. . . . "En science de l'Histoire, l\u2019histoire contrefactuelle (ou approche contrefactuelle) est une m\u00E9thode qui consiste \u00E0 imaginer des d\u00E9veloppements historiques alternatifs[r\u00E9f. souhait\u00E9e] (par exemple la chute de la r\u00E9publique romaine \u00E0 la suite de l'invasion gauloise, et ses cons\u00E9quences possibles) \u00E0 partir d'une situation r\u00E9elle (celle de Rome et des celtes gaulois). La question qui permet d'amorcer ce type de r\u00E9flexion est : \u00AB Que se serait-il pass\u00E9 si\u2026 ? \u00BB. Cette d\u00E9marche est \u00E9galement pr\u00E9sente en litt\u00E9rature (uchronie), en philosophie, en \u00E9conomie (\u00E9valuation d'impact) et dans certaines branches des sciences dures comme la physique."@fr . . "Kontrafaktisk historia, eller alternativhistoria, \u00E4r en litter\u00E4r genre, som \u00E4r baserad p\u00E5 att historien kunde ha tagit en annan v\u00E4g \u00E4n vad den faktiskt gjorde. Kontrafaktisk \u00E4r en vetenskaplig ben\u00E4mning p\u00E5 det mera folkliga uttrycket: \"Om inte om hade varit\". Till exempel: Vad skulle ha h\u00E4nt om Hitler hade stupat i f\u00F6rsta v\u00E4rldskriget, skulle d\u00E5 nazismen likv\u00E4l ha blivit till? Kontrafaktisk historia brukar ofta r\u00E4knas som science fiction."@sv . . . . . "La storia controfattuale (a volte chiamata anche storia virtuale) \u00E8 un tipo di storiografia che cerca di descrivere gli sviluppi storici che avrebbero potuto verificarsi in condizioni alternative a quelle reali, ponendo quindi domande ipotetiche sul passato, del tipo cosa sarebbe successo se...? Esempi: \n* Che cosa sarebbe successo se Hitler avesse vinto la seconda guerra mondiale? \n* La prima guerra mondiale sarebbe scoppiata anche se non ci fosse stato l'attentato di Sarajevo? \n* Quali sviluppi avrebbe seguito la lotta per l'Unit\u00E0 d'Italia senza il contributo di Garibaldi? La ricerca di percorsi alternativi nella storia \u00E8 un'attivit\u00E0 indubbiamente accattivante, ma molti studiosi ne mettono in dubbio la scientificit\u00E0 perch\u00E9 basata su teorie non falsificabili, oppure invitano a maneggiare ipotesi irreali con prudenza, soprattutto quando gli avvenimenti storici prendono delle pieghe inaspettate. Il metodo della storia controfattuale viene invece impiegato e incoraggiato dallo storico scozzese Niall Ferguson. Il procedimento della storia controfattuale, basato sulla domanda che cosa sarebbe successo se..., viene indirettamente applicato nel genere letterario dell'ucronia."@it . "\u0410\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Counterfactual history) \u2014 \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0446\u0456 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C, \u0449\u043E \u0491\u0440\u0443\u043D\u0442\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0456 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0443. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u00AB\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F\u00BB. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043A \u0422\u0438\u0442 \u041B\u0456\u0432\u0456\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443 \u0439 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041C\u0430\u043A\u0435\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E (\u00AB\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u00BB, \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0435\u0440). \u0423 \u0425\u0425 \u0441\u0442. \u0441\u0442\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456 \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0456 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 (\u00AB\u042F\u043A\u0449\u043E \u0431 \u0446\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0456\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0448\u0435\u00BB, 1931; \u00AB\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u0456\u0442\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0430\u00BB, 1995; \u00AB\u0410 \u044F\u043A\u0449\u043E?