. . . . . . . . . . . . . "1085682571"^^ . . . . . "Early life of Habib Bourguiba"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Jeunesse et d\u00E9buts de Habib Bourguiba"@fr . . . . "63728"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Habib Bourguiba, n\u00E9 officiellement le 3 ao\u00FBt 1903 \u00E0 Monastir, est le huiti\u00E8me et dernier enfant de Ali Bourguiba (1850-1925) et de Fattouma Khefacha (1861-1913). Issu d'une famille modeste, sa naissance marque la honte de sa m\u00E8re et l'inqui\u00E9tude de son p\u00E8re, les deux \u00E9tant d'un \u00E2ge avanc\u00E9. Le jeune Habib, qui \u00E9volue dans un environnement f\u00E9minin, est marqu\u00E9 d\u00E8s son jeune \u00E2ge par les in\u00E9galit\u00E9s des sexes. Malgr\u00E9 sa situation financi\u00E8re, Ali Bourguiba d\u00E9cide d'investir son argent dans l'instruction de son fils pour lui \u00E9viter son sort d'\u00EAtre enr\u00F4l\u00E9 dans l'arm\u00E9e. Dans ce cadre, il l'envoie \u00E0 Tunis en 1907, chez son fr\u00E8re M'hamed pour l'inscrire au Coll\u00E8ge Sadiki. S\u00E9par\u00E9 de sa m\u00E8re \u00E0 l'\u00E2ge de 5 ans, il vit dans de modestes conditions \u00E0 la capitale o\u00F9 il est marqu\u00E9 par l'affaire du Djellaz de 1911. En 1913, au grand soulagement de son p\u00E8re, il d\u00E9croche son certificat d'\u00E9tudes primaires qui le dispense du service militaire et lui permet de poursuivre ses \u00E9tudes secondaires au coll\u00E8ge Sadiki. Cependant, il perd sa m\u00E8re, \u00E0 l'\u00E2ge de 10 ans, la m\u00EAme ann\u00E9e, ce qui le marquera toute sa vie. Lorsqu'il commence son cursus secondaire, la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale \u00E9clate. S'il est studieux, son \u00E9tat de sant\u00E9 se d\u00E9t\u00E9riore rapidement, pendant son ann\u00E9e de terminale, par les conditions fournies par le coll\u00E8ge qui applique des restrictions budg\u00E9taires dans le cadre d'effort de guerre. S'ensuit alors un s\u00E9jour chez son fr\u00E8re Mohamed au Kef, pour retrouver ses forces. Marqu\u00E9 par les in\u00E9galit\u00E9s du protectorat, il d\u00E9cide alors d'\u00E9tudier le droit pour combattre la France. Il obtient le soutien de son fr\u00E8re Mahmoud qui l'inscrit au Lyc\u00E9e Carnot de Tunis. Deux \u00E9v\u00E9nements auxquels il participe marquent sa jeunesse : L'accueil r\u00E9serv\u00E9 au cheikh Abdelaziz Th\u00E2albi et la manifestation du 5 avril 1922, qui ne font qu'accro\u00EEtre ses aspirations nationalistes. En 1924, il d\u00E9croche son baccalaur\u00E9at en tant que majeur de promotion et s'envole pour Paris afin de poursuivre ses \u00E9tudes sup\u00E9rieures. \u00C0 la capitale fran\u00E7aise, il s'inscrit \u00E0 la facult\u00E9 de Droit de la Sorbonne et voue son temps \u00E0 d\u00E9couvrir la civilisation colonisatrice pour \u00AB s'armer intellectuellement \u00BB contre elle. La-bas, il rencontre Mathilde Lefras, une veuve de quatorze ans plus \u00E2g\u00E9e que lui, avec laquelle il a une relation. En 1927, alors qu'il d\u00E9croche une licence en Droit, Mathilde donne naissance \u00E0 leur fils, Habib Jean Bourguiba. De retour \u00E0 Tunis, il l'\u00E9pouse et recherche du travail en tant qu'avocat, pour fournir les besoins n\u00E9cessaires \u00E0 sa famille. Il s'engage rapidement dans un parcours journalistique en vue de d\u00E9fendre la personnalit\u00E9 tunisienne."