. . . . "Causale inferentie is het onderdeel van de econometrie waarin wordt geprobeerd een causaal verband tussen verschillende economische grootheden te vinden door te bestuderen hoe die grootheden ten opzichte van elkaar veranderen, hoe zij van elkaar afhankelijk zijn. Het causale verband wordt daarbij aan de hand van metingen aan macro-economische modellen bepaald, die in de praktijk worden gedaan, bijvoorbeeld door de gevolgen van verschillende maatregelen in twee overeenkomstige situaties met elkaar te vergelijken. De twee beide situaties waaraan wordt gemeten, kunnen gelijktijdig voorkomen, maar op een verschillende plaats, maar ook op dezelfde plaats, maar in de tijd na elkaar."@nl . . . . "Infer\u00EAncia causal"@pt . . "\uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uB354 \uD070 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC758 \uAD6C\uC131 \uC694\uC18C\uC778 \uD2B9\uC815 \uD604\uC0C1\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC774\uACE0 \uC2E4\uC81C\uC801\uC778 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uB294 \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uC774\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uACFC \uC0C1\uAD00 \uBD84\uC11D\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uCC28\uC774\uC810\uC740 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uACB0\uACFC \uBCC0\uC218\uC758 \uC6D0\uC778\uC774 \uBCC0\uACBD\uB420 \uB54C \uD6A8\uACFC \uBCC0\uC218\uC758 \uC751\uB2F5\uC744 \uBD84\uC11D\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uC77C\uC774 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uB294 \uC774\uC720\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACFC\uD559\uC744 \uC6D0\uC778\uD559\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC774\uB860\uD654\uB41C \uC778\uACFC \uAD00\uACC4\uC758 \uC99D\uAC70\uB97C \uC81C\uACF5\uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uACFC\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uACE0\uC548\uB41C \uBC29\uBC95\uB860\uC758 \uAC1C\uBC1C \uBC0F \uAD6C\uD604\uC5D0\uC11C \uBA87 \uAC00\uC9C0 \uD601\uC2E0\uC774 \uCD5C\uADFC \uC218\uC2ED \uB144 \uB3D9\uC548 \uAE09\uC99D\uD588\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC774 \uC5B4\uB835\uAC70\uB098 \uBD88\uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C \uACBD\uC6B0 \uD2B9\uD788 \uC5B4\uB835\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uACFC\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC774\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC811\uADFC \uBC29\uC2DD\uC740 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC720\uD615\uC758 \uACFC\uD559 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0 \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC801\uC6A9\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uD2B9\uC815 \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uC704\uD574 \uC124\uACC4\uB41C \uB9CE\uC740 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860 \uBC29\uBC95\uC774 \uB2E4\uB978 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C\uB3C4 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAE30\uC0AC\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC758 \uAE30\uBCF8 \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uB97C \uAC04\uB7B5\uD558\uAC8C \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uACE0 \uB2E4\uC591\uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uB294 \uBCF4\uB2E4 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uD14C\uC2A4\uD2B8\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uC790\uC138\uD788 \uC124\uBA85\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uAC83\uC740 \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBC29\uBC95\uC774 \uD574\uB2F9 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uB9CC \uC801\uC6A9\uB418\uACE0 \uB2E8\uC9C0 \uD574\uB2F9 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC81C\uC548\uC73C\uB85C \uC624\uC778\uB418\uC5B4\uC11C\uB294 \uC548 \uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "Inf\u00E9rence causale"@fr . . . "L'inf\u00E9rence causale est le processus par lequel on peut \u00E9tablir une relation de causalit\u00E9 entre un \u00E9l\u00E9ment et ses effets. C'est un champ de recherche \u00E0 la crois\u00E9e des statistiques, de l'\u00E9conom\u00E9trie, de l'\u00E9pid\u00E9miologie, de la m\u00E9thodologie politique et de l'intelligence artificielle."