\u00BB, 1999; \u00AB\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438 \u041D\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043D\u0430\u00BB, 2000; \u00AB\u0410 \u044F\u043A\u0449\u043E? 2\u00BB, 2001; \u00AB\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u0438 \u0412\u0438\u0441\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u043D\u0446\u044F\u00BB, 2001; \u00AB\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u0438 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0445\u0443\u00BB, 2002; \u00AB\u0410 \u044F\u043A\u0449\u043E? \u0412 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457\u00BB, 2003; \u00AB\u0413\u0430\u0440\u044F\u0447\u0430 \u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430\u00BB, 2003 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D.)."@uk . "1117588139"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "In der kontrafaktischen Geschichte (lateinisch: contra facta\u201A \u201Eentgegen den Tatsachen\u201C), auch virtuelle Geschichte oder Uchronie genannt, wird auf Grundlage der durch Quellen gesicherten Faktenlage von Geschichtswissenschaftlern mithilfe von kontrafaktischen Konditionals\u00E4tzen kontrolliert spekuliert, was geschehen w\u00E4re, wenn bestimmte historische Tatsachen nicht oder anders eingetroffen w\u00E4ren. Ziel ist ein Erkenntnisgewinn \u00FCber Kontinuit\u00E4ten und Br\u00FCche, \u00FCber Zwangslagen und Handlungsspielr\u00E4ume in historischen Situationen oder \u00FCber die Bewertung von deren Akteuren. Dabei werden Alternativszenarien gleichsam im Irrealis der Vergangenheit entworfen, wobei generell gilt: Je weiter ein Ereignis zur\u00FCckliegt, desto hypothetischer werden die Aussagen \u00FCber seine Auswirkungen. Hiermit verwandt ist die belletristische Alternativweltgeschichte, die allerdings in erster Linie Unterhaltungsbed\u00FCrfnisse befriedigt."@de . . "72208"^^ . . . "\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062D\u062F\u062B \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 ((\u0631\u062F\u0645\u0643 028397821X)) \u0647\u0648 1931 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0645\u0639 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u064A\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062F \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0646 \u062A\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644."@ar . "Historia contrafactual"@es . . . . . . . . "Kontrafaktisk historia"@sv . . "In der kontrafaktischen Geschichte (lateinisch: contra facta\u201A \u201Eentgegen den Tatsachen\u201C), auch virtuelle Geschichte oder Uchronie genannt, wird auf Grundlage der durch Quellen gesicherten Faktenlage von Geschichtswissenschaftlern mithilfe von kontrafaktischen Konditionals\u00E4tzen kontrolliert spekuliert, was geschehen w\u00E4re, wenn bestimmte historische Tatsachen nicht oder anders eingetroffen w\u00E4ren. Ziel ist ein Erkenntnisgewinn \u00FCber Kontinuit\u00E4ten und Br\u00FCche, \u00FCber Zwangslagen und Handlungsspielr\u00E4ume in historischen Situationen oder \u00FCber die Bewertung von deren Akteuren. Dabei werden Alternativszenarien gleichsam im Irrealis der Vergangenheit entworfen, wobei generell gilt: Je weiter ein Ereignis zur\u00FCckliegt, desto hypothetischer werden die Aussagen \u00FCber seine Auswirkungen."@de . . . "La historia contrafactual, llamada tambi\u00E9n historia alterna o historia virtual es el resultado de un ejercicio de abstracci\u00F3n sobre los sucesos hist\u00F3ricos que pretende dilucidar a un curso hipot\u00E9tico de acontecimientos hist\u00F3ricos, respondiendo a la pregunta \u00AB\u00BFqu\u00E9 habr\u00EDa pasado si ...?