. . . . . . "Court of Chancery"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "68924"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1111287370"^^ . . "Court of Chancery"@de . . . "La Court of Chancery (Cour de la Chancellerie en fran\u00E7ais) \u00E9tait un tribunal britannique. Contrairement aux tribunaux de common law, le syst\u00E8me juridique anglais, la Cour de la Chancellerie appliquait les r\u00E8gles de l\u2019equity, une nouvelle juridiction parall\u00E8le bas\u00E9e sur les principes de justice et d'\u00E9quit\u00E9, permettant de pallier les insuffisances du common law et ses rigidit\u00E9s. Son champ d'action couvrait les fiducies, la propri\u00E9t\u00E9, l'administration du patrimoine des malades mentaux et la tutelle des enfants. Elle \u00E9tait dirig\u00E9e par le Lord Chancelier, puisqu'un de ses r\u00F4les \u00E9tait d'\u00EAtre le \u00AB gardien de la conscience du roi \u00BB : en effet, la Cour de la Chancellerie \u00E9tait \u00E0 l'origine un corps administratif charg\u00E9 principalement du droit naturel. Ainsi, elle avait une juridiction plus \u00E9tendue q"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Kanslersr\u00E4tten"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La Court of Chancery (in italiano \"Corte di Cancelleria\") era un tribunale che giudicava le controversie in base al principio di equity (equit\u00E0) e che apparteneva al diritto dell'Inghilterra e del Galles. Il suo scopo era mitigare, attraverso l'applicazione di regole flessibili, il lento ritmo di aggiornamento e la possibile durezza che contraddistinguevano la common law. La corte aveva giurisdizione su tutte le questioni di equit\u00E0, compresi i trust, il diritto fondiario, le propriet\u00E0 degli infermi e la tutela dei bambini. Il suo ruolo iniziale era in qualche modo diverso: come estensione del ruolo del Lord Cancelliere come custode della coscienza del re, la Corte era un organo amministrativo principalmente interessato al giusnaturalismo. Cos\u00EC, la Court of Chancery, rispetto ai tribunali di common law, ebbe un mandato di gran lunga pi\u00F9 ampio e le sue sentenze potevano annullare gran parte degli effetti di quest\u2019ultimi. Fino al XIX secolo, la Court of Chancery poteva applicare una gamma di rimedi molto pi\u00F9 ampia rispetto ai tribunali di common law, come prestazioni e ingiunzioni specifiche, e aveva un certo potere di concedere il risarcimento del danno in circostanze speciali. Con il suo successivo inquadramento dell'Exchequer of Pleas a tribunale di common law e la sua conseguente perdita di giurisdizione sul principio di equity seguito dell'Administration of Justice Act del 1841, la Court of Chancery divenne l'unico organo nazionale basato sull'equity nel sistema legale inglese. Gli storici ritengono che la Court of Chancery si separ\u00F2 formalmente e divenne indipendente dalla curia regis a met\u00E0 del XIV secolo, quando era composta dal Lord cancelliere e dal suo seguito personale, la Cancelleria. Inizialmente un organo amministrativo con alcuni compiti giudiziari, la Corte conobbe una fortissima crescita del suo lavoro nel corso del XV secolo, in particolare sotto la Casa di York. Dal tempo di Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra in poi, la Corte fu severamente criticata per il suo ritmo lento, i grandi arretrati e i costi elevati. Quei problemi persistettero fino alla sua dissoluzione, nonostante siano stati in qualche modo mitigati dalle riforme, in particolare quelle apportate nel corso del XIX secolo. I tentativi di fondere la Court of Chancery con i tribunali di common law iniziarono nel 1850 e alla fine con i Judicature Acts del 1873 e del 1875 si riusc\u00EC a far confluire la Corte nella Alta corte di giustizia unificata, con la Chancery Division, una delle tre divisioni dell'alta corte, che prese il posto della Court of Chancery come organo di equity. Per gran parte della sua esistenza, la Court of Chancery venne formalmente guidata dal Lord Cancelliere, assistito dai giudici dei tribunali di common law. Il personale della corte comprendeva un gran numero di funzionari, guidati dal Master of the Rolls. Nel 1813 fu nominato un vicecancelliere per gestire i crescenti arretrati della Cancelleria, e altri due furono nominati nel 1841. Gli uffici della Corte furono venduti dal Lord Cancelliere per gran parte della sua storia, raccogliendo ingenti somme di denaro. Molti degli impiegati e altri funzionari erano sinecura' e, al posto di un compenso, addebitavano commissioni sempre pi\u00F9 elevate per elaborare i casi e questo fu uno dei motivi principali per cui il costo per portare un caso in Cancelleria era cos\u00EC alto. Il XIX secolo vide l'abolizione di molti uffici sinecura e l'istituzione di uno stipendio e di una pensione per il Lord Cancelliere al fine di limitare la vendita degli uffici, e in seguito il diritto di nominare funzionari fu trasferito dal Cancelliere alla Corona."