. . . . "La d\u00E9carburation est le fait de r\u00E9duire le taux de carbone dans des fontes ou des aciers."@fr . . . "Dekarburisasi"@in . "\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062A\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u062D\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629\u064B \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0646 \u0644\u064A\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u062C\u062F \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0646 (\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629\u064B \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628) \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u062A\u0633\u062E\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 700 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u062A\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0644\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u063A\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064A\u062F.\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u0629 \u0623\u062D\u062F\u0627\u062B \u0645\u062A\u0645\u064A\u0632\u0629: 1-\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 2-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 3-\u0627\u0646\u062D\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "4850"^^ . . "\u041E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044C\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0435. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442. \u041D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u044C \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043A \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043D\u0435\u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439). \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B, \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0430, \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u043E (\u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438), \u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442 (\u0442. \u043D. \u00AB\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435\u00BB \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435)."@ru . "Descarboniza\u00E7\u00E3o, ou descarbura\u00E7\u00E3o, \u00E9 o processo oposto ao da carbura\u00E7\u00E3o, nomeadamente a redu\u00E7\u00E3o de conte\u00FAdo de carbono. O termo \u00E9 normalmente usado em metalurgia, descrevendo a redu\u00E7\u00E3o do conte\u00FAdo de carbono em metais (geralmente de a\u00E7o). Descarboniza\u00E7\u00E3o ocorre quando o metal \u00E9 aquecido a temperaturas de 700 \u00B0C ou acima, quando o carbono no metal reage com os gases contendo oxig\u00EAnio ou hidrog\u00EAnio. A remo\u00E7\u00E3o de carbono remove fases de carboneto duro, resultando em um amolecimento do metal, principalmente em superf\u00EDcies que est\u00E3o em contato com o g\u00E1s decarbonizado. Descarboniza\u00E7\u00E3o pode ser vantajosa ou prejudicial, dependendo da aplica\u00E7\u00E3o para a qual o metal vai ser usado. Ela \u00E9, portanto, algo que pode ser feito intencionalmente, como um passo em um processo de fabrica\u00E7\u00E3o, ou de algo que acontece como um efeito colateral de um processo (tais como o rolamento) e deve ser evitado ou mais tarde invertido (como atrav\u00E9s de um passo a carbura\u00E7\u00E3o). O mecanismo de descarboniza\u00E7\u00E3o pode ser descrito como tr\u00EAs eventos distintos: a rea\u00E7\u00E3o na superf\u00EDcie do a\u00E7o, a difus\u00E3o intersticial de \u00E1tomos de carbono e a dissolu\u00E7\u00E3o dos carbonetos no a\u00E7o."@pt . "Entkohlung"@de . "1113837534"^^ . . . "Decarburization"@en . "La decarburazione \u00E8 un processo siderurgico che si attua per ridurre il contenuto di carbonio alla ghisa di prima fusione per renderla utilizzabile sia come ghisa che come acciaio. I processi per la fabbricazione dell'acciaio possono essere di due tipi: La decarburazione prevede la reazione dell'ossigeno con il carbonio a dare monossido di carbonio (CO) e anidride carbonica ( CO2), secondo le reazioni di seguito riportate: A) B1) B2) ( post-combustione ) C)"@it . . "Descarburizado"@es . . "Dekarburisasi adalah proses yang berlawanan dengan , yakni pengurangan kandungan karbon. Istilah tersebut biasanya dipakai dalam metalurgi, mendeskripsikan pengurangan kandungan karbon pada metal (biasanya baja). Dekarburisasi terjadi saat metal memanas pada suhu 700 \u00B0C atau lebih saat karbon dalam metal berreaksi dengan gas-gas yang mengandung oksigen dan hidrogen."