\u00BB. Algunos historiadores, tales como Niall Ferguson, han promovido la historia contrafactual como un m\u00E9todo v\u00E1lido del estudio de la historia. Sin embargo, la historia alterna es tambi\u00E9n una fuente de ficci\u00F3n comparable con la literatura fant\u00E1stica o la ciencia ficci\u00F3n, en lo que se denominan ucron\u00EDas. Todav\u00EDa muchos historiadores consideran la historia contrafactual como meras especulaciones y la historia alterna m\u00E1s como un caso para la literatura de ficci\u00F3n que para el an\u00E1lisis hist\u00F3rico acad\u00E9mico serio. Independientemente del rigor acad\u00E9mico, puede trazarse una l\u00EDnea clara entre la historia alterna o contrafactual y una ucron\u00EDa o ficci\u00F3n hist\u00F3rica. Mientras la historia contrafactual parte de una premisa (condici\u00F3n contrafactual o punto de partida) y explora los posibles cambios en la historia, las ucron\u00EDas suelen despreciar el proceso y utilizan la historia alterna como un escenario para desarrollar un relato de ficci\u00F3n."@es . . . . . "Counterfactual history (also virtual history) is a form of historiography that attempts to answer the What if? questions that arise from counterfactual conditions. As a method of intellectual enquiry, counterfactual history explores history and historical incidents by extrapolating a timeline in which key historical events either did not occur or had an outcome different from the actual historical outcome. Counterfactual history seeks by \"conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen.\" It has produced a literary genre which is variously called alternate history, speculative history, allohistory, and hypothetical history."@en . "A hist\u00F3ria contrafactual (do latim: contra facta = contra os fatos), tamb\u00E9m chamada de hist\u00F3ria virtual, \u00E9 o resultado de um exerc\u00EDcio mental cient\u00EDfico, partindo de uma premissa (condi\u00E7\u00E3o contrafactual ou ponto de diverg\u00EAncia) para explorar - na base de fatos hist\u00F3ricos ocorridos - as poss\u00EDveis mudan\u00E7as na hist\u00F3ria. Em compara\u00E7\u00E3o, a hist\u00F3ria alternativa \u00E9 mais como uma fonte de fic\u00E7\u00E3o compar\u00E1vel com a literatura fant\u00E1stica, fic\u00E7\u00E3o cient\u00EDfica ou fic\u00E7\u00E3o especulativa (no que se denominam ucronias)."@pt . . . "Historia kontrafaktyczna (historia wirtualna) \u2013 kierunek w naukach historycznych wykorzystuj\u0105cy hipotetyczne za\u0142o\u017Cenie, \u017Ce pewne kluczowe zdarzenia historyczne nie mia\u0142y miejsca lub zako\u0144czy\u0142y si\u0119 inaczej ni\u017C w rzeczywisto\u015Bci. Szukaj\u0105c metodami naukowymi odpowiedzi na pytanie \"Co by by\u0142o gdyby...?\" historia kontrafaktyczna jest instrumentem umo\u017Cliwiaj\u0105cym lepsze zrozumienie i poznanie z\u0142o\u017Conych proces\u00F3w historycznych. Historii kontrafaktycznej nie nale\u017Cy myli\u0107 z rewizjonizmem ani z tzw. histori\u0105 alternatywn\u0105, kt\u00F3ra jest gatunkiem literackim lub filmowym, zaliczanym do fantastyki."@pl . . . . . . . "Kontrafaktisk historia, eller alternativhistoria, \u00E4r en litter\u00E4r genre, som \u00E4r baserad p\u00E5 att historien kunde ha tagit en annan v\u00E4g \u00E4n vad den faktiskt gjorde. Kontrafaktisk \u00E4r en vetenskaplig ben\u00E4mning p\u00E5 det mera folkliga uttrycket: \"Om inte om hade varit\". Till exempel: Vad skulle ha h\u00E4nt om Hitler hade stupat i f\u00F6rsta v\u00E4rldskriget, skulle d\u00E5 nazismen likv\u00E4l ha blivit till? Metoden anv\u00E4nds f\u00F6r att v\u00E4nda och vrida p\u00E5 ett historiskt skeende, och kanske man kommer fram till saker som faktiskt verkligen h\u00E4nde, eller i alla fall kunde h\u00E4nt, n\u00E4r metoden till\u00E4mpas. De saker som intr\u00E4ffade blir belysta ur en helt annan synvinkel. Bland sk\u00F6nlitter\u00E4ra