. . . . . . . "Il modello di Drude della conduzione elettrica fu proposto nel 1900 da Paul Drude per spiegare le propriet\u00E0 di trasporto degli elettroni nei materiali, in particolare nei metalli. Il modello di Drude, che \u00E8 l'applicazione della teoria cinetica dei gas agli elettroni in un solido, assume che il comportamento microscopico degli elettroni in un solido possa essere trattato classicamente. Il comportamento rassomiglia alla dinamica in un flipper con un mare di elettroni che casualmente urtano e riurtano degli ioni molto pi\u00F9 pesanti, che vibrano intorno alla posizione di equilibrio a causa della agitazione termica. Il gas di elettroni liberi quindi scambia energia con gli ioni e assume la stessa energia media."@it . "1105922342"^^ . . . "Le mod\u00E8le de Drude (du nom du physicien Paul Drude), parfois appel\u00E9 mod\u00E8le de l'\u00E9lectron amorti, est une adaptation effectu\u00E9e en 1900 de la th\u00E9orie cin\u00E9tique des gaz aux \u00E9lectrons des m\u00E9taux (d\u00E9couverts 3 ans plus t\u00F4t, en 1897 par J.J. Thomson). En consid\u00E9rant les \u00E9lectrons d'un m\u00E9tal comme des particules classiques ponctuelles confin\u00E9es \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur du volume d\u00E9fini par l'ensemble des atomes de l'\u00E9chantillon, on obtient un gaz qui est entra\u00EEn\u00E9 dans un mouvement d'ensemble (lequel se superpose aux mouvements individuels des particules) par des champs \u00E9lectriques et magn\u00E9tiques et frein\u00E9 dans ce mouvement par des collisions. Les collisions envisag\u00E9es par Drude sont les collisions sur les c\u0153urs d'atomes. Bien que se basant sur des hypoth\u00E8ses d\u00E9menties depuis (description purement classique du mouvement des \u00E9lectrons), il permet de rendre compte de plusieurs propri\u00E9t\u00E9s des m\u00E9taux comme la conductivit\u00E9 \u00E9lectrique, la conductivit\u00E9 thermique et l'effet Hall."@fr . "O modelo Drude de condu\u00E7\u00E3o el\u00E9trica foi proposto em 1900 por Paul Drude para explicar as propriedades de transporte de el\u00E9trons em materiais (especialmente metais). Basicamente, a lei de Ohm estava bem estabelecida e afirmava que a corrente J e a tens\u00E3o V que impulsionam a corrente est\u00E3o relacionadas \u00E0 resist\u00EAncia R do material. O inverso da resist\u00EAncia \u00E9 conhecido como condut\u00E2ncia. Quando consideramos um metal de comprimento unit\u00E1rio e \u00E1rea de se\u00E7\u00E3o transversal, a condut\u00E2ncia \u00E9 conhecida como condutividade, que \u00E9 o inverso da resistividade. O modelo de Drude tenta explicar a resistividade de um condutor em termos do espalhamento de el\u00E9trons (os portadores de eletricidade) pelos \u00EDons relativamente im\u00F3veis no metal que agem como obstru\u00E7\u00F5es ao fluxo de el\u00E9trons."@pt . . "Het Drude-model beschrijft de beweging van elektronen in een metaal. (1863 - 1906) was een Duitse fysicus die in 1900 aan de hand van Boltzmanns kinetische gastheorie dit model bedacht, dat een begrip gaf voor de geleiding in metalen. Het Drude-model gaat uit van een tweetal formules. De eerste is de bewegingsvergelijking voor elektronen. Hierin is het impuls, -e de lading van een elektron, de verstrooiingstijd, v de snelheid en E en B respectievelijk het elektrisch en magnetisch veld. De tweede formule is een lineair verband tussen de elektrische stroomdichtheid en het elektrisch veld. Hierin is de elektrische stroomdichtheid en het elektrisch geleidingsvermogen in siemens per meter."@nl . . "\u5FB7\u9C81\u5FB7\u6A21\u578B"@zh . . . "37958"^^ . . . . "Het Drude-model beschrijft de beweging van elektronen in een metaal. (1863 - 1906) was een Duitse fysicus die in 1900 aan de hand van Boltzmanns kinetische gastheorie dit model bedacht, dat een begrip gaf voor de geleiding in metalen. Het Drude-model gaat uit van een tweetal formules. De eerste is de bewegingsvergelijking voor elektronen. Hierin is het impuls, -e de lading van een elektron, de verstrooiingstijd, v de snelheid en E en B respectievelijk het elektrisch en magnetisch veld. De tweede formule is een lineair verband tussen de elektrische stroomdichtheid en het elektrisch veld."@nl . . "\u03A3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03AC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2, \u03C4\u03BF \u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039D\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD\u03C4 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C4\u03AC\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CE\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u0393\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03CC \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF 1900 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03AE \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF\u03C4\u03AE\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03AD\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B1. \u03A4\u03BF \u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039D\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD\u03C4 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C6\u03B1\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03B3\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03B7\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2: \n* \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03BA\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C3\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1. \n* \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B9\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 [\u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03CC\u03BD] \u03B1\u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C4\u03B5\u03C2, \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03B1\u03B3\u03B5\u03AF\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C6\u03B1\u03AF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2. \n* \u039F\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03CD\u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03B9\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03BB\u03AD\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1. \n* \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03CD\u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B5\u03BD \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B4\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B1\u03BA\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B9\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BB\u03AD\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2. \u03A4\u03BF \u03BC\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039D\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD\u03C4 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03BF \u03B4\u03CD\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AD\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03CD\u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03C9\u03BD \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03BF \u03B2\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 2\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039D\u03B5\u03CD\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD\u03B1. \u03A3\u03C5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B5\u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1, \u03CC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \n* F \u03B7 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B4\u03CD\u03BD\u03B1\u03BC\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B4\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BA\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF \n* e \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03B4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03C4\u03AF\u03BF ( \u2248 1.6 \u00D7 10\u221219 C) \n* E \u03C4\u03BF \u03B5\u03C6\u03B1\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03B5\u03B4\u03AF\u03BF (\u03B5\u03C6\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF\u03BD \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03C5\u03C0\u03AC\u03C1\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9) \n* p \u03B7 \u03BF\u03C1\u03BC\u03AE \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B7\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \n* \u03C4 \u03BF \u03BC\u03AD\u03C3\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B4\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B9\u03CC\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BB\u03AD\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2"@el . "Drude-Theorie"@de . . . . . "Drude-model"@nl . "542575"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El modelo de Drude o modelo de Lorentz-Drude para la conducci\u00F3n el\u00E9ctrica fue desarrollado hacia el 1900 por Paul Drude para explicar las propiedades de transporte de electrones en materiales n los metales).\u200B\u200B El modelo de Drude proporciona una base de la mec\u00E1nica cl\u00E1sica para la conductividad de los metales, se basa en la aplicaci\u00F3n de la teor\u00EDa cin\u00E9tica a los electrones en un s\u00F3lido. Proporciona unos resultados razonables, aun cuando actualmente ha sido superado por el correspondiente modelo cu\u00E1ntico basado en la teor\u00EDa de bandas de conducci\u00F3n."@es . . . "\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB"@ja . . "Model Drudego (r\u00F3wnie\u017C model elektron\u00F3w swobodnych, model gazu elektron\u00F3w swobodnych) \u2013 model przewodnictwa elektrycznego cia\u0142 sta\u0142ych (g\u0142\u00F3wnie metali) zaproponowany przez Paula Drudego w 1900 r. Model stosuje do elektron\u00F3w klasyczn\u0105 kinetyczn\u0105 teori\u0119 gaz\u00F3w, zak\u0142adaj\u0105c, \u017Ce bez\u0142adny ruch elektron\u00F3w swobodnych w metalu odbywa si\u0119 podobnie jak ruch cz\u0105steczek w gazie i \u017Ce s\u0105 one rozpraszane na skutek zderze\u0144 z nieruchomymi jonami sieci krystalicznej. P\u00F3\u0142klasyczny model Drudego-Sommerfelda stosuje klasyczne r\u00F3wnania ruchu, ale rozk\u0142ad pr\u0119dko\u015Bci elektron\u00F3w opisuje za pomoc\u0105 kwantowego rozk\u0142adu Fermiego-Diraca. Niekiedy modelem elektron\u00F3w swobodnych bywa kr\u00F3tko nazywany model elektron\u00F3w prawie swobodnych."