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "La Court of Chancery (Tribunal de la Canciller\u00EDa en espa\u00F1ol) fue un tribunal de Inglaterra y Gales. Surgi\u00F3 en el siglo XIV en respuesta a la necesidad de sortear la resistencia al cambio y la rigidez (o falta de equidad) del derecho com\u00FAn o common law (el sistema jur\u00EDdico instaurado en Inglaterra en el siglo XII bajo el reinado de Enrique II). La Canciller\u00EDa ten\u00EDa competencia sobre todas las cuestiones de equidad, incluyendo los fideicomisos (trusts), el derecho de propiedad, la tutela del patrimonio de los enfermos mentales (estates of lunatics) y la protecci\u00F3n de los menores. Sin embargo, su funci\u00F3n inicial era diferente: como prolongaci\u00F3n de la funci\u00F3n del Lord Canciller en tanto que guardi\u00E1n de la conciencia del Rey, el Tribunal era un \u00F3rgano administrativo que conoc\u00EDa principalmente del derecho natural. Como tal, sus competencias eran m\u00E1s amplias que las de los tribunales del derecho com\u00FAn, con capacidad para revocar las sentencias que \u00E9stos dictaban, y era adem\u00E1s mucho m\u00E1s flexible. Hasta el siglo XIX, el Tribunal de la Canciller\u00EDa tuvo la potestad de aplicar soluciones judiciales (remedies) mucho m\u00E1s diversas que los tribunales de derecho com\u00FAn, como el requerimiento para el cumplimiento espec\u00EDfico de los contratos (specific performance), interdictos, as\u00ED como la condena a indemnizar por da\u00F1os y perjuicios en determinadas circunstancias. Con la configuraci\u00F3n del Exchequer of Pleas como tribunal de derecho com\u00FAn, y la p\u00E9rdida de su jurisdicci\u00F3n como tribunal de equidad tras la Ley de Administraci\u00F3n de Justicia (Administration of Justice Act) de 1841, la Canciller\u00EDa qued\u00F3 como el \u00FAnico organismo competente para conocer los casos de equidad en el sistema legal ingl\u00E9s. Los acad\u00E9micos creen que el Tribunal de la Canciller\u00EDa adquiri\u00F3 su independencia hacia 1345, tras escindirse de la curia regis; en aquella \u00E9poca estaba integrado por el Lord Canciller y sus asistentes. Aunque inicialmente era un mero \u00F3rgano administrativo con algunas funciones judiciales, durante el siglo XV conoci\u00F3 un gran aumento de trabajo, sobre todo durante el reinado de la Casa de York, debido, seg\u00FAn los acad\u00E9micos, a su conversi\u00F3n en \u00F3rgano judicial casi en su integridad. Desde el reinado de Isabel I en adelante, el Tribunal recibi\u00F3 severas cr\u00EDticas por su lentitud, su acumulaci\u00F3n de trabajo atrasado y sus altos aranceles, problemas que persistieron hasta su disoluci\u00F3n, si bien se mitigaron en parte gracias a diversas reformas legales, sobre todo en el siglo XIX. Los primeros intentos de fusionar la Canciller\u00EDa con los tribunales de derecho com\u00FAn tuvieron lugar en la d\u00E9cada de 1850, culminando finalmente en los a\u00F1os 1873 y 1875 con las leyes (Supreme Court of Judicature Acts) por las que se disolvi\u00F3 la Canciller\u00EDa y se cre\u00F3 un \u00FAnico Alto Tribunal de Justicia para Inglaterra y Gales, cuya Secci\u00F3n Chancery (Chancery Division) sucedi\u00F3 al Tribunal de la Canciller\u00EDa como \u00F3rgano de equidad. Durante buena parte de su existencia, el Tribunal estuvo formalmente dirigido por el Lord Canciller, quien estaba asistido por los jueces de los tribunales de derecho com\u00FAn. Su personal inclu\u00EDa un amplio n\u00FAmero de escribanos bajo las \u00F3rdenes del Master of the Rolls, que era quien a menudo conoc\u00EDa de los procesos judiciales. En 1813 se nombr\u00F3 un Vicecanciller que deb\u00EDa ocuparse del trabajo pendiente de la Canciller\u00EDa, design\u00E1ndose otros dos m\u00E1s en 1841. El propio Lord Canciller pon\u00EDa a la venta los distintos cargos de la Canciller\u00EDa durante buena parte de su historia, de los que obten\u00EDa grandes sumas de dinero. Muchos de los escribanos y oficiales impon\u00EDan aranceles cada vez m\u00E1s exorbitantes para tramitar los procesos judiciales, siendo \u00E9sta una de las principales razones por las que el coste de interponer una demanda ante la Canciller\u00EDa fuese tan alto. En el siglo XIX muchas de estas sinecuras se eliminaron, y se fij\u00F3 una retribuci\u00F3n para el Lord Canciller con la intenci\u00F3n de frenar la venta de cargos. Posteriormente, la potestad de nombrar oficiales se transmiti\u00F3 del Canciller a la Corona."