exempel p\u00E5 kontrafaktiska ber\u00E4ttelser kan n\u00E4mnas: \n* \u00D6dets fingrar av Alf Henrikson \n* Attentatet i P\u00E5lsj\u00F6 skog och Den befj\u00E4drade ormen av Hans Alfredson \n* Jag var en arier och Kafkapaviljongen av Tony Samuelsson \n* Mannen i det h\u00F6ga slottet av Philip K. Dick \n* Konspirationen mot Amerika av Philip Roth \n* Alvin Maker-serien av Orson Scott Card \n* Timeline-191-serien av Harry Turtledove \n* Bring the Jubilee av Ward Moore \n* Faderland av Robert Harris \n* Tirant lo Blanch av Joanot Martorell \n* Fr\u00E5n Sveav\u00E4gen till Maskeradbalen av Erik Wallstr\u00F6m Kontrafaktisk historia brukar ofta r\u00E4knas som science fiction."@sv . . "Hist\u00F3ria contrafactual"@pt . . . . . "La historia contrafactual, llamada tambi\u00E9n historia alterna o historia virtual es el resultado de un ejercicio de abstracci\u00F3n sobre los sucesos hist\u00F3ricos que pretende dilucidar a un curso hipot\u00E9tico de acontecimientos hist\u00F3ricos, respondiendo a la pregunta \u00AB\u00BFqu\u00E9 habr\u00EDa pasado si ...?\u00BB."@es . . . . "Historia kontrafaktyczna"@pl . . . . "Counterfactual history (also virtual history) is a form of historiography that attempts to answer the What if? questions that arise from counterfactual conditions. As a method of intellectual enquiry, counterfactual history explores history and historical incidents by extrapolating a timeline in which key historical events either did not occur or had an outcome different from the actual historical outcome. Counterfactual history seeks by \"conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen.\" It has produced a literary genre which is variously called alternate history, speculative history, allohistory, and hypothetical history."@en . "\u0410\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Counterfactual history) \u2014 \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0446\u0456 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C, \u0449\u043E \u0491\u0440\u0443\u043D\u0442\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0456 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0443. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u00AB\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F\u00BB."@uk . . . . . . . "Counterfactual history"@en . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062F"@ar . . . . . . "15828"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u0410\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F (\u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430)"@uk . . . . . "Kontrafaktische Geschichte"@de . . "En science de l'Histoire, l\u2019histoire contrefactuelle (ou approche contrefactuelle) est une m\u00E9thode qui consiste \u00E0 imaginer des d\u00E9veloppements historiques alternatifs[r\u00E9f. souhait\u00E9e] (par exemple la chute de la r\u00E9publique romaine \u00E0 la suite de l'invasion gauloise, et ses cons\u00E9quences possibles) \u00E0 partir d'une situation r\u00E9elle (celle de Rome et des celtes gaulois). La question qui permet d'amorcer ce type de r\u00E9flexion est : \u00AB Que se serait-il pass\u00E9 si\u2026 ? \u00BB. Cette d\u00E9marche est \u00E9galement pr\u00E9sente en litt\u00E9rature (uchronie), en philosophie, en \u00E9conomie (\u00E9valuation d'impact) et dans certaines branches des sciences dures comme la physique. L'histoire contrefactuelle permet d'aborder de mani\u00E8re originale les probl\u00E8mes de la causalit\u00E9 historique, du r\u00F4le de l'imagination, de l'\u00E9criture et des usages politiques de l'Histoire. Il ne s'agit pas de r\u00E9\u00E9crire ou contredire le r\u00E9cit officiel des \u00E9v\u00E9nements pass\u00E9s, mais, \u00E0 l'aune de l'historiographie, d'en comprendre les m\u00E9canismes, les facteurs causals, les forces \u00E0 l\u2019\u0153uvre, ou encore l'importance relative des d\u00E9cisions d'individus ou de groupes, en fonction de leurs pouvoirs."