@pl . . . "\u039C\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039D\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD\u03C4"@el . . . "\uC751\uC9D1\uBB3C\uC9C8\uBB3C\uB9AC\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uB4DC\uB8E8\uB4DC \uBAA8\uD615(Drude model)\uC740 \uB3C4\uCCB4\uB97C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uB294 \uAC04\uB2E8\uD55C \uBAA8\uD615\uC774\uB2E4. \uB3C4\uCCB4 \uC548\uC758 \uC790\uC720 \uC804\uC790\uAC00 \uBB34\uD55C\uD788 \uB2E8\uB2E8\uD55C \uC591\uC774\uC628\uC5D0 \uBD80\uB52A\uCE58\uBA74\uC11C \uC6C0\uC9C1\uC774\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uAC00\uC815\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB4DC\uB8E8\uB4DC \uBAA8\uD615\uC740 \uC804\uC790\uC758 \uC6B4\uB3D9 \uBC29\uC815\uC2DD\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uB450 \uAC00\uC9C0 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uACB0\uACFC\uB97C \uB3C4\uCD9C\uD574 \uB0B8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC804\uB958 \uBC00\uB3C4 \uC640 \uC804\uAE30\uC7A5 \uC758 \uC120\uD615\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uC774\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC, \uC5EC\uAE30\uC11C \uB294 \uC2DC\uAC04, , , , , \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uB294 \uAC01\uAC01 \uC804\uC790\uC758 \uC6B4\uB3D9\uB7C9, \uC804\uD558, \uBC00\uB3C4, \uC9C8\uB7C9 \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC774\uC628\uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uC804\uC790\uAC00 \uCDA9\uB3CC\uD558\uB294\uB370 \uAC78\uB9AC\uB294 \uD3C9\uADE0\uC2DC\uAC04\uC774\uB2E4. \uB4A4\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uBC29\uC815\uC2DD\uC740 \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD788 \uB354 \uC911\uC694\uD55C\uB370, \uC774 \uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC634\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC774 \uC65C \uC131\uB9BD\uD558\uB294\uC9C0\uB97C \uC720\uB3C4\uD574 \uB0BC \uC218\uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Mod\u00E8le de Drude"@fr . . . . "Given\n: \n: \nAnd the equation of motion above\n: \nsubstituting\n: \nGiven\n: \n: \n: \ndefining the complex conductivity from:\n: \nWe have:\n:"@en . . . . . . "Derivation and Drude's errors"@en . . . . "Model Drudego"@pl . "El model de Drude o de Lorentz-Drude per conducci\u00F3 el\u00E8ctrica fou desenvolupat cap al 1900 per per tal d'explicar les propietats de transport d'electrons en materials (especialment en metalls). El model de Drude proporciona una base de la mec\u00E0nica cl\u00E0ssica per a la conductivitat dels metalls, es basa en l'aplicaci\u00F3 de la teoria cin\u00E8tica als electrons en un s\u00F2lid. Proporciona uns resultats raonables, encara que actualment ha estat superat pel corresponent model qu\u00E0ntic basat en la teoria de bandes de conducci\u00F3."@ca . "\u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0456\u043B: \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0456\u0432\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432. \u0417\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0441\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u043E\u043F\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E. \u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0443 1884 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 ."@uk . . "Il modello di Drude della conduzione elettrica fu proposto nel 1900 da Paul Drude per spiegare le propriet\u00E0 di trasporto degli elettroni nei materiali, in particolare nei metalli. Il modello di Drude, che \u00E8 l'applicazione della teoria cinetica dei gas agli elettroni in un solido, assume che il comportamento microscopico degli elettroni in un solido possa essere trattato classicamente. Il comportamento rassomiglia alla dinamica in un flipper con un mare di elettroni che casualmente urtano e riurtano degli ioni molto pi\u00F9 pesanti, che vibrano intorno alla posizione di equilibrio a causa della agitazione termica. Il gas di elettroni liberi quindi scambia energia con gli ioni e assume la stessa energia media. Modello di Drude: gli elettroni (in blu) rimbalzano continuamente contro gli ioni del cristallo (in rosso), pi\u00F9 pesanti e quasi stazionari."@it . . . . "\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u062F\u0631\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0631\u062D \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062F\u0631\u0648\u062F \u0633\u0646\u0629 1900 \u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C\u0647\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u062D\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0635\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u062D \u062E\u0627\u0635\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0645\u062A\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062F\u0629 (\u062E\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0646) \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u062A\u062A\u062F\u062D\u0631\u062C \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0628\u062A\u0629. \u0646\u062A\u062C \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062A\u0627\u0646 :"@ar . . . . . "\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\uFF08\u82F1: Drude