"Latawce skrzynkowe"@pl . . . "Una cometa caja es un tipo de cometa de alto rendimiento, caracterizado por desarrollar un poder de sustentaci\u00F3n relativamente alto. Es un tipo particular dentro de la familia de las cometas celulares."@es . . "Uma pipa caixa (em ingl\u00EAs \"boxkite\") \u00E9 uma pipa de alta performance capaz de produzir uma sustenta\u00E7\u00E3o relativamente alta. O desenho t\u00EDpico possui quatro estruturas paralelas. A \"caixa\" \u00E9 tornada r\u00EDgida por estruturas cruzadas na diagonal. A pipa caixa foi inventada em 1893 por Lawrence Hargrave, um ingl\u00EAs que emigrou para a Austr\u00E1lia, como parte de sua tentativa de desenvolver uma m\u00E1quina voadora tripulada. Hargrave interligou v\u00E1rias de suas pipas (c\u00E9lulas de Hargrave), que juntas produziram sustenta\u00E7\u00E3o suficiente para ergu\u00EA-lo quase 5 metros acima do solo. Um desenvolvimento com asas dessa pipa ficou conhecido como Cody kite (pipa de Cody) por ter sido desenvolvida por Samuel Franklin Cody. Usos militares tamb\u00E9m envolveram uma combina\u00E7\u00E3o pipa/r\u00E1dio transmissor usadas por pilotos em miss\u00F5es \"salva-vidas\" durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial."@pt . . . . . . "Latawiec skrzynkowy \u2013 latawiec zbudowany w formie skrzynki. Latawce tego typu posiadaj\u0105 relatywnie du\u017C\u0105 si\u0142\u0119 no\u015Bn\u0105 z jednostki powierzchni w por\u00F3wnaniu do . Latawce tego typu prze\u017Cy\u0142y ogromny rozw\u00F3j na prze\u0142omie XIX i XX wieku, staj\u0105c si\u0119 pierwowzorami dla p\u00F3\u017Aniejszych konstrukcji samolotowych. Uzda jest tu jedno- lub wielopunktowa. Przeznaczone s\u0105 g\u0142\u00F3wnie na umiarkowany i silny wiatr. Pawe\u0142 Elsztein, dziennikarz, autor ponad 70 ksi\u0105\u017Cek i ok. 500 artyku\u0142\u00F3w z dziedziny lotnictwa, modelarstwa i astronautyki, wymienia cztery podstawowe typy latawc\u00F3w skrzynkowych: , , oraz . Charakterystyczna jest dla nich przestrzenna forma i sztywna konstrukcja."@pl . . . . . . . . . . "Box kite"@en . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0439 \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0439, \u043F\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0438. \u0412\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0456\u043D\u0436\u043D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u041B\u043E\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0441\u043E\u043C \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0443 1895 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0456 \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0443 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0457\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0456 XIX \u0456 XX \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u044C, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439."@uk . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0439"@uk . . . "Latawiec skrzynkowy \u2013 latawiec zbudowany w formie skrzynki. Latawce tego typu posiadaj\u0105 relatywnie du\u017C\u0105 si\u0142\u0119 no\u015Bn\u0105 z jednostki powierzchni w por\u00F3wnaniu do . Latawce tego typu prze\u017Cy\u0142y ogromny rozw\u00F3j na prze\u0142omie XIX i XX wieku, staj\u0105c si\u0119 pierwowzorami dla p\u00F3\u017Aniejszych konstrukcji samolotowych. Uzda jest tu jedno- lub wielopunktowa. Przeznaczone s\u0105 g\u0142\u00F3wnie na umiarkowany i silny wiatr. Pawe\u0142 Elsztein, dziennikarz, autor ponad 70 ksi\u0105\u017Cek i ok. 500 artyku\u0142\u00F3w z dziedziny lotnictwa, modelarstwa i astronautyki, wymienia cztery podstawowe typy latawc\u00F3w skrzynkowych: , , oraz . Charakterystyczna jest dla nich przestrzenna forma i sztywna konstrukcja."@pl . "Una cometa caja es un tipo de cometa de alto rendimiento, caracterizado por desarrollar un poder de sustentaci\u00F3n relativamente alto. Es un tipo particular dentro de la familia de las cometas celulares."@es . "A box kite is a high performance kite, noted for developing relatively high lift; it is a type within the family of cellular kites. The typical design has four parallel struts. The box is made rigid with diagonal crossed struts. There are two sails, or ribbons, whose width is about a quarter of the length of the box. The ribbons wrap around the ends of the box, leaving the ends and middle of the kite open. In flight, one strut is the bottom, and the bridle is tied between the top and bottom of this strut. The dihedrals of the sails help stability. The box kite was invented in 1893 by Lawrence Hargrave, an English-born Australian, as part of his attempt to develop a manned flying machine. Hargrave linked several of his box kites (Hargrave cells) together, creating sufficient lift for him to fly some 16 ft (4.9 m) off the ground. A winged development of this kite is known as the Cody kite following its development by Samuel Franklin Cody. Military uses also involved a kite/radio transmitter combination issued to pilots during World War II for use in liferafts. Large box kites are constructed as cellular kites. Rather than one box, there are many, each with its own set of sails. Most of the altitude records for kite flying are held by large box kites, with Dacron sails, flown with Spectra cable. However in 2014 Robert Moore and a team of kite experts flew a 12 sq metre DT delta to 16,009 ft above their launch point. The location of the flights was near Cobar in Western NSW, Australia. While this was primarily a triangular winged delta kite, it has a triangular box centre cell for additional stability. Future attempts on either the single kite record or multiple kite record (trained), may use Hargrave box kites or a variant. Before Dacron, Spectra, and Kevlar were available, high performance box kites used oiled silk, linen or hemp sails, and were flown with steel cable. Silk, linen and hemp were used because they could be spun finer than cotton and stretched relatively little when wet. Steel had the highest available strength for its weight. After Hargrave invented the box kite, weather stations from around the world saw the potential for his design. Blue hill observatory and the German weather station at Lindenberg used kites routinely until weather balloons took over in the 1920s and 1930s."