"Court hand (\u0421\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0443\u043A\u0430) \u2014 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043E\u043D \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439, \u0441 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043B\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043D\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043C\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0446\u0430. \u0428\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0451 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043E\u043D \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u0412 XVII \u0438 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C, \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0434\u043E\u0448\u043B\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043E \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439, \u043D\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C\u044B\u0445 \u0441 \u00AB\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0439\u00BB, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044B \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F. \u00AB\u0420\u0443\u043A\u0430\u00BB \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0432 1731 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u00AB\u00BB, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043B, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0441 25 \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1733 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u0430 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u041E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E, \u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043A \u00AB\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u0438\u00BB \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0437\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445, \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u044C \u0434\u0435\u043B\u043E \u0441\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u0432\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430."@ru . . . "4960"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Court hand (\u0421\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0443\u043A\u0430) \u2014 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043A\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043E\u043D \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439, \u0441 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0434\u043B\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043D\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u043C\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0446\u0430."@ru . . "Court hand (also common law hand, Anglicana, cursiva antiquior, charter hand) was a style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts, and later by professionals such as lawyers and clerks. \"It is noticeably upright and packed together with exaggeratedly long ascenders and descenders, the latter often and the former occasionally brought round in sweeping crescent shaped curves\". The hand took its name from the fact that it was particularly associated with formal records of the courts of Common Pleas and King's (or Queen's) Bench, although its use was not confined to them. In the 17th and 18th centuries the writing became increasingly stylised, to the point that it was virtually illegible to any reader unfamiliar with its conventions. The hand was banned from English law courts in 1731 by the Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act (4 Geo. II, c. 26), which required that, with effect from 25 March 1733, court proceedings \"shall be written in such a common legible Hand and Character, as the Acts of Parliament are usually ingrossed in ... and not in any Hand commonly called Court Hand, and in Words at Length and not abbreviated\". Even in the 19th century, however, an ability to read court hand was considered useful for anyone who had to deal with old court records."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1077289607"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "26106741"^^ . . . . . . . "L\u2019\u00E9criture l\u00E9gale ou anglicana, appel\u00E9e en Angleterre court hand ou common law hand, est un style d'\u00E9criture manuscrite employ\u00E9 par les tribunaux anglais pendant le Moyen \u00C2ge. Utilis\u00E9 \u00E0 l'origine par les tribunaux royaux, ce style est adopt\u00E9 peu \u00E0 peu par les hommes de loi et leurs employ\u00E9s. \u00AB Sa graphie est sensiblement droite, serr\u00E9e, avec des jambages inf\u00E9rieurs et sup\u00E9rieurs exag\u00E9r\u00E9ment allong\u00E9s, ceux-ci \u00E9tant parfois arrondis, principalement les jambages inf\u00E9rieurs, par un arc de cercle terminal \u00BB."@fr . . . . . . . "Court hand"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u00C9criture l\u00E9gale (Angleterre)"@fr . "L\u2019\u00E9criture l\u00E9gale ou anglicana, appel\u00E9e en Angleterre court hand ou common law hand, est un style d'\u00E9criture manuscrite employ\u00E9 par les tribunaux anglais pendant le Moyen \u00C2ge. Utilis\u00E9 \u00E0 l'origine par les tribunaux royaux, ce style est adopt\u00E9 peu \u00E0 peu par les hommes de loi et leurs employ\u00E9s. \u00AB Sa graphie est sensiblement droite, serr\u00E9e, avec des jambages inf\u00E9rieurs et sup\u00E9rieurs exag\u00E9r\u00E9ment allong\u00E9s, ceux-ci \u00E9tant parfois arrondis, principalement les jambages inf\u00E9rieurs, par un arc de cercle terminal \u00BB. Cette graphie tient son nom anglais du fait qu'elle est employ\u00E9e notamment pour les actes officiels des cours des plaids-communs et de la cour du banc du roi, sans \u00EAtre limit\u00E9e \u00E0 ces seuls usages. Aux XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00E8cles, l'\u00E9criture se stylise de plus en plus, et l'usage d'abr\u00E9viations s'\u00E9tend aux mots et aux syllabes les plus courantes, \u00E0 tel point que cette forme d'\u00E9criture devient quasiment illisible pour un lecteur ne connaissant pas ses conventions. En 1731, cette \u00E9criture est bannie des tribunaux anglais par la loi, Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730, prescrite par le Parlement de Grande-Bretagne, qui dispose qu'\u00E0 partir du 25 mars 1733 les actes des tribunaux devront \u00EAtre r\u00E9dig\u00E9s dans une \u00E9criture ordinaire, et non plus dans l'\u00E9criture appel\u00E9e commun\u00E9ment \u00AB Court hand \u00BB... d'autre part les mots devront \u00EAtre \u00E9crits en entier et non plus abr\u00E9g\u00E9s. N\u00E9anmoins, au XIXe si\u00E8cle, la capacit\u00E9 \u00E0 lire l'\u00E9criture l\u00E9gale \u00E9tait encore consid\u00E9r\u00E9e comme un atout pour quelqu'un s'occupant de vieilles archives juridiques."@fr . . . . "Court hand"@en . . . . "Court hand (also common law hand, Anglicana, cursiva antiquior, charter hand) was a style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts, and later by professionals such as lawyers and clerks. \"It is noticeably upright and packed together with exaggeratedly long ascenders and descenders, the latter often and the former occasionally brought round in sweeping crescent shaped curves\"."@en . . . .