model\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u6A21\u578B\u306F\u30011900\u5E74\u306B\u30D1\u30A6\u30EB\u30FB\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u306B\u3088\u308A\u63D0\u5531\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3001\u96FB\u6C17\u4F1D\u5C0E\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306E\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3067\u3001\u7269\u8CEA\uFF08\u7279\u306B\u91D1\u5C5E\uFF09\u5185\u90E8\u306E\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u7279\u6027\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u306F\u6C17\u4F53\u5206\u5B50\u904B\u52D5\u8AD6\u3092\u5FDC\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u56FA\u4F53\u4E2D\u306E\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u5FAE\u8996\u7684\u6319\u52D5\u306F\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u306B\u6271\u3048\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3057\u3001\u91CD\u304F\u52D5\u304D\u3065\u3089\u3044\u967D\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u306E\u9593\u3092\u30D4\u30F3\u30DC\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u96FB\u5B50\u304C\u5E38\u306B\u884C\u304D\u6765\u3057\u306A\u304C\u3089\u6E80\u305F\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4EEE\u5B9A\u3092\u304A\u304F\u3002 \u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u304B\u3089\u5C0E\u304B\u308C\u308B\u6700\u3082\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u7D50\u8AD6\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u904B\u52D5\u65B9\u7A0B\u5F0F \u3068\u3001\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6 J \u3068\u96FB\u5834 E \u3068\u306E\u9593\u306E\u7DDA\u5F62\u306A\u95A2\u4FC2\u5F0F \u306E2\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067 t \u306F\u6642\u9593\u3001 p, q, n, m, \u03C4 \u306F\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u904B\u52D5\u91CF\u3001\u96FB\u8377\u3001\u6570\u5BC6\u5EA6\u3001\u8CEA\u91CF\u3001\u967D\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u3068\u306E\u885D\u7A81\u306E\u9593\u306E\u5E73\u5747\u81EA\u7531\u6642\u9593\u3092\u793A\u3059\u3002\u5F8C\u8005\u306E\u5F0F\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u78C1\u6C17\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u666E\u904D\u7684\u306A\u95A2\u4FC2\u5F0F\u306E1\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30AA\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u6CD5\u5247\u304C\u3001\u4F55\u6545\u6210\u7ACB\u3059\u308B\u306E\u304B\u3092\u534A\u5B9A\u91CF\u7684\u306B\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u70B9\u3067\u7279\u306B\u91CD\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u3053\u306E\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u306F1905\u5E74\u306B\u30ED\u30FC\u30EC\u30F3\u30C4\u306B\u3088\u308A\u62E1\u5F35\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3001\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u306A\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5F8C\u306E1933\u5E74\u306B\u3001\u30BE\u30F3\u30DE\u30FC\u30D5\u30A7\u30EB\u30C8\u3068\u30D9\u30FC\u30C6\u306B\u3088\u308A\u91CF\u5B50\u8AD6\u306E\u7D50\u679C\u304C\u53D6\u308A\u8FBC\u307E\u308C\u3001\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30FB\u30BE\u30F3\u30DE\u30FC\u30D5\u30A7\u30EB\u30C8\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Solids can conduct heat through the motion of electrons, atoms, and ions. Conductors have a large density of free electrons whereas insulators do not; ions may be present in either. Given the good electrical and thermal conductivity in metals and the poor electrical and thermal conductivity in insulators, a natural starting point to estimate the thermal conductivity is to calculate the contribution of the conduction electrons.\n\nThe thermal current density is the flux per unit time of thermal energy across a unit area perpendicular to the flow. It is proportional to the temperature gradient.\n: \nwhere is the thermal conductivity.\nIn a one-dimensional wire, the energy of electrons depends on the local temperature \nIf we imagine a temperature gradient in which the temperature decreases in the positive x direction, the average electron velocity is zero . The electrons arriving at location x from the higher-energy side will arrive with energies , while those from the lower-energy side will arrive with energies . Here, is the average speed of electrons and is the average time since the last collision.\n\nThe net flux of thermal energy at location x is the difference between what passes from left to right and from right to left:\n: \nThe factor of accounts for the fact that electrons are equally likely to be moving in either direction. Only half contribute to the flux at x.\n\nWhen the mean free path is small, the quantity\n\ncan be approximated by a derivative with respect to x. This gives\n: \nSince the electron moves in the , , and directions, the mean square velocity in the direction is . We also have , where is the specific heat capacity of the material.\n\nPutting all of this together, the thermal energy current density is\n: \nThis determines the thermal conductivity:\n: \n\n\nDividing the thermal conductivity by the electrical conductivity eliminates the scattering time and gives\n:\n\nAt this point of the calculation, Drude made two assumptions now known to be errors. First, he used the classical result for the specific heat capacity of the conduction electrons: . This overestimates the electronic contribution to the specific heat capacity by a factor of roughly 100. Second, Drude used the classical mean square velocity for electrons, . This underestimates the energy of the electrons by a factor of roughly 100. The cancellation of these two errors results in a good approximation to the conductivity of metals. In addition to these two estimates, Drude also made a statistical error and overestimated the mean time between collisions by a factor of 2. This confluence of errors gave a value for the Lorenz number that was remarkably close to experimental values.