@in . "2299119"^^ . "La d\u00E9carburation est le fait de r\u00E9duire le taux de carbone dans des fontes ou des aciers."@fr . . . . . "\u0417\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F"@uk . "\u041E\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435"@ru . . . . "La decarburazione \u00E8 un processo siderurgico che si attua per ridurre il contenuto di carbonio alla ghisa di prima fusione per renderla utilizzabile sia come ghisa che come acciaio. I processi per la fabbricazione dell'acciaio possono essere di due tipi: \n* a carica liquida dove vengono utilizzati convertitori del tipo Bessemer (costituzione acida), Thomas (costituzione basica) e convertitori ad ossigeno ( L.D./O.B.M./ ecc.) ed al loro interno viene versata della ghisa liquida; \n* a carica solida dove vengono utilizzati forni come il forno Martin-Siemens e il forno elettrico ed al loro interno viene inserita della ghisa liquida insieme ad altri rottami di ferro. I convertitori di tipo Bessemer e Thomas non vengono tuttavia pi\u00F9 utilizzati al giorno d'oggi in quanto obsoleti a causa soprattutto dell'impossibilit\u00E0 di effettuare scorificazioni dovuta al refrattario acido (Bessemer) e dalla piccola capacit\u00E0 e quindi dalla relativa ridotta produzione di entrambi. Ai giorni nostri sono quasi totalmente soppiantati dai convertitori ad ossigeno tipo L.D. (Linz-Donawitz) con una lancia verticale che \"spara\" ossigeno puro dall'alto sul bagno di metallo fuso, anche sottovuoto nel caso dei convertitori V.O.D.(Vacuum-Oxygen-Decarburization), o da quelli di tipo A.O.D. (Argon-Oxygen-Decarburization) che insufflano argon o azoto assieme all'ossigeno da tubiere disposte lateralmente in prossimit\u00E0 del fondo per diluire il monossido di carbonio formatosi, in modo da favorire la reazione che lo sprigiona. La decarburazione prevede la reazione dell'ossigeno con il carbonio a dare monossido di carbonio (CO) e anidride carbonica ( CO2), secondo le reazioni di seguito riportate: A) B1) B2) ( post-combustione ) C)"@it . "\u0417\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043E\u0301\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. decarburization) \u2014 \u0437\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0435\u0446\u044E \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044F\u0445 \u0456 \u0441\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u044F\u043A\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0456\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u0432 \u043E\u043A\u0438\u0441\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0443 \u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456 (\u0441\u0443\u0445\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043C\u0443)."@uk . . "Descarboniza\u00E7\u00E3o, ou descarbura\u00E7\u00E3o, \u00E9 o processo oposto ao da carbura\u00E7\u00E3o, nomeadamente a redu\u00E7\u00E3o de conte\u00FAdo de carbono. O termo \u00E9 normalmente usado em metalurgia, descrevendo a redu\u00E7\u00E3o do conte\u00FAdo de carbono em metais (geralmente de a\u00E7o). Descarboniza\u00E7\u00E3o ocorre quando o metal \u00E9 aquecido a temperaturas de 700 \u00B0C ou acima, quando o carbono no metal reage com os gases contendo oxig\u00EAnio ou hidrog\u00EAnio. A remo\u00E7\u00E3o de carbono remove fases de carboneto duro, resultando em um amolecimento do metal, principalmente em superf\u00EDcies que est\u00E3o em contato com o g\u00E1s decarbonizado."@pt . . . "Decarburazione"@it . . "\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062A\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u062D\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629\u064B \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0646 \u0644\u064A\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0647 \u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u062C\u062F \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0646 (\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629\u064B \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628) \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u062A\u0633\u062E\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 700 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u062A\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0644\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u063A\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064A\u062F.