@es . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Court of Chancery) \u2014 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044E\u044E \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0432, \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044F \u0443\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0443\u0434 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. court of equity). \u041F\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0443 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u043E\u043D \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u0435\u043D \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E (\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438). \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043B\u043E\u0440\u0434-\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440. \u041D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043B\u043E \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0443\u044E \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432, \u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0431\u044E\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0439, \u043A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0434\u0435\u043B \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0443\u0445\u0438\u0449\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432. \u041F\u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 1850-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0438, \u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0435\u0446, \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041F\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438, \u043E\u043D \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043E\u0442\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0451\u043D \u0432 1873 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0412 1875 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043B \u043D\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0412\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0431\u044B\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044B \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u043D\u0451\u043C \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D \u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044F \u0442\u044F\u0436\u0431\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C, \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0435\u0441\u0443, \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443. \u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0443\u044E \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0414\u0438\u043A\u043A\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0430, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u00AB\u0425\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u00BB."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Court of Chancery"@es . . "The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid a slow pace of change and possible harshness (or \"inequity\") of the common law. The Chancery had jurisdiction over all matters of equity, including trusts, land law, the estates of lunatics and the guardianship of infants. Its initial role was somewhat different: as an extension of the lord chancellor's role as Keeper of the King's Conscience, the court was an administrative body primarily concerned with conscientious law. Thus the Court of Chancery had a far greater remit than the common law courts, whose decisions it had the jurisdiction to overrule for much of its existence, and was far more flexible. Until the 19th century, the Court of Chancery could apply a far wider range of remedies than common law courts, such as specific performance and injunctions, and had some power to grant damages in special circumstances. With the shift of the Exchequer of Pleas towards a common law court and loss of its equitable jurisdiction by the , the Chancery became the only national equitable body in the English legal system. Academics estimate that the Court of Chancery formally split from and became independent of the curia regis in the mid-14th century, at which time it consisted of the lord chancellor and his personal staff, the Chancery. Initially an administrative body with some judicial duties, the Chancery experienced an explosive growth in its work during the 15th century, particularly under the House of York, which academics attribute to its becoming an almost entirely judicial body. From the time of Elizabeth I onwards the Court was severely criticised for its slow