\n\nThe correct value of the Lorenz number as estimated from the Drude model is\n: ."@en . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435"@ru . "Modelo de Drude"@pt . . 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"\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u062F\u0631\u0648\u062F"@ar . "From the simple one dimensional model\n: \nExpanding to 3 degrees of freedom \n: \nThe mean velocity due to the Electric field \n: \nTo have a total current null we have\n: \nAnd as usual in the Drude case \n: \nwhere the typical thermopowers at room temperature are 100 times smaller of the order of micro-Volts."@en . "O modelo Drude de condu\u00E7\u00E3o el\u00E9trica foi proposto em 1900 por Paul Drude para explicar as propriedades de transporte de el\u00E9trons em materiais (especialmente metais). Basicamente, a lei de Ohm estava bem estabelecida e afirmava que a corrente J e a tens\u00E3o V que impulsionam a corrente est\u00E3o relacionadas \u00E0 resist\u00EAncia R do material. O inverso da resist\u00EAncia \u00E9 conhecido como condut\u00E2ncia. Quando consideramos um metal de comprimento unit\u00E1rio e \u00E1rea de se\u00E7\u00E3o transversal, a condut\u00E2ncia \u00E9 conhecida como condutividade, que \u00E9 o inverso da resistividade. O modelo de Drude tenta explicar a resistividade de um condutor em termos do espalhamento de el\u00E9trons (os portadores de eletricidade) pelos \u00EDons relativamente im\u00F3veis no metal que agem como obstru\u00E7\u00F5es ao fluxo de el\u00E9trons. O modelo, que \u00E9 uma aplica\u00E7\u00E3o da teoria cin\u00E9tica, assume que o comportamento microsc\u00F3pico dos el\u00E9trons em um s\u00F3lido pode ser tratado classicamente e se comporta de maneira muito semelhante a uma m\u00E1quina de pinball, com um mar de el\u00E9trons em constante agita\u00E7\u00E3o, saltando e voltando a saltar mais pesados, \u00EDons positivos relativamente im\u00F3veis. Os dois resultados mais significativos do modelo Drude s\u00E3o uma equa\u00E7\u00E3o eletr\u00F4nica de movimento, e uma rela\u00E7\u00E3o linear entre a densidade de corrente J e o campo el\u00E9trico E, Aqui o tempo \u00E9 descrito por , \u00E9 o momento m\u00E9dio por el\u00E9tron e , , e s\u00E3o, respectivamente, a carga do el\u00E9tron, densidade num\u00E9rica, massa e tempo livre m\u00E9dio entre as colis\u00F5es i\u00F4nicas. A \u00FAltima express\u00E3o \u00E9 particularmente importante porque explica em termos semi quantitativos por que a lei de Ohm, uma das rela\u00E7\u00F5es mais onipresentes em todo o eletromagnetismo, deve ser v\u00E1lida. O modelo foi estendido em 1905 por Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (e, portanto, tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 conhecido como o modelo Drude-Lorentz) Para dar a rela\u00E7\u00E3o entre a condutividade t\u00E9rmica e a condutividade el\u00E9trica dos metais, e \u00E9 um modelo cl\u00E1ssico. Mais tarde, foi complementado com os resultados da teoria qu\u00E2ntica em 1933 por Arnold Sommerfeld e Hans Bethe, levando ao modelo Drude-Sommerfeld."@pt . . . . "Modello di Drude"@it . "Proof using the equation of motion"@en . . "\u7535\u4F20\u5BFC\u7684\u5FB7\u9C81\u5FB7\u6A21\u578B\u57281900\u5E74\u7531\u4FDD\u7F57\u00B7\u5FB7\u9C81\u5FB7\u63D0\u51FA\uFF0C\u4EE5\u89E3\u91CA\u7535\u5B50\u5728\u7269\u8D28\uFF08\u7279\u522B\u662F\u91D1\u5C5E\uFF09\u4E2D\u7684\u8F93\u8FD0\u6027\u8D28\u3002\u8FD9\u4E2A\u6A21\u578B\u662F\u5206\u5B50\u8FD0\u52A8\u8BBA\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u5E94\u7528\uFF0C\u5047\u8BBE\u4E86\u7535\u5B50\u5728\u56FA\u4F53\u4E2D\u7684\u5FAE\u89C2\u8868\u73B0\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u7ECF\u5178\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\u5904\u7406\uFF0C\u5F88\u50CF\u4E00\u4E2A\u5F48\u73E0\u53F0\uFF0C\u5176\u4E2D\u7535\u5B50\u4E0D\u65AD\u5728\u8F83\u91CD\u7684\u3001\u76F8\u5BF9\u56FA\u5B9A\u7684\u6B63\u79BB\u5B50\u4E4B\u95F4\u6765\u56DE\u53CD\u5F39\u3002 \u5FB7\u9C81\u5FB7\u6A21\u578B\u7684\u4E24\u4E2A\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u7ED3\u679C\u662F\u7535\u5B50\u7684\u8FD0\u52A8\u65B9\u7A0B\uFF1A \u4EE5\u53CA\u7535\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6\u4E0E\u7535\u573A\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u7EBF\u6027\u5173\u7CFB\uFF1A \u5728\u8FD9\u91CC\uFF0C\u4EE3\u8868\u65F6\u95F4\uFF0C\u3001\u3001\u3001\u548C\u5206\u522B\u4EE3\u8868\u7535\u5B50\u7684\u52A8\u91CF\u3001\u7535\u8377\u3001\u6570\u5BC6\u5EA6\u3001\u8D28\u91CF\u3001\u4EE5\u53CA\u4E0E\u79BB\u5B50\u78B0\u649E\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u5E73\u5747\u81EA\u7531\u65F6\u95F4\u3002\u540E\u4E00\u4E2A\u8868\u8FBE\u5F0F\u5C24\u5176\u91CD\u8981\uFF0C\u56E0\u4E3A\u5B83\u7528\u534A\u5B9A\u91CF\u7684\u672F\u8BED\u89E3\u91CA\u4E86\u4E3A\u4EC0\u4E48\u6B27\u59C6\u5B9A\u5F8B\uFF08\u7535\u78C1\u5B66\u4E2D\u6700\u666E\u904D\u5B58\u5728\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u5173\u7CFB\uFF09\u5E94\u8BE5\u662F\u6B63\u786E\u7684\u3002"@zh . "El modelo de Drude o modelo de Lorentz-Drude para la conducci\u00F3n el\u00E9ctrica fue desarrollado hacia el 1900 por Paul Drude para explicar las propiedades de transporte de electrones en materiales n los metales).