. . . "Question d'Orient"@fr . . . . . . "\u0421\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043F\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u043B\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 19 \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0443 20 \u0441\u0442., \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044E, \u0456 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044C\u0431\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u2014 \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0423\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0438 (\u0434\u043E 1867 \u0440. \u2014 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457), \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457, \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 (\u0434\u043E 1871 \u2014 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0456\u0457), \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0437\u0430 \u0457\u0457 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u2014 \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . "Dalam , \"Permasalahan Timur\" adalah kompetisi negara-negara besar Eropa yang dipicu oleh kemerosotan dan ketidakstabilan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dari akhir abad ke-18 hingga awal abad ke-20. Utsmaniyah dijuluki \"pesakitan Eropa\" dan kemunduran negara ini mengancam keseimbangan kekuasaan di Eropa. Beberapa macam isu yang muncul adalah apa yang akan terjadi setelah kekalahan Utsmaniyah dalam perang atau setelah institusinya bubar, apa yang akan terjadi setelah Utsmaniyah menjalankan program modernisasi ekonomi dan politik, bagaimana perkembangan nasionalisme etnis-religius di provinsi-provinsinya, dan bagaimana Utsmaniyah dapat bertahan di tengah persaingan negara-negara besar."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ekialdeko auzia XIX.mendean erabili izan zen termino politiko bat da. Batez ere 1821en, Greziako Independentzia Gerra hasi zenean hasi zen esamolde hau erabiltzen. Otomandar Inperioa zatitu zenean, Balkanetan zenbait arazo nazional eta diplomatiko utzi zituen herentzia gisa. Mendebaldeko potentziak Errusiaren zabalkundearen aurka zeuden; Errusiak, bere aldetik, arrazoi erlijioso eta etnikoengatik eslaviar herrien (Serbia...) independentziaren alde egiten zuen. Horrek guztiak nazioarteko gerra sortu zuen 1854an, Krimeako gerra."@eu . . . . . . "1123830396"^^ . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0651\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Eastern Question) (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629: Question de l'orient): \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u064A\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064A\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0631\u062C\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0636 \u0643\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0643\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0641\u0633\u062E\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u0637\u0631\u062D \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629.\u0628\u062F\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u064A\u0637\u0631\u062D \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0647\u0632\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 1768-1774 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0646\u062A\u062C \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0632\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u062E\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0645 \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064A\u062D\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062F\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062E\u0633\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062D\u0627\u064B \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649."