\u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u0629 \u0623\u062D\u062F\u0627\u062B \u0645\u062A\u0645\u064A\u0632\u0629: 1-\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 2-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 3-\u0627\u0646\u062D\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630"@ar . . . . . "Dekarburisasi adalah proses yang berlawanan dengan , yakni pengurangan kandungan karbon. Istilah tersebut biasanya dipakai dalam metalurgi, mendeskripsikan pengurangan kandungan karbon pada metal (biasanya baja). Dekarburisasi terjadi saat metal memanas pada suhu 700 \u00B0C atau lebih saat karbon dalam metal berreaksi dengan gas-gas yang mengandung oksigen dan hidrogen."@in . . . . . . "Entkohlung ist ein erzeugter oder ungewollter Prozess, bei dem einer Schmelze, einem Halbzeug oder einem Fertigteil Kohlenstoff teilweise oder vollst\u00E4ndig entzogen wird. Die Affinit\u00E4t von Kohlenstoff zu Sauerstoff, insbesondere bei erh\u00F6hten Temperaturen, ist Ursache der Abnahme des Kohlenstoffgehaltes im betrachteten System. Die Entkohlung von Stahlschmelzen wird im Prozess des Frischens durch chemische Reaktionen mit Sauerstoff bzw. in der Sekund\u00E4rmetallurgie durch eine Vakuumbehandlung (Tiefentkohlung bis 20 ppm) durchgef\u00FChrt, w\u00E4hrend bei der Entkohlung von Feststoffen meist nur Randschichten durch Diffusionsprozesse Kohlenstoff verlieren.Bei allen Werkstoffen, die auf Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Legierungen (z. B. Stahl, Gusseisen, Temperguss) basieren, sind die Prozesse der Entkohlung von Bedeutung f\u00FCr deren mechanische Eigenschaften.Stahlwerkstoffe werden mittels Wasserstoff/Wasserdampf-Atmosph\u00E4re oder mit Wasserdampf angefeuchtetem Ammoniak-Crackgas in langen Gl\u00FChprozessen entkohlt. Die Tiefe der Oberfl\u00E4chenzone von Stahlerzeugnissen, der infolge Diffusion Kohlenstoff entzogen wurde, ist die Entkohlungstiefe. Mit metallografischen Methoden vorbereitete Schliffproben sind entsprechend so zu \u00E4tzen, dass alle Gef\u00FCgebestandteile sowie deren Korngrenzen erkennbar sind und man unter dem Mikroskop vom Schliffrand bis zum unver\u00E4nderten Grundgef\u00FCge messen kann. Die Durchf\u00FChrung dieser Pr\u00FCfung ist dabei in einemAbbildungsma\u00DFstab 50:1 durchzuf\u00FChren und mit einem Okularmikrometer auf \u00B10,02 mm genau zu messen."@de . "F\u00E4rskning \u00E4r den process inom j\u00E4rnmetallurgin vid vilken kolhalten i tackj\u00E4rn s\u00E4nks till de niv\u00E5er som g\u00F6r j\u00E4rnet smidbart. Genom oxidation tar man bort kol f\u00F6r att f\u00E5 j\u00E4rnet smidigare. Det tackj\u00E4rn som kommer direkt fr\u00E5n masugnarna inneh\u00E5ller vanligtvis cirka 4-5 procent kol, och \u00E4r f\u00F6r spr\u00F6tt f\u00F6r att smidas, valsas eller h\u00E4rdas. Genom f\u00E4rskningen s\u00E4nks kolhalten s\u00E5 j\u00E4rnet blir m\u00F6jligt att bearbeta. Redan i de tidiga masugnarna anv\u00E4ndes h\u00E4rdf\u00E4rskning. Slutprodukten var d\u00E5 osmundar, medan senare i och med tysksmidet och vallonsmidet, fr\u00E5n ca 1600, s\u00E5 var slutprodukten st\u00E5ngj\u00E4rn. Sm\u00E4ltf\u00E4rskning inf\u00F6rdes successivt fr\u00E5n ca 1850 och slutprodukten blev d\u00E5 st\u00E5l."@sv . . . . . . . "El descarburizado (tambi\u00E9n denominado descarburaci\u00F3n o descarbonizaci\u00F3n) es el proceso opuesto al carburizado, es decir, la disminuci\u00F3n del contenido de carbono de un material determinado. El t\u00E9rmino se usa t\u00EDpicamente en metalurgia, describiendo la disminuci\u00F3n del contenido de carbono en los metales (generalmente, en el acero). El descarburizado se produce cuando el metal se calienta a temperaturas de 700 \u00B0C o m\u00E1s, de forma que el carbono del metal reacciona con gases que contienen ox\u00EDgeno o hidr\u00F3geno.\u200B La eliminaci\u00F3n del carbono elimina las fases con carburo duro, lo que da como resultado un ablandamiento del metal, principalmente en las superficies que est\u00E1n en contacto con el gas de descarburizado."@es . . . . "D\u00E9carburation"@fr . . "Descarboneta\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . . . . "F\u00E4rskning \u00E4r den process inom j\u00E4rnmetallurgin vid vilken kolhalten i tackj\u00E4rn s\u00E4nks till de niv\u00E5er som g\u00F6r j\u00E4rnet smidbart. Genom oxidation tar man bort kol f\u00F6r att f\u00E5 j\u00E4rnet smidigare. Det tackj\u00E4rn som kommer direkt fr\u00E5n masugnarna inneh\u00E5ller vanligtvis cirka 4-5 procent kol, och \u00E4r f\u00F6r spr\u00F6tt f\u00F6r att smidas, valsas eller h\u00E4rdas. Genom f\u00E4rskningen s\u00E4nks kolhalten s\u00E5 j\u00E4rnet blir m\u00F6jligt att bearbeta. Redan i de tidiga masugnarna anv\u00E4ndes h\u00E4rdf\u00E4rskning. Slutprodukten var d\u00E5 osmundar, medan senare i och med tysksmidet och vallonsmidet, fr\u00E5n ca 1600, s\u00E5 var slutprodukten st\u00E5ngj\u00E4rn. Sm\u00E4ltf\u00E4rskning inf\u00F6rdes successivt fr\u00E5n ca 1850 och slutprodukten blev d\u00E5 st\u00E5l."