@en . "1117120315"^^ . . . . "255300"^^ . "Uma pipa caixa (em ingl\u00EAs \"boxkite\") \u00E9 uma pipa de alta performance capaz de produzir uma sustenta\u00E7\u00E3o relativamente alta. O desenho t\u00EDpico possui quatro estruturas paralelas. A \"caixa\" \u00E9 tornada r\u00EDgida por estruturas cruzadas na diagonal. A pipa caixa foi inventada em 1893 por Lawrence Hargrave, um ingl\u00EAs que emigrou para a Austr\u00E1lia, como parte de sua tentativa de desenvolver uma m\u00E1quina voadora tripulada. Hargrave interligou v\u00E1rias de suas pipas (c\u00E9lulas de Hargrave), que juntas produziram sustenta\u00E7\u00E3o suficiente para ergu\u00EA-lo quase 5 metros acima do solo."@pt . "Cometa caja"@es . "A box kite is a high performance kite, noted for developing relatively high lift; it is a type within the family of cellular kites. The typical design has four parallel struts. The box is made rigid with diagonal crossed struts. There are two sails, or ribbons, whose width is about a quarter of the length of the box. The ribbons wrap around the ends of the box, leaving the ends and middle of the kite open. In flight, one strut is the bottom, and the bridle is tied between the top and bottom of this strut. The dihedrals of the sails help stability."@en . . "\u03A7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF"@el . . "4320"^^ . . . "Pipa caixa"@pt . . . "\u039F \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B4\u03CC\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03AC\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u0391\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF \u03C4\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03C9\u03B4\u03CE\u03BD \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD. \u0388\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B7\u03B8\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B8\u03AD\u03C4\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C3\u03C3\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2. \u03A4\u03BF \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF \u03B3\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AC\u03BA\u03B1\u03BC\u03C0\u03C4\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03B8\u03AE\u03BA\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C5\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03C9\u03BD. \u03A5\u03C0\u03AC\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03AC, \u03AE \u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03B4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2, \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03BB\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03AE\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD. \u039F\u03B9 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03B4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C5\u03BB\u03AF\u03B3\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03AC\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD, \u03B1\u03C6\u03AE\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03AC\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03C4\u03AD\u03C2. \u0395\u03BD \u03C0\u03C4\u03AE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9, \u03B7 \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C7\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03AF \u03B4\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03C5\u03C6\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03B1\u03C2. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B5\u03B4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03B2\u03BF\u03B7\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03CC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2. \u039F \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF \u03B5\u03C6\u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03AD\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF 1893 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u039B\u03CC\u03C1\u03B5\u03BD\u03C2 \u03A7\u03AC\u03C1\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03CA\u03B2, \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03BD \u0386\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03BF \u03BF \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u0391\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B1\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1, \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C0\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7 \u03B9\u03C0\u03C4\u03AC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B7\u03C7\u03B1\u03BD\u03AE. \u039F \u03A7\u03AC\u03C1\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03CA\u03B2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AD\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 (\u03BA\u03B5\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03A7\u03AC\u03C1\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03CA\u03B2), \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03BE\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03CD\u03C8\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 4,9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03AD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C2. \u0392\u03B5\u03BB\u03C4\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03BD\u03C3\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03C9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03C4\u03AD\u03C1\u03C5\u03B3\u03B5\u03C2 \u03AD\u03B3\u03B9\u03BD\u03B5 \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u039A\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9, \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B2\u03B5\u03BB\u03C4\u03B9\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B7\u03C3\u03B5 \u03BF \u03A3\u03AC\u03BC\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u03B5\u03BB \u03A6\u03C1\u03AC\u03BD\u03BA\u03BB\u03B9\u03BD \u039A\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9. \u03A3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03C9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03BD\u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03C5\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03AF \u03C1\u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03BC\u03C0\u03CE\u03BD/\u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03AC\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03B3\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C0\u03B9\u03BB\u03CC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0392\u0384 \u03A0\u03B1\u03B3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C3\u03BC\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5. \u039C\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03AF \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AC\u03B6\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03CE\u03B4\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03AF. \u0391\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF, \u03C5\u03C0\u03AC\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03AC. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C1\u03B5\u03BA\u03CC\u03C1 \u03C5\u03C8\u03BF\u03BC\u03AD\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03B1\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03AC, \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03C6\u03B8\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03B1\u03B9\u03B8\u03C5\u03BB\u03AD\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF (dacron) \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03CD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03B1\u03B9\u03B8\u03C5\u03BB\u03B5\u03BD\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BE\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03BF\u03CD \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B2\u03AC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 (spectra). \u03A0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03CC\u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03C6\u03B8\u03B1\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03B1\u03B9\u03B8\u03C5\u03BB\u03AD\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03AF\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9, \u03BF\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03AF \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03AC \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B4\u03CC\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03BE\u03B9, \u03AE \u03BA\u03AC\u03BD\u03BD\u03B1\u03B2\u03B7, \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C7\u03C1\u03AE\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C1\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C7\u03AC\u03BB\u03C5\u03B2\u03B1. \u03A4\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03BE\u03B9, \u03C4\u03BF \u03BB\u03B9\u03BD\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BA\u03AC\u03BD\u03BD\u03B1\u03B2\u03B7 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF \u03B2\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BA\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BB\u03C9\u03BD\u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BB\u03B9\u03B3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF \u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03B2\u03C1\u03B5\u03C7\u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD. \u039F \u03C7\u03AC\u03BB\u03C5\u03B2\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03B1\u03BB\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03B4\u03C5\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF \u03B2\u03AC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5."@el . "\u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0439 \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0439, \u043F\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0438. \u0412\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0456\u043D\u0436\u043D\u043D\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u041B\u043E\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0441\u043E\u043C \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0443 1895 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0456 \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0443 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0457\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0456 XIX \u0456 XX \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u044C, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439."@uk . . "\u039F \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B4\u03CC\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C5\u03C8\u03B7\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03AC\u03BD\u03C4\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u0391\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF \u03C4\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03C9\u03B4\u03CE\u03BD \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD. \u0388\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B7\u03B8\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B8\u03AD\u03C4\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C3\u03C3\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2. \u03A4\u03BF \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03AF \u03B3\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AC\u03BA\u03B1\u03BC\u03C0\u03C4\u03BF \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03B8\u03AE\u03BA\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C5\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03C9\u03BD. \u03A5\u03C0\u03AC\u03C1\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03AC, \u03AE \u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03B4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2, \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03BB\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C4\u03AD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03AE\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD. \u039F\u03B9 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03B4\u03AD\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C5\u03BB\u03AF\u03B3\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03AC\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD, \u03B1\u03C6\u03AE\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03AC\u03BA\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD \u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03C4\u03AD\u03C2. \u0395\u03BD \u03C0\u03C4\u03AE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9, \u03B7 \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C7\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03AF \u03B4\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03CD\u03C1\u03C9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03BF\u03C1\u03C5\u03C6\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B7\u03C1\u03AF\u03B4\u03B1\u03C2. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B5\u03B4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03B2\u03BF\u03B7\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03CC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2."@el . .