@fr . . . . . . . "Wnioskowanie przyczynowe"@pl . . . "1100370285"^^ . . "\uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860"@ko . "37103476"^^ . . . . . "A infer\u00EAncia causal \u00E9 o processo de determinar o efeito real e independente de um fen\u00F4meno particular que \u00E9 um componente de um sistema maior. A principal diferen\u00E7a entre infer\u00EAncia causal e infer\u00EAncia de associa\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 que a infer\u00EAncia causal analisa a resposta de uma vari\u00E1vel de efeito quando uma causa da vari\u00E1vel de efeito \u00E9 alterada. A ci\u00EAncia de por que as coisas ocorrem \u00E9 chamada de etiologia. Diz-se que a infer\u00EAncia causal fornece a evid\u00EAncia da causalidade teorizada pelo ."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . "Causal inference"@en . . "\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6\uFF08\u3068\u3046\u3051\u3044\u3066\u304D\u3044\u3093\u304C\u3059\u3044\u308D\u3093\u3001\u82F1: Causal inference in statistics\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5B9F\u9A13\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u3084\u89B3\u5BDF\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u304B\u3089\u5F97\u3089\u308C\u305F\u4E0D\u5B8C\u5168\u306A\u60C5\u5831\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306B\u3001\u4E8B\u8C61\u306E\u56E0\u679C\u52B9\u679C\u3092\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u306B\u63A8\u5B9A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u300220\u4E16\u7D00\u5F8C\u534A\u304B\u3089\u3001\u30B8\u30E5\u30FC\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u30FB\u30D1\u30FC\u30EB\u3084\u3001\u30C9\u30CA\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u30EB\u30FC\u30D3\u30F3\u3089\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u767A\u5C55\u3092\u9042\u3052\u305F\u3002\u306A\u304A\u3001\u300C\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6(Causal inference)\u300D\u3068\u306E\u307F\u8A00\u3046\u5834\u5408\u306F\u3001\u7D71\u8A08\u5B66\u306B\u9650\u3089\u305A\u54F2\u5B66\u306A\u3069\u3092\u542B\u3081\u305F\u3001\u3088\u308A\u5E83\u7BC4\u306A\u9818\u57DF\u306E\u8B70\u8AD6\u3092\u542B\u3080\u304C\u3001\u7D71\u8A08\u5B66\u3001\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u30B5\u30A4\u30A8\u30F3\u30B9\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u306B\u95A2\u9023\u3059\u308B\u6587\u8108\u3067\u300C\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6\u300D\u3068\u8A00\u308F\u308C\u308B\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u300C\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6\u300D\u306E\u624B\u6CD5\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u662F\u5728\u4E00\u500B\u8F03\u5927\u7CFB\u7D71\u5167\u90E8\u78BA\u5B9A\u6307\u5B9A\u73FE\u8C61\uFF08\u56E0\uFF09\u7684\u5BE6\u969B\u3001\u7368\u7ACB\u6548\u679C\uFF08\u679C\uFF09\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u3002\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u548C\u76F8\u95DC\u6027\u63A8\u65B7\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u5340\u5225\u662F\u524D\u8005\u5206\u6790\u7D50\u679C\u8B8A\u91CF\u5728\u5176\u539F\u56E0\u8B8A\u91CF\u8B8A\u5316\u6642\u767C\u751F\u7684\u56DE\u61C9\u3002 \u7814\u7A76\u4E8B\u7269\u8D77\u56E0\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5247\u7A31\u4F5C\u539F\u56E0\u8AD6\u3002\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u53EF\u7D66\u51FA\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u8B49\u64DA\u3002 \u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u5728\u6240\u6709\u79D1\u5B78\u4E2D\u90FD\u5F97\u5230\u4E86\u5EE3\u6CDB\u7814\u7A76\u3002\u8FD1\u5E7E\u5341\u5E74\u4F86\uFF0C\u65E8\u5728\u78BA\u5B9A\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u8AD6\u4E2D\u51FA\u73FE\u4E86\u591A\u9805\u5275\u65B0\u767C\u5C55\u548C\u61C9\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8A31\u591A\u79D1\u5B78\u554F\u984C\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5E38\u5E38\u51FA\u73FE\u96E3\u4EE5\u6216\u4E0D\u53EF\u80FD\u9032\u884C\u5BE6\u9A57\u7684\u60C5\u6CC1\uFF0C\u9019\u6642\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u4ECD\u7136\u7279\u5225\u56F0\u96E3\u3002 \u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u5EE3\u6CDB\u9069\u7528\u65BC\u6240\u6709\u985E\u578B\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5B78\u79D1\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u8A31\u591A\u91DD\u5C0D\u7279\u5B9A\u5B78\u79D1\u8A2D\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u65B9\u6CD5\u4E5F\u53EF\u61C9\u7528\u5230\u5176\u4ED6\u5B78\u79D1\u3002\u672C\u6587\u6982\u8FF0\u4E86\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u6B65\u9A5F\uFF0C\u4E26\u8A73\u7D30\u4ECB\u7D39\u4E0D\u540C\u5B78\u79D1\u4E2D\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u50B3\u7D71\u6E2C\u8A66\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF1B\u9019\u4E0D\u610F\u5473\u8457\u90A3\u4E9B\u65B9\u6CD5\u53EA\u9069\u7528\u65BC\u7279\u5B9A\u5B78\u79D1\uFF0C\u9019\u53EA\u8868\u793A\u5B83\u5011\u662F\u8A72\u5B78\u79D1\u4E2D\u6700\u5E38\u7528\u7684\u3002 \u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u5F88\u96E3\u57F7\u884C\u3002\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u5C31\u78BA\u5B9A\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\u7684\u6B63\u78BA\u65B9\u6CD5\u5B58\u5728\u91CD\u5927\u722D\u8AD6\u3002\u5118\u7BA1\u5DF2\u6709\u65B0\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u90E8\u5206\u4EBA\u4ECD\u64D4\u5FC3\uFF0C\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u53EF\u80FD\u8AA4\u5C07\u76F8\u95DC\u6027\u5224\u65B7\u70BA\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\uFF0C\u4EA6\u53EF\u80FD\u4F7F\u7528\u4E86\u4E0D\u6B63\u78BA\u7684\u7D71\u8A08\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u6545\u610F\u64CD\u7E31\u5206\u6790\u7D50\u679C\u4EE5\u7372\u5F97\u7D71\u8A08\u4E0A\u986F\u8457\u7684\u4F30\u8A08\u503C\u3002\u9019\u7A2E\u554F\u984C\u5728\u56DE\u6B78\u6A21\u578B\uFF0C\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u7DDA\u6027\u56DE\u6B78\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u4E0A\u66F4\u70BA\u660E\u986F\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . "\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7"@zh . . . . . . . . . "March 2021"@en . . . "Wnioskowanie przyczynowe (analiza przyczynowa, ang. causal inference) \u2013 zagadnienie m.in. epistemologii i metodologii nauk, obejmuj\u0105ce opis, preskrypcj\u0119 i stosowanie metod systematycznego odkrywania i badania zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w przyczynowych. Analiza przyczynowa ma pozwala\u0107 na mo\u017Cliwie rzeteln\u0105 odpowied\u017A na pytania postaci: \u201Eco by by\u0142o, gdyby\u2026?\u201D albo \u201Ejak\u0105 r\u00F3\u017Cnic\u0119 powoduje\u2026?\u201D."@pl . "\uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uB354 \uD070 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC758 \uAD6C\uC131 \uC694\uC18C\uC778 \uD2B9\uC815 \uD604\uC0C1\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC774\uACE0 \uC2E4\uC81C\uC801\uC778 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uB294 \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uC774\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uACFC \uC0C1\uAD00 \uBD84\uC11D\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uCC28\uC774\uC810\uC740 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uACB0\uACFC \uBCC0\uC218\uC758 \uC6D0\uC778\uC774 \uBCC0\uACBD\uB420 \uB54C \uD6A8\uACFC \uBCC0\uC218\uC758 \uC751\uB2F5\uC744 \uBD84\uC11D\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uC77C\uC774 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uB294 \uC774\uC720\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACFC\uD559\uC744 \uC6D0\uC778\uD559\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC774\uB860\uD654\uB41C \uC778\uACFC \uAD00\uACC4\uC758 \uC99D\uAC70\uB97C \uC81C\uACF5\uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uACFC\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uACE0\uC548\uB41C \uBC29\uBC95\uB860\uC758 \uAC1C\uBC1C \uBC0F \uAD6C\uD604\uC5D0\uC11C \uBA87 \uAC00\uC9C0 \uD601\uC2E0\uC774 \uCD5C\uADFC \uC218\uC2ED \uB144 \uB3D9\uC548 \uAE09\uC99D\uD588\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uC2E4\uD5D8\uC774 \uC5B4\uB835\uAC70\uB098 \uBD88\uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C \uACBD\uC6B0 \uD2B9\uD788 \uC5B4\uB835\uB2E4. \uC774\uB294 \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uACFC\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC774\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC811\uADFC \uBC29\uC2DD\uC740 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC720\uD615\uC758 \uACFC\uD559 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0 \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC801\uC6A9\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uD2B9\uC815 \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uC704\uD574 \uC124\uACC4\uB41C \uB9CE\uC740 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860 \uBC29\uBC95\uC774 \uB2E4\uB978 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C\uB3C4 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAE30\uC0AC\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC778\uACFC \uCD94\uB860\uC758 \uAE30\uBCF8 \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uB97C \uAC04\uB7B5\uD558\uAC8C \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uACE0 \uB2E4\uC591\uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uB294 \uBCF4\uB2E4 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uD14C\uC2A4\uD2B8\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uC790\uC138\uD788 \uC124\uBA85\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uAC83\uC740 \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uBC29\uBC95\uC774 \uD574\uB2F9 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uB9CC \uC801\uC6A9\uB418\uACE0 \uB2E8\uC9C0 \uD574\uB2F9 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uAC00\uC7A5 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC81C\uC548\uC73C\uB85C \uC624\uC778\uB418\uC5B4\uC11C\uB294 \uC548 \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC778\uACFC\uAD00\uACC4 \uCD94\uB860\uC740 \uC218\uD589\uD558\uAE30 \uC5B4\uB835\uACE0 \uC778\uACFC\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uB294 \uC801\uC808\uD55C \uBC29\uBC95\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD55C \uB17C\uC7C1\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uB978 \uD601\uC2E0\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uBD88\uAD6C\uD558\uACE0 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC0C1\uAD00\uC801 \uACB0\uACFC\uB97C \uC778\uACFC\uB85C \uC798\uBABB \uADC0\uC778\uD558\uACE0, \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uBD80\uC815\uD655\uD55C \uBC29\uBC95\uB860\uC744 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uACE0, \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uD1B5\uACC4\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC720\uC758\uBBF8\uD55C \uCD94\uC815\uCE58\uB97C \uC5BB\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uBD84\uC11D \uACB0\uACFC\uB97C \uC758\uB3C4\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC870\uC791\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC6B0\uB824\uAC00 \uB0A8\uC544 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD68C\uADC0 \uBAA8\uB378, \uD2B9\uD788 \uC120\uD615 \uD68C\uADC0 \uBAA8\uB378\uC758 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uC5D0\uC11C \uD2B9\uD788 \uC6B0\uB824\uAC00 \uC81C\uAE30\uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . "\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6\uFF08\u3068\u3046\u3051\u3044\u3066\u304D\u3044\u3093\u304C\u3059\u3044\u308D\u3093\u3001\u82F1: Causal inference in statistics\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5B9F\u9A13\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u3084\u89B3\u5BDF\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u304B\u3089\u5F97\u3089\u308C\u305F\u4E0D\u5B8C\u5168\u306A\u60C5\u5831\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306B\u3001\u4E8B\u8C61\u306E\u56E0\u679C\u52B9\u679C\u3092\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u306B\u63A8\u5B9A\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u300220\u4E16\u7D00\u5F8C\u534A\u304B\u3089\u3001\u30B8\u30E5\u30FC\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u30FB\u30D1\u30FC\u30EB\u3084\u3001\u30C9\u30CA\u30EB\u30C9\u30FB\u30EB\u30FC\u30D3\u30F3\u3089\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u767A\u5C55\u3092\u9042\u3052\u305F\u3002\u306A\u304A\u3001\u300C\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6(Causal inference)\u300D\u3068\u306E\u307F\u8A00\u3046\u5834\u5408\u306F\u3001\u7D71\u8A08\u5B66\u306B\u9650\u3089\u305A\u54F2\u5B66\u306A\u3069\u3092\u542B\u3081\u305F\u3001\u3088\u308A\u5E83\u7BC4\u306A\u9818\u57DF\u306E\u8B70\u8AD6\u3092\u542B\u3080\u304C\u3001\u7D71\u8A08\u5B66\u3001\u30C7\u30FC\u30BF\u30B5\u30A4\u30A8\u30F3\u30B9\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u306B\u95A2\u9023\u3059\u308B\u6587\u8108\u3067\u300C\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6\u300D\u3068\u8A00\u308F\u308C\u308B\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u300C\u7D71\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u8AD6\u300D\u306E\u624B\u6CD5\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . "\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u662F\u5728\u4E00\u500B\u8F03\u5927\u7CFB\u7D71\u5167\u90E8\u78BA\u5B9A\u6307\u5B9A\u73FE\u8C61\uFF08\u56E0\uFF09\u7684\u5BE6\u969B\u3001\u7368\u7ACB\u6548\u679C\uFF08\u679C\uFF09\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u3002\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u548C\u76F8\u95DC\u6027\u63A8\u65B7\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u5340\u5225\u662F\u524D\u8005\u5206\u6790\u7D50\u679C\u8B8A\u91CF\u5728\u5176\u539F\u56E0\u8B8A\u91CF\u8B8A\u5316\u6642\u767C\u751F\u7684\u56DE\u61C9\u3002 \u7814\u7A76\u4E8B\u7269\u8D77\u56E0\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5247\u7A31\u4F5C\u539F\u56E0\u8AD6\u3002\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u53EF\u7D66\u51FA\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u8B49\u64DA\u3002 \u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u5728\u6240\u6709\u79D1\u5B78\u4E2D\u90FD\u5F97\u5230\u4E86\u5EE3\u6CDB\u7814\u7A76\u3002\u8FD1\u5E7E\u5341\u5E74\u4F86\uFF0C\u65E8\u5728\u78BA\u5B9A\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u8AD6\u4E2D\u51FA\u73FE\u4E86\u591A\u9805\u5275\u65B0\u767C\u5C55\u548C\u61C9\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8A31\u591A\u79D1\u5B78\u554F\u984C\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5E38\u5E38\u51FA\u73FE\u96E3\u4EE5\u6216\u4E0D\u53EF\u80FD\u9032\u884C\u5BE6\u9A57\u7684\u60C5\u6CC1\uFF0C\u9019\u6642\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u4ECD\u7136\u7279\u5225\u56F0\u96E3\u3002 \u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u5EE3\u6CDB\u9069\u7528\u65BC\u6240\u6709\u985E\u578B\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5B78\u79D1\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u8A31\u591A\u91DD\u5C0D\u7279\u5B9A\u5B78\u79D1\u8A2D\u8A08\u7684\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u65B9\u6CD5\u4E5F\u53EF\u61C9\u7528\u5230\u5176\u4ED6\u5B78\u79D1\u3002\u672C\u6587\u6982\u8FF0\u4E86\u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u6B65\u9A5F\uFF0C\u4E26\u8A73\u7D30\u4ECB\u7D39\u4E0D\u540C\u5B78\u79D1\u4E2D\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u50B3\u7D71\u6E2C\u8A66\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF1B\u9019\u4E0D\u610F\u5473\u8457\u90A3\u4E9B\u65B9\u6CD5\u53EA\u9069\u7528\u65BC\u7279\u5B9A\u5B78\u79D1\uFF0C\u9019\u53EA\u8868\u793A\u5B83\u5011\u662F\u8A72\u5B78\u79D1\u4E2D\u6700\u5E38\u7528\u7684\u3002 \u56E0\u679C\u63A8\u65B7\u5F88\u96E3\u57F7\u884C\u3002\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u5C31\u78BA\u5B9A\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\u7684\u6B63\u78BA\u65B9\u6CD5\u5B58\u5728\u91CD\u5927\u722D\u8AD6\u3002\u5118\u7BA1\u5DF2\u6709\u65B0\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u90E8\u5206\u4EBA\u4ECD\u64D4\u5FC3\uFF0C\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u53EF\u80FD\u8AA4\u5C07\u76F8\u95DC\u6027\u5224\u65B7\u70BA\u56E0\u679C\u95DC\u4FC2\uFF0C\u4EA6\u53EF\u80FD\u4F7F\u7528\u4E86\u4E0D\u6B63\u78BA\u7684\u7D71\u8A08\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u6545\u610F\u64CD\u7E31\u5206\u6790\u7D50\u679C\u4EE5\u7372\u5F97\u7D71\u8A08\u4E0A\u986F\u8457\u7684\u4F30\u8A08\u503C\u3002\u9019\u7A2E\u554F\u984C\u5728\u56DE\u6B78\u6A21\u578B\uFF0C\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u7DDA\u6027\u56DE\u6B78\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u4E0A\u66F4\u70BA\u660E\u986F\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'inf\u00E9rence causale est le processus par lequel on peut \u00E9tablir une relation de causalit\u00E9 entre un \u00E9l\u00E9ment et ses effets. C'est un champ de recherche \u00E0 la crois\u00E9e des statistiques, de l'\u00E9conom\u00E9trie, de l'\u00E9pid\u00E9miologie, de la m\u00E9thodologie politique et de l'intelligence artificielle."@fr . . . "Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed. The science of why things occur is called etiology. Causal inference is said to provide the evidence of causality theorized by causal reasoning. Causal inference is widely studied across all sciences. Several innovations in the development and implementation of methodology designed to determine causality have proliferated in recent decades. Causal inference remains especially difficult where experimentation is difficult or impossible, which is common throughout most sciences. The approaches to causal inference are broadly applicable across all types of scientific disciplines, and many methods of causal inference that were designed for certain disciplines have found use in other disciplines. This article outlines the basic process behind causal inference and details some of the more conventional tests used across different disciplines; however, this should not be mistaken as a suggestion that these methods apply only to those disciplines, merely that they are the most commonly used in that discipline. Causal inference is difficult to perform and there is significant debate amongst scientists about the proper way to determine causality. Despite other innovations, there remain concerns of misattribution by scientists of correlative results as causal, of the usage of incorrect methodologies by scientists, and of deliberate manipulation by scientists of analytical results in order to obtain statistically significant estimates. Particular concern is raised in the use of regression models, especially linear regression models."