\u200B\u200B El modelo de Drude proporciona una base de la mec\u00E1nica cl\u00E1sica para la conductividad de los metales, se basa en la aplicaci\u00F3n de la teor\u00EDa cin\u00E9tica a los electrones en un s\u00F3lido. Proporciona unos resultados razonables, aun cuando actualmente ha sido superado por el correspondiente modelo cu\u00E1ntico basado en la teor\u00EDa de bandas de conducci\u00F3n."@es . . "Die Drude-Theorie (auch Drude-Modell, nach Paul Drude, ver\u00F6ffentlicht um 1900) ist eine klassische Beschreibung des Ladungstransports durch ein externes elektrisches Feld in Metallen oder verallgemeinert durch freie Elektronen in Festk\u00F6rpern. Bei Betrachtung von elektrischen Wechselfeldern (damit auch Licht) wird auch die Bezeichnung Drude-Zener-Theorie bzw. -Modell (nach Clarence Melvin Zener) verwendet. Die Drude-Theorie wurde 1905 von Hendrik Antoon Lorentz erweitert und 1933 von Arnold Sommerfeld und Hans Bethe um die Ergebnisse der Quantenmechanik erg\u00E4nzt."@de . . "\u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435"@uk . "Modelo de Drude"@es . . . . . "Model Drudego (r\u00F3wnie\u017C model elektron\u00F3w swobodnych, model gazu elektron\u00F3w swobodnych) \u2013 model przewodnictwa elektrycznego cia\u0142 sta\u0142ych (g\u0142\u00F3wnie metali) zaproponowany przez Paula Drudego w 1900 r. Model stosuje do elektron\u00F3w klasyczn\u0105 kinetyczn\u0105 teori\u0119 gaz\u00F3w, zak\u0142adaj\u0105c, \u017Ce bez\u0142adny ruch elektron\u00F3w swobodnych w metalu odbywa si\u0119 podobnie jak ruch cz\u0105steczek w gazie i \u017Ce s\u0105 one rozpraszane na skutek zderze\u0144 z nieruchomymi jonami sieci krystalicznej. Niekiedy modelem elektron\u00F3w swobodnych bywa kr\u00F3tko nazywany model elektron\u00F3w prawie swobodnych."@pl . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445. \u042D\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u041F\u0430\u0443\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 3 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0442\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044B \u2014 \u0432 1900 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u041E\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E, \u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043E \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0441\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0425\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0430, \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043D\u044F \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430. \u041C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0432 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0443\u0432\u043B\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . "Die Drude-Theorie (auch Drude-Modell, nach Paul Drude, ver\u00F6ffentlicht um 1900) ist eine klassische Beschreibung des Ladungstransports durch ein externes elektrisches Feld in Metallen oder verallgemeinert durch freie Elektronen in Festk\u00F6rpern. Bei Betrachtung von elektrischen Wechselfeldern (damit auch Licht) wird auch die Bezeichnung Drude-Zener-Theorie bzw. -Modell (nach Clarence Melvin Zener) verwendet. Mit dem Drude-Modell konnte erstmals das ohmsche Gesetz erkl\u00E4rt werden, wenn auch der mit diesem Modell berechnete Widerstandswert etwa sechsmal gr\u00F6\u00DFer ist als der wahre (gemessene) Widerstandswert des jeweiligen Materials. Grund daf\u00FCr ist, dass tats\u00E4chlich aufgrund quantenstatistischer Vorg\u00E4nge mehr Elektronen zur Verf\u00FCgung stehen, da die Fermi-Energie erreicht wird. Die Drude-Theorie wurde 1905 von Hendrik Antoon Lorentz erweitert und 1933 von Arnold Sommerfeld und Hans Bethe um die Ergebnisse der Quantenmechanik erg\u00E4nzt."@de . "\uC751\uC9D1\uBB3C\uC9C8\uBB3C\uB9AC\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uB4DC\uB8E8\uB4DC \uBAA8\uD615(Drude model)\uC740 \uB3C4\uCCB4\uB97C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uB294 \uAC04\uB2E8\uD55C \uBAA8\uD615\uC774\uB2E4. \uB3C4\uCCB4 \uC548\uC758 \uC790\uC720 \uC804\uC790\uAC00 \uBB34\uD55C\uD788 \uB2E8\uB2E8\uD55C \uC591\uC774\uC628\uC5D0 \uBD80\uB52A\uCE58\uBA74\uC11C \uC6C0\uC9C1\uC774\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uAC00\uC815\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB4DC\uB8E8\uB4DC \uBAA8\uD615\uC740 \uC804\uC790\uC758 \uC6B4\uB3D9 \uBC29\uC815\uC2DD\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uB450 \uAC00\uC9C0 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uACB0\uACFC\uB97C \uB3C4\uCD9C\uD574 \uB0B8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC804\uB958 \uBC00\uB3C4 \uC640 \uC804\uAE30\uC7A5 \uC758 \uC120\uD615\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uC774\uC6A9\uD558\uC5EC, \uC5EC\uAE30\uC11C \uB294 \uC2DC\uAC04, , , , , \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uB294 \uAC01\uAC01 \uC804\uC790\uC758 \uC6B4\uB3D9\uB7C9, \uC804\uD558, \uBC00\uB3C4, \uC9C8\uB7C9 \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uC774\uC628\uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uC804\uC790\uAC00 \uCDA9\uB3CC\uD558\uB294\uB370 \uAC78\uB9AC\uB294 \uD3C9\uADE0\uC2DC\uAC04\uC774\uB2E4. \uB4A4\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uBC29\uC815\uC2DD\uC740 \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD788 \uB354 \uC911\uC694\uD55C\uB370, \uC774 \uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC634\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC774 \uC65C \uC131\uB9BD\uD558\uB294\uC9C0\uB97C \uC720\uB3C4\uD574 \uB0BC \uC218\uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . "Proof together with the Drude errors"@en . . . . . . . . . "The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). Basically, Ohm's law was well established and stated that the current J and voltage V driving the current are related to the resistance R of the material. The inverse of the resistance is known as the conductance. When we consider a metal of unit length and unit cross sectional area, the conductance is known as the conductivity, which is the inverse of resistivity. The Drude model attempts to explain the resistivity of a conductor in terms of the scattering of electrons (the carriers of electricity) by the relatively immobile ions in the metal that act like obstructions to the flow of electrons. The model, which is an application of kinetic theory, assumes that the microscopic behaviour of electrons in a solid may be treated classically and behaves much like a pinball machine, with a sea of constantly jittering electrons bouncing and re-bouncing off heavier, relatively immobile positive ions. The two most significant results of the Drude model are an electronic equation of motion, and a linear relationship between current density J and electric field E, Here t is the time, \u27E8p\u27E9 is the average momentum per electron and q, n, m, and \u03C4 are respectively the electron charge, number density, mass, and mean free time between ionic collisions. The latter expression is particularly important because it explains in semi-quantitative terms why Ohm's law, one of the most ubiquitous relationships in all of electromagnetism, should hold. The model was extended in 1905 by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (and hence is also known as the Drude\u2013Lorentz model) to give the relation between the thermal conductivity and the electric conductivity of metals (see Lorenz number), and is a classical model. Later it was supplemented with the results of quantum theory in 1933 by Arnold Sommerfeld and Hans Bethe, leading to the Drude\u2013Sommerfeld model."@en . . . . . . . . "Drude model"@en . . "El model de Drude o de Lorentz-Drude per conducci\u00F3 el\u00E8ctrica fou desenvolupat cap al 1900 per per tal d'explicar les propietats de transport d'electrons en materials (especialment en metalls). El model de Drude proporciona una base de la mec\u00E0nica cl\u00E0ssica per a la conductivitat dels metalls, es basa en l'aplicaci\u00F3 de la teoria cin\u00E8tica als electrons en un s\u00F2lid. Proporciona uns resultats raonables, encara que actualment ha estat superat pel corresponent model qu\u00E0ntic basat en la teoria de bandes de conducci\u00F3."@ca . "Le mod\u00E8le de Drude (du nom du physicien Paul Drude), parfois appel\u00E9 mod\u00E8le de l'\u00E9lectron amorti, est une adaptation effectu\u00E9e en 1900 de la th\u00E9orie cin\u00E9tique des gaz aux \u00E9lectrons des m\u00E9taux (d\u00E9couverts 3 ans plus t\u00F4t, en 1897 par J.J. Thomson). En consid\u00E9rant les \u00E9lectrons d'un m\u00E9tal comme des particules classiques ponctuelles confin\u00E9es \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur du volume d\u00E9fini par l'ensemble des atomes de l'\u00E9chantillon, on obtient un gaz qui est entra\u00EEn\u00E9 dans un mouvement d'ensemble (lequel se superpose aux mouvements individuels des particules) par des champs \u00E9lectriques et magn\u00E9tiques et frein\u00E9 dans ce mouvement par des collisions. Les collisions envisag\u00E9es par Drude sont les collisions sur les c\u0153urs d'atomes. Bien que se basant sur des hypoth\u00E8ses d\u00E9menties depuis (description purement classique "@fr . "\uB4DC\uB8E8\uB4DC \uBAA8\uD615"@ko . . . . . . . . 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"\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445. \u042D\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043C \u041F\u0430\u0443\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 3 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0442\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044B \u2014 \u0432 1900 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u041E\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E, \u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043E \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0441\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442 \u0425\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0430, \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443\u044E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043F\u043B\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044F\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043D\u044F \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430. \u041C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0432 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0443\u0432\u043B\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438."