@fr . . . . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria contrafactual (do latim: contra facta = contra os fatos), tamb\u00E9m chamada de hist\u00F3ria virtual, \u00E9 o resultado de um exerc\u00EDcio mental cient\u00EDfico, partindo de uma premissa (condi\u00E7\u00E3o contrafactual ou ponto de diverg\u00EAncia) para explorar - na base de fatos hist\u00F3ricos ocorridos - as poss\u00EDveis mudan\u00E7as na hist\u00F3ria. Em compara\u00E7\u00E3o, a hist\u00F3ria alternativa \u00E9 mais como uma fonte de fic\u00E7\u00E3o compar\u00E1vel com a literatura fant\u00E1stica, fic\u00E7\u00E3o cient\u00EDfica ou fic\u00E7\u00E3o especulativa (no que se denominam ucronias). A pergunta \u00ABO que teria acontecido se...?\u00BB \u00E9 comum na hist\u00F3ria contrafactual sendo o ponto de partida para especula\u00E7\u00F5es hist\u00F3ricas como (entre outros): \n* O que teria acontecido se Alexandre, o Grande tivesse vivido mais tempo? \n* O que teria acontecido se Adolf Hitler tivesse ganhado a Segunda Guerra Mundial? Alguns historiadores tais como Niall Ferguson t\u00EAm promovido a hist\u00F3ria contrafactual como um m\u00E9todo v\u00E1lido na ci\u00EAncia hist\u00F3rica. Ferguson publicou em 1998 o livro The pity of war investigando as causas da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Ferguson extraiu a conclus\u00E3o de que, se o Imp\u00E9rio Brit\u00E2nico n\u00E3o tivesse sido for\u00E7ado a entrar em guerra no ver\u00E3o de 1914, uma poss\u00EDvel vit\u00F3ria do Imp\u00E9rio Alem\u00E3o evitaria o surgimento da Alemanha Nazi em 1933. A obra causou grande pol\u00EAmica. Mesmo assim, muitos historiadores consideram a hist\u00F3ria contrafactual como meras especula\u00E7\u00F5es n\u00E3o-cient\u00EDficas."@pt . "Historia kontrafaktyczna (historia wirtualna) \u2013 kierunek w naukach historycznych wykorzystuj\u0105cy hipotetyczne za\u0142o\u017Cenie, \u017Ce pewne kluczowe zdarzenia historyczne nie mia\u0142y miejsca lub zako\u0144czy\u0142y si\u0119 inaczej ni\u017C w rzeczywisto\u015Bci. Szukaj\u0105c metodami naukowymi odpowiedzi na pytanie \"Co by by\u0142o gdyby...?\" historia kontrafaktyczna jest instrumentem umo\u017Cliwiaj\u0105cym lepsze zrozumienie i poznanie z\u0142o\u017Conych proces\u00F3w historycznych. Historii kontrafaktycznej nie nale\u017Cy myli\u0107 z rewizjonizmem ani z tzw. histori\u0105 alternatywn\u0105, kt\u00F3ra jest gatunkiem literackim lub filmowym, zaliczanym do fantastyki."@pl . . "\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062D\u062F\u062B \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 ((\u0631\u062F\u0645\u0643 028397821X)) \u0647\u0648 1931 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0645\u0639 \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u064A\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062F \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062A\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062E\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0646 \u062A\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644."@ar . . . . "Storia controfattuale"@it . . . "Histoire contrefactuelle"@fr . "La storia controfattuale (a volte chiamata anche storia virtuale) \u00E8 un tipo di storiografia che cerca di descrivere gli sviluppi storici che avrebbero potuto verificarsi in condizioni alternative a quelle reali, ponendo quindi domande ipotetiche sul passato, del tipo cosa sarebbe successo se...? Esempi: \n* Che cosa sarebbe successo se Hitler avesse vinto la seconda guerra mondiale? \n* La prima guerra mondiale sarebbe scoppiata anche se non ci fosse stato l'attentato di Sarajevo? \n* Quali sviluppi avrebbe seguito la lotta per l'Unit\u00E0 d'Italia senza il contributo di Garibaldi?"@it .