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Habib Bourguiba, n\u00E9 officiellement le 3 ao\u00FBt 1903 \u00E0 Monastir, est le huiti\u00E8me et dernier enfant de Ali Bourguiba (1850-1925) et de Fattouma Khefacha (1861-1913). Issu d'une famille modeste, sa naissance marque la honte de sa m\u00E8re et l'inqui\u00E9tude de son p\u00E8re, les deux \u00E9tant d'un \u00E2ge avanc\u00E9. Le jeune Habib, qui \u00E9volue dans un environnement f\u00E9minin, est marqu\u00E9 d\u00E8s son jeune \u00E2ge par les in\u00E9galit\u00E9s des sexes. Malgr\u00E9 sa situation financi\u00E8re, Ali Bourguiba d\u00E9cide d'investir son argent dans l'instruction de son fils pour lui \u00E9viter son sort d'\u00EAtre enr\u00F4l\u00E9 dans l'arm\u00E9e. Dans ce cadre, il l'envoie \u00E0 Tunis en 1907, chez son fr\u00E8re M'hamed pour l'inscrire au Coll\u00E8ge Sadiki. S\u00E9par\u00E9 de sa m\u00E8re \u00E0 l'\u00E2ge de 5 ans, il vit dans de modestes conditions \u00E0 la capitale o\u00F9 il est marqu\u00E9 par l'affaire du Djellaz de 1"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "Habib Bourguiba was officially born on August 3, 1903, in Monastir to Ali Bourguiba (1850\u20131925) and Fattouma Khefacha (1861\u20131913). Being their eighth and last child, his birth was a shame to his mother and a worry to his father, who conceived him in an advanced age. Born into a modest family, the young Habib was raised in a female environment and was marked by gender inequality. Despite his financial conditions, Ali Bourguiba decided to invest his money in the education of his son and therefore, avoid him his fate of being enrolled in the army. Likewise, he sent his son to Tunis, circa 1907, to live with his brother M'hamed, in order to study in elementary school of Sadiki. Separated from his mother at 5, he lived in modest conditions in the capital city, and the Jellaz Affair made a deep "@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Habib Bourguiba was officially born on August 3, 1903, in Monastir to Ali Bourguiba (1850\u20131925) and Fattouma Khefacha (1861\u20131913). Being their eighth and last child, his birth was a shame to his mother and a worry to his father, who conceived him in an advanced age. Born into a modest family, the young Habib was raised in a female environment and was marked by gender inequality. Despite his financial conditions, Ali Bourguiba decided to invest his money in the education of his son and therefore, avoid him his fate of being enrolled in the army. Likewise, he sent his son to Tunis, circa 1907, to live with his brother M'hamed, in order to study in elementary school of Sadiki. Separated from his mother at 5, he lived in modest conditions in the capital city, and the Jellaz Affair made a deep impression on him. In 1913, he obtained his Certificat d'\u00E9tudes primaires to the relief of his father, exempting him from military service and permitted him to pursue his secondary education in Sadiki. However, in the same year, he lost his mother at the age of 10, which marked his entire life. While Bourguiba began his secondary education, World War I started. If his was studious, he soon had health issues in his final year of studies because of the budget restrictions imposed by the school to support war effort. In order to heal, he was sent to his brother Muhammed, who lived in Kef. Influenced by colonial inequalities, he decided to pursue with law studies and therefore, fight against the French protectorate. Supported by his brother Mahmoud, who enrolled him in the French Lyc\u00E9e Carnot. Two events in which he was part during his youth made a strong impression on him: The return of Abdelaziz Th\u00E2albi from exile and the protests of April 5, 1922, which increased his nationalist aspirations. In 1924, he got his baccalaureate, as valedictorian and flew to Paris in order to pursue his Higher education. In the French capital city, he enrolled in the Law school of Sorbonne and spent his time discovering the colonial civilization to \"arm himself intellectually\" against it. There, he met Mathilde Lefras, a fourteen-year older widow, with whom he had a relationship. In 1927, when he obtained a law licence, Mathilde gave birth to their son, Habib Jean Bourguiba. When he returned to Tunisia, Bourguiba married Moufida and searched for a job as a lawyer, to provide the needs of family. He quickly started a journalistic career in order to defend the Tunisian personality."@en . . "51169398"^^ . . . . . .