@ar . . . . . . . . "La question d\u2019Orient est l'expression employ\u00E9e pour qualifier l\u2019implication au XIXe si\u00E8cle en M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e orientale et dans les Balkans des diverses puissances europ\u00E9ennes (principalement la France, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, ainsi que, dans une moindre mesure l\u2019Empire d'Autriche, l\u2019Italie et l'Empire allemand) , profitant du d\u00E9clin de l\u2019Empire ottoman. De ce fait, il s'agit en r\u00E9alit\u00E9 de la \u00ABquestion d'Occident\u00BB, selon l'expression de l'historien britannique Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975). La \u00AB question d\u2019Orient \u00BB commence \u00E0 \u00EAtre \u00E9voqu\u00E9e par cette expression seulement vers 1774, avec la signature du trait\u00E9 de Kutchuk-Ka\u00EFnardji qui donne d\u2019importants privil\u00E8ges politiques et commerciaux \u00E0 la Russie (et \u00E0 ses prot\u00E9g\u00E9s, comme les marchands grecs d\u2019Hydra). Mais elle avait commenc\u00E9 d\u00E8s le trait\u00E9 de Karlowitz (1699, avec le grand recul turc en Europe centrale) et ne s\u2019ach\u00E8vera qu\u2019en 1918, par la d\u00E9faite de la \u00AB Sublime Porte \u00BB, qui dispara\u00EEt du paysage g\u00E9opolitique en 1923, avec la signature du trait\u00E9 de Lausanne et le remplacement de l\u2019Empire par la r\u00E9publique turque. Le trait essentiel de cette p\u00E9riode est le recul progressif de l'Empire ottoman dans un climat de rivalit\u00E9 entre les grandes puissances europ\u00E9ennes. L'\u00E9conomie de l'Empire ottoman, caract\u00E9ris\u00E9e par un retard de d\u00E9veloppement et un endettement chronique, contribue \u00E0 aiguiser les inqui\u00E9tudes et les convoitises des puissances occidentales. Plus sp\u00E9cifiquement en France, la \u00AB question d\u2019Orient \u00BB fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 la politique d'intervention men\u00E9e par les gouvernements successifs au XIXe si\u00E8cle : intervention en Gr\u00E8ce (1828), exp\u00E9dition d'Alger (1830), guerre de Crim\u00E9e (1853-1856), exp\u00E9dition fran\u00E7aise en Syrie (1860-1861), etc."@fr . . . . . . . . . "Cuesti\u00F3n Oriental"@es . . . . "Q\u00FCesti\u00F3 d'Orient"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C"@zh . . "La questione d'oriente \u00E8 l'insieme dei problemi connessi alla crisi dell'Impero Ottomano e alle mire espansionistiche nutrite sui suoi territori da Austria, Russia, Inghilterra e Francia, con particolare riguardo al controllo degli , che condusse alla caduta dell'Impero Ottomano."@it . . . "1056100"^^ . . . . 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"\u6771\u65B9\u554F\u984C\uFF08\u3068\u3046\u307B\u3046\u3082\u3093\u3060\u3044\u3001\u82F1: Eastern Question\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u304A\u3088\u3073\u305D\u306E\u652F\u914D\u5730\u57DF\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308B\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u8AF8\u56FD\u306E\u5916\u4EA4\u554F\u984C\u3002\u5E83\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u6210\u7ACB\u4EE5\u6765\u306E\u3001\u30AD\u30EA\u30B9\u30C8\u6559\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u4E16\u754C\u3078\u306E\u5727\u8FEB\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u8AF8\u56FD\u9593\u306E\u5916\u4EA4\u554F\u984C\u3002\u72ED\u7FA9\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u306F18\u4E16\u7D00\u4EE5\u964D\u306E\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u89E3\u4F53\u904E\u7A0B\u306B\u4F34\u3063\u3066\u751F\u3058\u300119\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u9855\u8457\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u9818\u5185\u3067\u306E\u7D1B\u4E89\u306B\u95A2\u9023\u3059\u308B\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u8AF8\u56FD\u9593\u306E\u56FD\u969B\u554F\u984C\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3057\u3001\u4ECA\u65E5\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u306F\u3053\u306E\u7528\u6CD5\u3067\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . 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"\u6771\u65B9\u554F\u984C\uFF08\u3068\u3046\u307B\u3046\u3082\u3093\u3060\u3044\u3001\u82F1: Eastern Question\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u304A\u3088\u3073\u305D\u306E\u652F\u914D\u5730\u57DF\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308B\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u8AF8\u56FD\u306E\u5916\u4EA4\u554F\u984C\u3002\u5E83\u7FA9\u306B\u306F\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u6210\u7ACB\u4EE5\u6765\u306E\u3001\u30AD\u30EA\u30B9\u30C8\u6559\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u4E16\u754C\u3078\u306E\u5727\u8FEB\u306B\u95A2\u308F\u308B\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u8AF8\u56FD\u9593\u306E\u5916\u4EA4\u554F\u984C\u3002\u72ED\u7FA9\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u306F18\u4E16\u7D00\u4EE5\u964D\u306E\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u89E3\u4F53\u904E\u7A0B\u306B\u4F34\u3063\u3066\u751F\u3058\u300119\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u9855\u8457\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u9818\u5185\u3067\u306E\u7D1B\u4E89\u306B\u95A2\u9023\u3059\u308B\u30E8\u30FC\u30ED\u30C3\u30D1\u8AF8\u56FD\u9593\u306E\u56FD\u969B\u554F\u984C\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3057\u3001\u4ECA\u65E5\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u306F\u3053\u306E\u7528\u6CD5\u3067\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "Ekialdeko auzia XIX.mendean erabili izan zen termino politiko bat da. Batez ere 1821en, Greziako Independentzia Gerra hasi zenean hasi zen esamolde hau erabiltzen. Otomandar Inperioa zatitu zenean, Balkanetan zenbait arazo nazional eta diplomatiko utzi zituen herentzia gisa. Mendebaldeko potentziak Errusiaren zabalkundearen aurka zeuden; Errusiak, bere aldetik, arrazoi erlijioso eta etnikoengatik eslaviar herrien (Serbia...) independentziaren alde egiten zuen. Horrek guztiak nazioarteko gerra sortu zuen 1854an, Krimeako gerra. Ekialdeko Auzia XIX. mendeko nazioarteko politikaren arazo garrantzitsuenetako bat izan zen, Afrikako edo Asiako lurraldeak lortzeko menderatze inperialistak eragindako borrokekin batera. Londresko Itunek (1913-5-39) eta Bukaresteko Itunek (1913-8-10) Balkanen zatiketa politikoa eta lurraldeen zatiketa eragin zuen. Zatiketa horren ondorioz, balkanizazio terminoa sortu zen, eta Chris Cookek termino horren definizio hau eman zuen: \u226Aeskualde geopolitiko bat hainbat aurkako estatutan zatitzea. Sarritan, estatu horietako batzuk atzerriko potentzien bezero dira. Esaterako, Balkanetan Lehen Mundu Gerra baino lehen gertatu zena...\u226B Ordutik, antzeko fenomenoak izan diren munduko beste eremutan aplikatzen da termino hori. Lehen Mundu Gerraren ondoren sinatutako akordioek eta itunek Balkanetako egoera konpondu zuten behin-behinean eta ondorioz, 1919an \"Ekialdeko auzia\" esamoldea erabiltzeari utzi zitzaion. Gerra amaitu zenean eta Otomandar Inperioa galtzaile atera zenean, gaur egungo Jugoslavia eta Turkia berria sortu zen eta beste arazo diplomatiko ezberdin batzuk sortu ziren."@eu . 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"A Quest\u00E3o Oriental (ou Quest\u00E3o do Oriente) pode ser definida como o conjunto de problemas pol\u00EDticos e diplom\u00E1ticos causados pela decad\u00EAncia do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano e dos interesses das grandes pot\u00EAncias em algumas de suas regi\u00F5es. A express\u00E3o n\u00E3o se aplica a qualquer problema particular, mas inclui uma variedade de quest\u00F5es levantadas durante os s\u00E9culos XVIII, XIX e XX, incluindo a instabilidade no territ\u00F3rio europeu governado pelo imp\u00E9rio dos sult\u00F5es. A Quest\u00E3o gerou incertezas sobre o futuro do decadente Imp\u00E9rio Otomano (o \"velho doente da Europa\") e os problemas internacionais gerados por sua desintegra\u00E7\u00E3o, como as disputas