Lebensr\u00E4ume besiedeln kann. Er wird z. B. in Erde, Luft und Wasser sowie auf vielen Pflanzenoberfl\u00E4chen gefunden. Aureobasidium pullulans kommt nat\u00FCrlich auf oder in einer weiten Bandbreite von Pflanzenarten vor (z. B. an Apfel, Weinreben, K\u00FCrbis, Bohnen und Kohl) ohne Krankheitssymptome zu verursachen. Aureobasidium pullulans hat zudem gro\u00DFe biotechnologische Bedeutung bei der Produktion verschiedener Enzyme und Siderophore sowie bei der Produktion des Polysaccharids Pullulan. Weiterhin wird Aureobasidium pullulans zunehmend zur biologischen Bek\u00E4mpfung phytopathogener Pilze und Bakterien, zum Beispiel zur Bek\u00E4mpfung von pilzlichen Lagerkrankheiten und Feuerbrand im Apfelanbau verwendet."@de . "July 2017"@en . "G. Arnaud"@en . . "\u9ED1\u9175\u6BCD\u83CC"@zh . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans \u00E4r en svampart som f\u00F6rst beskrevs av de Bary, och fick sitt nu g\u00E4llande namn av G. Arnaud 1918. Aureobasidium pullulans ing\u00E5r i sl\u00E4ktet Aureobasidium och familjen Dothioraceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life."@sv . . "\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u064A (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A: Exobasidium vitis) \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u062A\u0628\u0639 \u062C\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . "Azymocandida malicola"@en . . . . "Exobasidium vitis"@en . . . . . "Aureobasidium oleae"@en . "Dematium pullulans"@en . "Torula oleae"@en . . "\u0410\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0301\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0447\u043A\u0443\u0301\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Aureobas\u00EDdium p\u00FAllulans) \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0432, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u043A \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0443. \u0422\u0451\u043C\u043D\u043E\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431, \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0436\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u043A\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0443\u043B\u043B\u0443\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0430."@ru . "Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous and generalistic black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone). It is well known as a naturally occurring epiphyte or endophyte of a wide range of plant species (e.g. apple, grape, cucumber, green beans, cabbage) without causing any symptoms of disease. A. pullulans has a high importance in biotechnology for the production of different enzymes, siderophores and pullulan. Furthermore, A. pullulans is used in biological control of plant diseases, especially storage diseases. Chronic human exposure to A. pullulans via humidifiers or air conditioners can lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) or \"humidifier lung\". This condition is characterized acutely by dyspnea, cough, fever, chest infiltrates, and acute inflammatory reaction. The condition can also be chronic, and lymphocyte-mediated. The chronic condition is characterized radiographically by reticulonodular infiltrates in the lung, with apical sparing. The strains causing infections in humans were reclassified to A. melanogenum. A. pullulans can be cultivated on potato dextrose agar, where it produces smooth, faint pink, yeast-like colonies covered with a slimy mass of spores. Older colonies change to black due to chlamydospore production. Primary conidia are hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, one-celled, and variable in shape and size; secondary conidia are smaller. Conidiophores are undifferentiated, intercalary or terminal, or arising as short lateral branches. Endoconidia are produced in an intercalary cell and released into a neighboring empty cell. Hyphae are hyaline, smooth, and thinwalled, with transverse septa. The fungus grows at 10\u201335 \u00B0C with optimum growth at 30 \u00B0C. A. pullulans is notable for its phenotypic plasticity. Colony morphology may be affected by carbon source, colony age, temperature, light and substrate, with colonies ranging from homogeneous to sectored, yeast-like to filamentous growth, and from small to large. These changes, potentially influenced by epigenetic factors, and the particular developmental sequences that the colonies proceed through may be observed with the naked eye. Besides these morphological plasticity A. pullulans is also adaptable to various stressful conditions: hypersaline, acidic and alkaline, cold, and oligotrophic. Therefore, it is considered to be . The morphology-based taxonomy of the species is complicated by the large morphological variability between strains and even within a single strain. Based on molecular analyses, four varieties of the species A. pullulans were recognised: var. pullulans from substrates with low water activity and the phyllosphere and a variety of other habitats; var. melanogenum from aquatic habitats; var. subglaciale from glacial habitats; and var. namibiae, which was described on the basis of only one strain isolated from dolomitic marble in Namibia. However, when the genome sequences of these varieties became available, the differences between them were considered as too large to be accommodated in a single species. Therefore, the varieties were reclassified as new species: A. pullulans, A. melanogenum, A. subglaciale, and A. namibiae. The genome of A. pullulans s. str. contains large numbers of genes of gene families that can be linked to the nutritional versatility of the species and its stress tolerance. The genome also contains a homothallic mating-type locus. Further genome sequencing of fifty A. pullulans s. str. strains showed that the population of the species is homogeneous, with high levels of recombination and good dispersal. The species A. pullulans was thus recognised as a true generalist, able to inhabit a wide variety of habitats with no specialization to any of these habitats at the genomic level. Despite the presence in the genome of a putative mating locus, and the observation of high recombination rates, no sexual cycle has yet been reported in this organism. Due to the relatively recent redefinition of the species, most published work does not yet distinguish between the new species belonging to the previously recognised A. pullulans species complex. It is therefore not clear to what extent this knowledge is valid for A. pullulans s. str. and what should be attributed to the three new species."