@ru . . "\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\uFF08\u82F1: Drude model\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u6A21\u578B\u306F\u30011900\u5E74\u306B\u30D1\u30A6\u30EB\u30FB\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u306B\u3088\u308A\u63D0\u5531\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3001\u96FB\u6C17\u4F1D\u5C0E\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306E\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3067\u3001\u7269\u8CEA\uFF08\u7279\u306B\u91D1\u5C5E\uFF09\u5185\u90E8\u306E\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u7279\u6027\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u306F\u6C17\u4F53\u5206\u5B50\u904B\u52D5\u8AD6\u3092\u5FDC\u7528\u3057\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u56FA\u4F53\u4E2D\u306E\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u5FAE\u8996\u7684\u6319\u52D5\u306F\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u306B\u6271\u3048\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3057\u3001\u91CD\u304F\u52D5\u304D\u3065\u3089\u3044\u967D\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u306E\u9593\u3092\u30D4\u30F3\u30DC\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u96FB\u5B50\u304C\u5E38\u306B\u884C\u304D\u6765\u3057\u306A\u304C\u3089\u6E80\u305F\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4EEE\u5B9A\u3092\u304A\u304F\u3002 \u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u304B\u3089\u5C0E\u304B\u308C\u308B\u6700\u3082\u91CD\u8981\u306A\u7D50\u8AD6\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u904B\u52D5\u65B9\u7A0B\u5F0F \u3068\u3001\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6 J \u3068\u96FB\u5834 E \u3068\u306E\u9593\u306E\u7DDA\u5F62\u306A\u95A2\u4FC2\u5F0F \u306E2\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067 t \u306F\u6642\u9593\u3001 p, q, n, m, \u03C4 \u306F\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u96FB\u5B50\u306E\u904B\u52D5\u91CF\u3001\u96FB\u8377\u3001\u6570\u5BC6\u5EA6\u3001\u8CEA\u91CF\u3001\u967D\u30A4\u30AA\u30F3\u3068\u306E\u885D\u7A81\u306E\u9593\u306E\u5E73\u5747\u81EA\u7531\u6642\u9593\u3092\u793A\u3059\u3002\u5F8C\u8005\u306E\u5F0F\u306F\u3001\u96FB\u78C1\u6C17\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u666E\u904D\u7684\u306A\u95A2\u4FC2\u5F0F\u306E1\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u30AA\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u6CD5\u5247\u304C\u3001\u4F55\u6545\u6210\u7ACB\u3059\u308B\u306E\u304B\u3092\u534A\u5B9A\u91CF\u7684\u306B\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u70B9\u3067\u7279\u306B\u91CD\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u3053\u306E\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u306F1905\u5E74\u306B\u30ED\u30FC\u30EC\u30F3\u30C4\u306B\u3088\u308A\u62E1\u5F35\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3001\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u306A\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5F8C\u306E1933\u5E74\u306B\u3001\u30BE\u30F3\u30DE\u30FC\u30D5\u30A7\u30EB\u30C8\u3068\u30D9\u30FC\u30C6\u306B\u3088\u308A\u91CF\u5B50\u8AD6\u306E\u7D50\u679C\u304C\u53D6\u308A\u8FBC\u307E\u308C\u3001\u30C9\u30EB\u30FC\u30C7\u30FB\u30BE\u30F3\u30DE\u30FC\u30D5\u30A7\u30EB\u30C8\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . "\u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0456\u043B: \u043C\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0456\u0432\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432. \u0417\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u043E\u044F\u0441\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u043E\u043F\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E. \u041C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0443 1884 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 ."@uk . . . . . . . . . . "Model de Drude"@ca . "The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). Basically, Ohm's law was well established and stated that the current J and voltage V driving the current are related to the resistance R of the material. The inverse of the resistance is known as the conductance. When we consider a metal of unit length and unit cross sectional area, the conductance is known as the conductivity, which is the inverse of resistivity. The Drude model attempts to explain the resistivity of a conductor in terms of the scattering of electrons (the carriers of electricity) by the relatively immobile ions in the metal that act like obstructions to the flow of electrons."@en . . "Proof using Maxwell's equations"@en . . "Given the approximations for the included above\n* we assumed no electromagnetic field: this is always smaller by a factor v/c given the additional Lorentz term in the equation of motion\n* we assumed spatially uniform field: this is true if the field does not oscillate considerably across a few mean free paths of electrons. This is typically not the case: the mean free path is of the order of Angstroms corresponding to wavelengths typical of X rays.\nGiven the Maxwell equations without sources \n: \n: \nthen\n: \nor\n: \nwhich is an electromagnetic wave equation for a continuous homogeneous medium with dielectric constant in the helmoltz form \n: \nwhere the refractive index is and the phase velocity is \ntherefore the complex dielectric constant is \n: \nwhich in the case can be approximated to:\n:"@en .