. . . . "\u9632\u79A6\u65B9\u9663"@zh . "Combat box"@it . . "19774"^^ . . . . . . "The combat box was a tactical formation used by heavy (strategic) bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. The combat box was also referred to as a \"staggered formation\". Its defensive purpose was in massing the firepower of the bombers' guns, while offensively it concentrated the release of bombs on a target. The practice of referring to a concentrated formation as a \"box\" was the result of diagramming formations in plan, profile and front elevation views, positioning each individual bomber in an invisible boxlike area."@en . . . . . "Il combat box era la formazione tattica di combattimento usata dai bombardieri pesanti strategici dell'United States Army Air Force durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Il combat box era anche conosciuto con il termine \"staggered formation\" (formazione sfalsata). I vantaggi di questa formazione erano: dal punto di vista difensivo, la capacit\u00E0 di fornire una grande potenza di fuoco con le mitragliatrici pesanti dei bombardieri, e dal punto di vista offensivo la possibilit\u00E0 di sganciare il carico bellico in poco tempo e concentrato sull'obiettivo."@it . . . . . "4509910"^^ . . . . . "Combat box \u2013 defensywna taktyka walki powietrznej, u\u017Cywana przez alianckie bombowce podczas II wojny \u015Bwiatowej. Powsta\u0142a na bazie doktryny United States Army Air Forces, w my\u015Bl kt\u00F3rej nawet w przypadku braku os\u0142ony my\u015Bliwskiej ci\u0119\u017Ckie bombowce s\u0105 w stanie zapewni\u0107 sobie nawzajem obron\u0119 przed nieprzyjacielskimi my\u015Bliwcami. Stworzona przez genera\u0142a Curtisa LeMaya w grudniu 1942 combat box \"Javelin Down\" sta\u0142a si\u0119 wzorem dla wszystkich nast\u0119pnych combat box."@pl . . . . . 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"1118560272"^^ . . . . . "The combat box was a tactical formation used by heavy (strategic) bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. The combat box was also referred to as a \"staggered formation\". Its defensive purpose was in massing the firepower of the bombers' guns, while offensively it concentrated the release of bombs on a target. Initially formations were created in keeping with the pre-war Air Corps doctrine that massed bombers could attack and destroy targets in daylight without fighter escort, relying on interlocking fire from their defensive machine guns, almost exclusively the \"light barrel\" Browning AN/M2 .50 calibre (12.7 mm) gun. However the use of high altitudes by USAAF bombers resulted in factors that demanded a tighter bomb pattern and the combat box continued in use even after the advent of fighter escort \u2013 and especially starting in the spring of 1944 over Europe, with USAAF fighters flying far ahead of the combat boxes in air supremacy mode instead against the Luftwaffe's fighters \u2013 largely mitigated the threat of fighter interception. Creation of the concept is credited to Colonel Curtis E. LeMay, commander of the 305th Bombardment Group in England. However the Eighth Air Force had been experimenting with different tactical formations since its first bombing mission on 17 August 1942, several of which were also known as \"boxes.\" LeMay's group did create the \"javelin down\" combat box in December 1942, and that formation became the basis for the numerous variations of combat boxes that followed. The practice of referring to a concentrated formation as a \"box\" was the result of diagramming formations in plan, profile and front elevation views, positioning each individual bomber in an invisible boxlike area."@en . . . . . . . . . "Combat box"@pl . . . "\u9632\u5FA1\u65B9\u9635\uFF08\u82F1\u8BED\uFF1ACombat box\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6218\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u7F8E\u56FD\u9646\u519B\u822A\u7A7A\u519B\u7684\u91CD\u578B\u6218\u7565\u8F70\u70B8\u673A\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u6218\u672F\u7F16\u961F\u3002\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u5C06\u822A\u7A7A\u7F16\u961F\u96C6\u4E2D\u5728\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u65B9\u9635\u201D\u7684\u793A\u610F\u56FE\u7ED8\u5236\u7F16\u961F\u7684\u505A\u6CD5\uFF0C\u5C06\u6BCF\u4E2A\u8F70\u70B8\u673A\u7F16\u7F6E\u5728\u4E00\u4E2A\u4E0D\u53EF\u89C1\u7684\u65B9\u9635\u72B6\u533A\u57DF\u4E2D\u7684\u6218\u672F\u3002\u9632\u5FA1\u65B9\u9635\u4E5F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u4EA4\u9519\u7F16\u961F\u201D\u3002\u5B83\u7684\u9632\u5FA1\u76EE\u7684\u662F\u589E\u5F3A\u8F70\u70B8\u673A\u67AA\u652F\u7684\u706B\u529B\uFF0C\u800C\u5728\u8FDB\u653B\u65B9\u9762\u5219\u5C06\u70B8\u5F39\u7684\u8F70\u70B8\u76EE\u6807\u96C6\u4E2D\u5728\u4E00\u8D77\u3002"@zh . . 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"\u0411\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0301\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0431\u043A\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. combat box) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043A, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0442\u044F\u0436\u0451\u043B\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0412\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B. \u0411\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0430 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\u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0438 \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043E\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0446\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043D\u044F, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u044F\u0441\u044C \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0443\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0451\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E Browning M2 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430 .50. \u0422\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0445 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\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043D\u044B 1944 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0438 USAAF \u043B\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0438, \u00AB\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u044F\u00BB \u043F\u0443\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u043B\u044E\u0444\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0444\u0444\u0435, \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044F 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\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u044B\u043B\u0435\u0442\u0430 17 