pace, large backlogs, and high costs. Those problems persisted until its dissolution, despite being mitigated somewhat by reforms, particularly during the 19th century. Attempts at fusing the Chancery with the common law courts began in the 1850s, and finally succeeded with the 1873 and 1875 Supreme Court of Judicature Acts, which dissolved the Chancery and created a new unified High Court of Justice, with the Chancery Division \u2013 one of three divisions of the High Court \u2013 succeeding the Court of Chancery as an equitable body. For much of its existence the court was formally led by the lord chancellor, assisted by the judges of the common law courts. The staff of the court included a large number of clerks, led by the master of the rolls, who regularly heard cases on his own. In 1813 a vice-chancellor was appointed to deal with the Chancery's increasing backlogs, and two more were appointed in 1841. Offices of the Chancery were sold by the lord chancellor for much of its history, raising large amounts of money. Many of the clerks and other officials were sinecures who, in lieu of wages, charged increasingly exorbitant fees to process cases, one of the main reasons why the cost of bringing a case to the Chancery was so high. The 19th century saw the abolition of many sinecure offices and the institution of a wage and pension for the lord chancellor to curb the sale of offices, and later the right to appoint officials was transferred from the chancellor to the Crown."@en . . . . . . "Kanslersr\u00E4tten var en av domstolarna i England och Wales som behandlade fr\u00E5gor inom billighetsr\u00E4tten (equity)."@sv . . . . "Der Court of Chancery (Kanzleigericht) war einer der courts of equity in England und Wales."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "163555"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Der Court of Chancery (Kanzleigericht) war einer der courts of equity in England und Wales."@de . . . . . . "The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid a slow pace of change and possible harshness (or \"inequity\") of the common law. The Chancery had jurisdiction over all matters of equity, including trusts, land law, the estates of lunatics and the guardianship of infants. The 19th century saw the abolition of many sinecure offices and the institution of a wage and pension for the lord chancellor to curb the sale of offices, and later the right to appoint officials was transferred from the chancellor to the Crown."@en . . . . . "La Court of Chancery (in italiano \"Corte di Cancelleria\") era un tribunale che giudicava le controversie in base al principio di equity (equit\u00E0) e che apparteneva al diritto dell'Inghilterra e del Galles. Il suo scopo era mitigare, attraverso l'applicazione di regole flessibili, il lento ritmo di aggiornamento e la possibile durezza che contraddistinguevano la common law. La corte aveva giurisdizione su tutte le questioni di equit\u00E0, compresi i trust, il diritto fondiario, le propriet\u00E0 degli infermi e la tutela dei bambini. Il suo ruolo iniziale era in qualche modo diverso: come estensione del ruolo del Lord Cancelliere come custode della coscienza del re, la Corte era un organo amministrativo principalmente interessato al giusnaturalismo. Cos\u00EC, la Court of Chancery, rispetto ai tribunali d"@it . . . . . . . "Court of Chancery"@fr . . . . . . . "Kanslersr\u00E4tten var en av domstolarna i England och Wales som behandlade fr\u00E5gor inom billighetsr\u00E4tten (equity)."@sv . . . "La Court of Chancery (Tribunal de la Canciller\u00EDa en espa\u00F1ol) fue un tribunal de Inglaterra y Gales. Surgi\u00F3 en el siglo XIV en respuesta a la necesidad de sortear la resistencia al cambio y la rigidez (o falta de equidad) del derecho com\u00FAn o common law (el sistema jur\u00EDdico instaurado en Inglaterra en el siglo XII bajo el reinado de Enrique II). La Canciller\u00EDa ten\u00EDa competencia sobre todas las cuestiones de equidad, incluyendo los fideicomisos (trusts), el derecho de propiedad, la tutela del patrimonio de los enfermos mentales (estates of lunatics) y la protecci\u00F3n de los menores. Sin embargo, su funci\u00F3n inicial era diferente: como prolongaci\u00F3n de la funci\u00F3n del Lord Canciller en tanto que guardi\u00E1n de la conciencia del Rey, el Tribunal era un \u00F3rgano administrativo que conoc\u00EDa principalmente d"@es . . "\u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Court of Chancery) \u2014 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044E\u044E \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0432, \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044F \u0443\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0443\u0434 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. court of equity). \u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0443\u044E \u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0414\u0438\u043A\u043A\u0435\u043D\u0441\u0430, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u00AB\u0425\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043C\u00BB."