@en . "pullulans"@en . . . "\u6697\u91D1\u9EC4\u62C5\u5B50\u83CC\uFF08Aureobasidium pullulans\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u540D\u9ED1\u9175\u6BCD\u83CC\u3001\u51FA\u82BD\u77ED\u6897\u9709\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u985E\u4F3C\u9175\u6BCD\u7684\u771F\u83CC\uFF0C\u5B58\u5728\u65BC\u591A\u7A2E\u751F\u6D3B\u74B0\u5883\u3002 \u6697\u91D1\u9EC4\u62C5\u5B50\u83CC\u7684\u7D30\u80DE\u58C1\u7684\u5468\u908A\u6703\u7522\u751F\u591A\u7CD6\u985E\u7269\u8CEA\uFF0C\u7576\u4E2D\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u662F\u03B2-\u8461\u805A\u91A3\uFF08\u03B2-Glucan\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . "\u6697\u91D1\u9EC4\u62C5\u5B50\u83CC\uFF08Aureobasidium pullulans\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u540D\u9ED1\u9175\u6BCD\u83CC\u3001\u51FA\u82BD\u77ED\u6897\u9709\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u985E\u4F3C\u9175\u6BCD\u7684\u771F\u83CC\uFF0C\u5B58\u5728\u65BC\u591A\u7A2E\u751F\u6D3B\u74B0\u5883\u3002 \u6697\u91D1\u9EC4\u62C5\u5B50\u83CC\u7684\u7D30\u80DE\u58C1\u7684\u5468\u908A\u6703\u7522\u751F\u591A\u7CD6\u985E\u7269\u8CEA\uFF0C\u7576\u4E2D\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u662F\u03B2-\u8461\u805A\u91A3\uFF08\u03B2-Glucan\uFF09\u3002"@zh . "Pullularia pullulans"@en . . . "\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u064A (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A: Exobasidium vitis) \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u062A\u0628\u0639 \u062C\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629."@ar . "Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous and generalistic black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone). It is well known as a naturally occurring epiphyte or endophyte of a wide range of plant species (e.g. apple, grape, cucumber, green beans, cabbage) without causing any symptoms of disease. A. pullulans has a high importance in biotechnology for the production of different enzymes, siderophores and pullulan. Furthermore, A. pullulans is used in biological control of plant diseases, especially storage diseases."@en . . . . . "\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u064A"@ar . . . . "Hormonema pullulans"@en . . . "yes"@en . "Aureobasidium pullulans"@en . . . "La levure noire Aureobasidium pullulans est une esp\u00E8ce de champignons ubiquistes, c\u2019est-\u00E0-dire qu\u2019elle est pr\u00E9sente partout et dans diff\u00E9rents environnements (sol, air, eau). On la retrouve souvent sur la surface de diff\u00E9rentes plantes, dont le pommier o\u00F9 elle survit comme \u00E9piphyte, sans affecter son h\u00F4te. Elle est n\u00E9anmoins associ\u00E9e \u00E0 certains probl\u00E8mes de roussissure des fruits. Certaines souches de cette levure ont \u00E9t\u00E9 s\u00E9lectionn\u00E9es pour leur efficacit\u00E9 contre diff\u00E9rentes maladies du pommier, notamment contre le feu bact\u00E9rien et les pourritures d\u2019entrep\u00F4ts."@fr . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans \u00E4r en svampart som f\u00F6rst beskrevs av de Bary, och fick sitt nu g\u00E4llande namn av G. Arnaud 1918. Aureobasidium pullulans ing\u00E5r i sl\u00E4ktet Aureobasidium och familjen Dothioraceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life."@sv . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans"@sv . . . . . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans"@nl . . . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans"@fr . . . "12471"^^ . "Aureobasidium pullulans"@de . . "Torula schoenii"@en . . "Pullularia fermentans"@en . "\u0410\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0301\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0447\u043A\u0443\u0301\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Aureobas\u00EDdium p\u00FAllulans) \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0432, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u043A \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0443. \u0422\u0451\u043C\u043D\u043E\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431, \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0436\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u043A\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0443\u043B\u043B\u0443\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0430."@ru . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans"@en . "1124214099"^^ . . "InternetArchiveBot"@en . . . . . . . . "Candida malicola"@en . "Aureobasidium"@en . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans (Syn.: Pullularia pullulans) ist ein ubiquit\u00E4r nachweisbarer hefe\u00E4hnlicher Pilz, der unterschiedliche Oberfl\u00E4chen und Lebensr\u00E4ume besiedeln kann. Er wird z. B. in Erde, Luft und Wasser sowie auf vielen Pflanzenoberfl\u00E4chen gefunden. Aureobasidium pullulans kommt nat\u00FCrlich auf oder in einer weiten Bandbreite von Pflanzenarten vor (z. B. an Apfel, Weinreben, K\u00FCrbis, Bohnen und Kohl) ohne Krankheitssymptome zu verursachen."@de . . . "11127553"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Aureobasidium pullulans is een gistvormende schimmel, die behoort tot de ascomyceten uit de familie . Het meeste komt de ongeslachtelijke vorm (anamorf) voor, maar de schimmel heeft ook een weinig voorkomende geslachtelijke vorm (teleomorf), die waarschijnlijk voorkomt onder de naam Discosphaerina fagi. De schimmel komt in veel uiteenlopende biotopen voor en wordt bijvoorbeeld gevonden in de grond, in de lucht, in water en op vele plantenoppervlakken. De schimmel kan tegen hoge en lage temperaturen, hoge zoutgehalten en zeer zure omgevingen. Aureobasidium pullulans komt voor als epifyt of endofyt op of in appelbomen, wijnstokken, pompoenen, sperziebonen en kool. Verder komt de schimmel voor in bijvoorbeeld badkamers, wasruimtes en op vochtige muren."@nl . "\u0410\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0447\u043A\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F"@ru .