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1942; \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0438\u0437 \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u00AB\u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438\u00BB. \u0413\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0430 \u041B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u00AB\u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044E \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0443 \u0414\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043D\u00BB \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1942 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043B\u0435\u0433\u043B\u043E \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u043A. \u041F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0451\u0432 \u00AB\u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438\u00BB \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443, \u0441\u043D\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043E\u043A\u0443, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043A\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044B\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043A \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043F\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0434\u0430 (\u00AB\u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0438\u00BB)."@ru . "\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A"@ar . . . . . "Combat box \u2013 defensywna taktyka walki powietrznej, u\u017Cywana przez alianckie bombowce podczas II wojny \u015Bwiatowej. Powsta\u0142a na bazie doktryny United States Army Air Forces, w my\u015Bl kt\u00F3rej nawet w przypadku braku os\u0142ony my\u015Bliwskiej ci\u0119\u017Ckie bombowce s\u0105 w stanie zapewni\u0107 sobie nawzajem obron\u0119 przed nieprzyjacielskimi my\u015Bliwcami. Stworzona przez genera\u0142a Curtisa LeMaya w grudniu 1942 combat box \"Javelin Down\" sta\u0142a si\u0119 wzorem dla wszystkich nast\u0119pnych combat box."@pl . . . "\u0411\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0301\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0431\u043A\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. combat box) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043A, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0442\u044F\u0436\u0451\u043B\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0412\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B. \u0411\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u00AB\u0448\u0430\u0445\u043C\u0430\u0442\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u043C\u00BB (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. staggered formation). \u0415\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043B\u043E \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0433\u043D\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0443\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0451\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u043E\u0447\u0435\u043A \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043E \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0431\u043E\u043C\u0431 \u043D\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043B\u044C."@ru . . . . . . . "\u9632\u5FA1\u65B9\u9635\uFF08\u82F1\u8BED\uFF1ACombat box\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u7B2C\u4E8C\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6218\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u7F8E\u56FD\u9646\u519B\u822A\u7A7A\u519B\u7684\u91CD\u578B\u6218\u7565\u8F70\u70B8\u673A\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u6218\u672F\u7F16\u961F\u3002\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u5C06\u822A\u7A7A\u7F16\u961F\u96C6\u4E2D\u5728\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u65B9\u9635\u201D\u7684\u793A\u610F\u56FE\u7ED8\u5236\u7F16\u961F\u7684\u505A\u6CD5\uFF0C\u5C06\u6BCF\u4E2A\u8F70\u70B8\u673A\u7F16\u7F6E\u5728\u4E00\u4E2A\u4E0D\u53EF\u89C1\u7684\u65B9\u9635\u72B6\u533A\u57DF\u4E2D\u7684\u6218\u672F\u3002\u9632\u5FA1\u65B9\u9635\u4E5F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u4EA4\u9519\u7F16\u961F\u201D\u3002\u5B83\u7684\u9632\u5FA1\u76EE\u7684\u662F\u589E\u5F3A\u8F70\u70B8\u673A\u67AA\u652F\u7684\u706B\u529B\uFF0C\u800C\u5728\u8FDB\u653B\u65B9\u9762\u5219\u5C06\u70B8\u5F39\u7684\u8F70\u70B8\u76EE\u6807\u96C6\u4E2D\u5728\u4E00\u8D77\u3002"@zh . "\u0411\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043A\u0430"@ru . . "Il combat box era la formazione tattica di combattimento usata dai bombardieri pesanti strategici dell'United States Army Air Force durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Il combat box era anche conosciuto con il termine \"staggered formation\" (formazione sfalsata). I vantaggi di questa formazione erano: dal punto di vista difensivo, la capacit\u00E0 di fornire una grande potenza di fuoco con le mitragliatrici pesanti dei bombardieri, e dal punto di vista offensivo la possibilit\u00E0 di sganciare il carico bellico in poco tempo e concentrato sull'obiettivo. Inizialmente questa formazione venne ideata per seguire la dottrina pre-bellica dell'United States Army Air Corps che prevedeva che i bombardieri pesanti schierati in formazioni concentrate avrebbero potuto attaccare e distruggere gli obiettivi di giorno e senza la scorta di caccia, fidando sulla cortina di fuoco fornita dalle numerose mitragliatrici pesanti Browning M2 di cui erano equipaggiati. Inoltre la tattica dei bombardieri dell'USAAF di volare ad alta quota richiedeva l'impiego di un sistema di sgancio delle bombe concentrato e quindi il combat box continu\u00F2 ad essere impiegato per la sua efficacia offensiva anche dopo l'arrivo di efficienti caccia di scorta che, volando molto pi\u00F9 avanti dei combat box in missioni di superiorit\u00E0 aerea contro i caccia tedeschi, ridussero fortemente la minaccia delle difese aeree avversarie. L'ideazione del combat box \u00E8 stata accreditata al colonnello Curtis LeMay, comandante del in Inghilterra nel 1942-1943; in realt\u00E0 la Eighth Air Force stava sperimentando differenti formazioni tattiche fin dall'epoca della sua prima missione di bombardamento in Europa, il 17 agosto 1942, alcune delle quali erano conosciute gi\u00E0 come boxes. Il gruppo di LeMay cre\u00F2 nel dicembre 1942 il combat box \"Javelin Down\" e questa formazione divenne la base per le varianti di combat box che furono impiegate in seguito. La consuetudine di definire \"box\" una formazione concentrata di aerei deriva dalle immagini in diagramma dall'alto, di profilo e di fronte, che sembrano posizionare ogni singolo bombardiere in una invisibile area a forma di scatola."@it . . . . . . . . . "Combat box"@en . . . . . .