@sv . . "F\u00E4rskning"@sv . "Decarburization (or decarbonization) is the process of decreasing carbon content, which is the opposite of carburization. The term is typically used in metallurgy, describing the decrease of the content of carbon in metals (usually steel). Decarburization occurs when the metal is heated to temperatures of 700 \u00B0C or above when carbon in the metal reacts with gases containing oxygen or hydrogen. The removal of carbon removes hard carbide phases resulting in a softening of the metal, primarily at the surfaces which are in contact with the decarburizing gas. Decarburization can be either advantageous or detrimental, depending on the application for which the metal will be used. It is thus both something that can be done intentionally as a step in a manufacturing process, or something that happens as a side effect of a process (such as rolling) and must be either prevented or later reversed (such as via a carburization step). The decarburization mechanism can be described as three distinct events: the reaction at the steel surface, the interstitial diffusion of carbon atoms and the dissolution of carbides within the steel."@en . . . . 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"Decarburization (or decarbonization) is the process of decreasing carbon content, which is the opposite of carburization. The term is typically used in metallurgy, describing the decrease of the content of carbon in metals (usually steel). Decarburization occurs when the metal is heated to temperatures of 700 \u00B0C or above when carbon in the metal reacts with gases containing oxygen or hydrogen. The removal of carbon removes hard carbide phases resulting in a softening of the metal, primarily at the surfaces which are in contact with the decarburizing gas."@en . . . . "El descarburizado (tambi\u00E9n denominado descarburaci\u00F3n o descarbonizaci\u00F3n) es el proceso opuesto al carburizado, es decir, la disminuci\u00F3n del contenido de carbono de un material determinado. El t\u00E9rmino se usa t\u00EDpicamente en metalurgia, describiendo la disminuci\u00F3n del contenido de carbono en los metales (generalmente, en el acero). El descarburizado se produce cuando el metal se calienta a temperaturas de 700 \u00B0C o m\u00E1s, de forma que el carbono del metal reacciona con gases que contienen ox\u00EDgeno o hidr\u00F3geno.\u200B La eliminaci\u00F3n del carbono elimina las fases con carburo duro, lo que da como resultado un ablandamiento del metal, principalmente en las superficies que est\u00E1n en contacto con el gas de descarburizado. El descarburizado puede ser ventajoso o perjudicial, seg\u00FAn la aplicaci\u00F3n para la que se vaya a utilizar el metal. Por lo tanto, es algo que se puede introducir como un paso en un proceso de fabricaci\u00F3n, o algo que sucede como un efecto secundario de un proceso (como el laminado) y debe prevenirse o revertirse posteriormente (a\u00F1adiendo un proceso de carburizado). El mecanismo de descarburizado se puede describir como tres procesos distintos: la reacci\u00F3n en la superficie del acero, la difusi\u00F3n intersticial de \u00E1tomos de carbono y la disoluci\u00F3n de carburos dentro del acero.\u200B"@es . "Entkohlung ist ein erzeugter oder ungewollter Prozess, bei dem einer Schmelze, einem Halbzeug oder einem Fertigteil Kohlenstoff teilweise oder vollst\u00E4ndig entzogen wird. Die Affinit\u00E4t von Kohlenstoff zu Sauerstoff, insbesondere bei erh\u00F6hten Temperaturen, ist Ursache der Abnahme des Kohlenstoffgehaltes im betrachteten System. Die Entkohlung von Stahlschmelzen wird im Prozess des Frischens durch chemische Reaktionen mit Sauerstoff bzw. in der Sekund\u00E4rmetallurgie durch eine Vakuumbehandlung (Tiefentkohlung bis 20 ppm) durchgef\u00FChrt, w\u00E4hrend bei der Entkohlung von Feststoffen meist nur Randschichten durch Diffusionsprozesse Kohlenstoff verlieren.Bei allen Werkstoffen, die auf Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Legierungen (z. B. Stahl, Gusseisen, Temperguss) basieren, sind die Prozesse der Entkohlung von Bedeut"@de . . . . "\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646"@ar . . . .