@ru . . . . . . . . . . "La Court of Chancery (Cour de la Chancellerie en fran\u00E7ais) \u00E9tait un tribunal britannique. Contrairement aux tribunaux de common law, le syst\u00E8me juridique anglais, la Cour de la Chancellerie appliquait les r\u00E8gles de l\u2019equity, une nouvelle juridiction parall\u00E8le bas\u00E9e sur les principes de justice et d'\u00E9quit\u00E9, permettant de pallier les insuffisances du common law et ses rigidit\u00E9s. Son champ d'action couvrait les fiducies, la propri\u00E9t\u00E9, l'administration du patrimoine des malades mentaux et la tutelle des enfants. Elle \u00E9tait dirig\u00E9e par le Lord Chancelier, puisqu'un de ses r\u00F4les \u00E9tait d'\u00EAtre le \u00AB gardien de la conscience du roi \u00BB : en effet, la Cour de la Chancellerie \u00E9tait \u00E0 l'origine un corps administratif charg\u00E9 principalement du droit naturel. Ainsi, elle avait une juridiction plus \u00E9tendue que les tribunaux de common law, dont elle avait le pouvoir de compl\u00E9ter, de r\u00E9former ou d'annuler les d\u00E9cisions dans leur int\u00E9gralit\u00E9, et \u00E9tait beaucoup plus flexible. Jusqu'au XIXe si\u00E8cle, la Cour de la Chancellerie fut capable d'appliquer des traitements beaucoup plus divers que les tribunaux de common law, comme l'injonction de faire, ou la r\u00E9paration de dommages dans certains cas. \u00C0 la suite du passage du Exchequer of Pleas de l'\u00E9tat de tribunal d\u2019equity \u00E0 celui de tribunal de common law, la \u00AB Chancellerie \u00BB devint le seul corps capable d'entendre les cas d\u2019equity dans le syst\u00E8me l\u00E9gal anglais. Des universitaires estiment que la Cour de la Chancellerie se s\u00E9para de la curia regis vers 1345 ; elle \u00E9tait alors simplement constitu\u00E9e du Lord Chancelier et de son \u00E9quipe. Si la Chancellerie n'\u00E9tait \u00E0 l'origine qu'un corps administratif avec un r\u00F4le judiciaire, elle connut une importante croissance au XVe si\u00E8cle, en particulier sous le r\u00E8gne de la maison d'York, p\u00E9riode que les chercheurs estiment \u00EAtre le d\u00E9but de la Cour de la Chancellerie en tant qu'entit\u00E9 juridique \u00E0 part enti\u00E8re. \u00C0 partir d'\u00C9lisabeth Ire, le tribunal fut s\u00E9v\u00E8rement critiqu\u00E9 pour sa lenteur, son travail inabouti et ses co\u00FBts importants. Ces probl\u00E8mes persist\u00E8rent jusqu'\u00E0 sa dissolution, malgr\u00E9 des r\u00E9formes effectu\u00E9es au XIXe si\u00E8cle. Dans les ann\u00E9es 1850, des tentatives de fusion entre la Chancellerie et les tribunaux de common law eurent lieu, aboutissant finalement aux lois sur la justice de 1873 et 1875, qui marqu\u00E8rent la dissolution de la Chancellerie et la cr\u00E9ation de la Haute Cour de justice, dont la division Chancery succ\u00E9da au r\u00F4le de l'ancienne Cour de la Chancellerie. Pendant la plus grande partie de son existence, le tribunal \u00E9tait formellement dirig\u00E9 par le Lord Chancelier, assist\u00E9 par les juges de tribunaux de common law. Les membres du tribunal incluaient un grand nombre de greffiers sous les ordres du Master of the Rolls, qui assistait fr\u00E9quemment aux auditions. En 1813, un Vice-Chancelier fut choisi pour pr\u00EAter main-forte devant la quantit\u00E9 croissante de travail en retard ; il fut rejoint par deux autres en 1841. Les frais r\u00E9colt\u00E9s par la Chancellerie revenaient au Lord Chancelier la plupart du temps, qui amassait d'importantes sommes d'argent. La plupart des greffiers et des autres membres du tribunal occupaient des sin\u00E9cures qui faisaient payer des droits de plus en plus exorbitants pour traiter les affaires, une des principales raisons pour lesquelles amener une affaire devant la Cour de la Chancellerie \u00E9tait si on\u00E9reux. Le XIXe si\u00E8cle vit abolir une grande partie des sin\u00E9cures et la mise en place d'une r\u00E9tribution pour le Lord Chancelier pour s'occuper des offices, puis le pouvoir de nommer les officiers fut transf\u00E9r\u00E9 du Chancelier \u00E0 la Couronne."@fr . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u043D\u0446\u043B\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434"@ru . . . . . . "Court of Chancery"@it . . . . . . . . . . . .