@en . . "A infer\u00EAncia causal \u00E9 o processo de determinar o efeito real e independente de um fen\u00F4meno particular que \u00E9 um componente de um sistema maior. A principal diferen\u00E7a entre infer\u00EAncia causal e infer\u00EAncia de associa\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 que a infer\u00EAncia causal analisa a resposta de uma vari\u00E1vel de efeito quando uma causa da vari\u00E1vel de efeito \u00E9 alterada. A ci\u00EAncia de por que as coisas ocorrem \u00E9 chamada de etiologia. Diz-se que a infer\u00EAncia causal fornece a evid\u00EAncia da causalidade teorizada pelo . A infer\u00EAncia causal \u00E9 amplamente estudada em todas as ci\u00EAncias. V\u00E1rias inova\u00E7\u00F5es no desenvolvimento e implementa\u00E7\u00E3o de metodologias destinadas a determinar a causalidade proliferaram nas \u00FAltimas d\u00E9cadas. A infer\u00EAncia causal permanece especialmente dif\u00EDcil onde a experimenta\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 dif\u00EDcil ou imposs\u00EDvel, o que \u00E9 comum na maioria das ci\u00EAncias."@pt . . . . "Causale inferentie is het onderdeel van de econometrie waarin wordt geprobeerd een causaal verband tussen verschillende economische grootheden te vinden door te bestuderen hoe die grootheden ten opzichte van elkaar veranderen, hoe zij van elkaar afhankelijk zijn. Het causale verband wordt daarbij aan de hand van metingen aan macro-economische modellen bepaald, die in de praktijk worden gedaan, bijvoorbeeld door de gevolgen van verschillende maatregelen in twee overeenkomstige situaties met elkaar te vergelijken. De twee beide situaties waaraan wordt gemeten, kunnen gelijktijdig voorkomen, maar op een verschillende plaats, maar ook op dezelfde plaats, maar in de tijd na elkaar. Guido Imbens, Joshua Angrist en David Card kregen in 2021 de Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie toegekend voor hun werk aan causale inferentie, Guido Imbens en Joshua Angrist voor hun methodologische bijdrage aan de analyse van causale inferentie, David Card voor zijn empirische bijdragen aan de arbeidseconomie."@nl . . . . . "This source is a defense of simple linear models, and does not seem to mention causal inference at all."@en . . . . . . "Wnioskowanie przyczynowe (analiza przyczynowa, ang. causal inference) \u2013 zagadnienie m.in. epistemologii i metodologii nauk, obejmuj\u0105ce opis, preskrypcj\u0119 i stosowanie metod systematycznego odkrywania i badania zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w przyczynowych. Analiza przyczynowa ma pozwala\u0107 na mo\u017Cliwie rzeteln\u0105 odpowied\u017A na pytania postaci: \u201Eco by by\u0142o, gdyby\u2026?\u201D albo \u201Ejak\u0105 r\u00F3\u017Cnic\u0119 powoduje\u2026?\u201D. Nie sprowadza si\u0119 do wnioskowania statystycznego opartego o obserwacje ze statycznej sytuacji. R\u00F3\u017Cne zwi\u0105zki przyczynowe mog\u0105 objawia\u0107 si\u0119 takimi samymi wzorami korelacji \u2013 do czego odwo\u0142uj\u0105 si\u0119 aforyzmy typu \u201Ekorelacja to nie przyczynowo\u015B\u0107\u201D, i co grozi b\u0142\u0119dem logicznym post hoc. Wnioskowanie przyczynowe wymaga dodatkowego, specyficznego modelowania, a najlepsz\u0105 podstaw\u0119 stanowi\u0105 dla niego obserwacje ze zmian sytuacji \u2013 zw\u0142aszcza realizowanych w zamierzenie losowy spos\u00F3b (warunkowo niezale\u017Cnie od zmiennych zak\u0142\u00F3caj\u0105cych), tak jak w randomizowanym eksperymencie naukowym. Wsp\u00F3\u0142cze\u015Bnie wnioskowanie przyczynowe rozwija si\u0119 od lat 1970\u20131990 w parze z cybernetyk\u0105 i wnioskowaniem statystycznym, i jest rozumiane jako proces tworzenia alternatywnych probabilistycznych modeli przyczynowych badanych zjawisk, i dokonywania pomi\u0119dzy nimi wyboru, w oparciu o konfrontowanie ich przewidywa\u0144 z obserwacjami empirycznymi. W\u015Br\u00F3d g\u0142\u00F3wnych podej\u015B\u0107 do zagadnienia wa\u017Cn\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywa model Neymana-Rubina (potencjalnych rezultat\u00F3w), modele r\u00F3wna\u0144 strukturalnych, i model Pearla (sieci bayesowskie)."@pl . . . "Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed. The science of why things occur is called etiology. Causal inference is said to provide the evidence of causality theorized by causal reasoning."@en . . . . "Causale inferentie"@nl . "36624"^^ .