entre as grandes pot\u00EAncias europeias pelos territ\u00F3rios turcos no Oriente M\u00E9dio, no Norte da \u00C1frica, nos B\u00E1lc\u00E3s e no C\u00E1ucaso. A Quest\u00E3o \u00E9 normalmente datada em 1774, quando a Guerra Russo-Turca de 1768-1774 terminou em derrota para os otomanos. A partir do momento em que a dissolu\u00E7\u00E3o do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano passou a ser considerada iminente, as pot\u00EAncias europeias passaram a se envolver em uma luta para salvaguardar o seu poder militar, estrat\u00E9gico e interesses comerciais nos dom\u00EDnios otomanos. A R\u00FAssia Imperial tentava beneficiar da queda otomana expandindo-se pelos B\u00E1lc\u00E3s e pelo C\u00E1ucaso e procurando ter acesso \u00E0s \"\u00E1guas quentes\" do Mediterr\u00E2neo; por outro lado, a \u00C1ustria e o Reino Unido consideravam que a preserva\u00E7\u00E3o do Imp\u00E9rio era do seu interesse, para impedir a expans\u00E3o russa e, no caso da \u00C1ustria, para impedir a subleva\u00E7\u00E3o dos eslavos do sul que viviam sob o seu dom\u00EDnio, enquanto a posi\u00E7\u00E3o da Fran\u00E7a mudou v\u00E1rias vezes ao longo dos s\u00E9culos. Por fim, a Alemanha tinha como objetivo controlar economicamente o Imp\u00E9rio Otomano e se expandir para a \u00C1sia Ocidental, no \u00E2mbito da pol\u00EDtica Drang nach Osten. A Quest\u00E3o do Oriente foi encerrada logo ap\u00F3s a Primeira Guerra Mundial, que resultou no colapso do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano."@pt . "De Grote Oosterse Kwestie, ook kortweg oosterse kwestie of oosters vraagstuk genoemd, was eerst het vraagstuk hoe nationalistische bewegingen van verschillende christelijke volkeren in het Ottomaanse rijk en de imperialistische ambities van grote Europese mogendheden bevredigd konden worden zonder het Ottomaanse rijk geheel te vernietigen en later, toen het Ottomaanse rijk toch niet meer te redden viel en spoedig de geest zou begeven, hoe het Ottomaanse rijk zo opgedeeld kon worden, zonder dat het machtsevenwicht tussen verschillende Europese mogendheden verstoord zou raken, want dit zou het risico vormen van het ontstaan een allesomvattende oorlog tussen de Europese mogendheden. De kwestie vormde vooral een twistappel tussen Groot-Brittanni\u00EB en Rusland, maar ook Frankrijk, Duitsland, Oostenrijk-Hongarije en de Balkanstaten raakten erbij betrokken. Ook voor de zionisten was de kwestie van groot belang."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F"@uk . . . . . . "Orientalische Frage"@de . . "La Cuesti\u00F3n Oriental era el t\u00E9rmino con el que se empez\u00F3 a considerar, a principios y mediados del siglo XIX, la problem\u00E1tica de los diversos conflictos internacionales concernientes al Imperio otomano y, espec\u00EDficamente, a la Guerra de la Independencia griega iniciada en 1821. Comenz\u00F3 a emplearse para hacer referencia a los problemas diplom\u00E1ticos resultantes del declive de la autoridad otomana en Europa, entre los que se encontraban el reparto de los territorios del Imperio en los Balcanes, el control de los estrechos del B\u00F3sforo y los Dardanelos y la posesi\u00F3n de Constantinopla (o Estambul). La Cuesti\u00F3n Oriental dej\u00F3 de tener tanta relevancia internacional al finalizar la Primera Guerra Mundial. Los otomanos, que lucharon del lado de las Potencias Centrales, fueron derrotados y, en virtud del Tratado de S\u00E8vres, de 1920, perdieron sus derechos sobre las provincias \u00E1rabes y la Tracia oriental y en un principio las potencias occidentales le exigieron abandonar regiones de Anatolia, sin embargo, la revoluci\u00F3n nacional turca que se origin\u00F3 ante estas condiciones condujo a la sustituci\u00F3n del Tratado de S\u00E8vres por el Tratado de Lausana (1923), en virtud del cual los turcos recuperaron Tracia oriental y el control total de Anatolia y de los estrechos, supeditado a una convenci\u00F3n internacional."@es . "A Quest\u00E3o Oriental (ou Quest\u00E3o do Oriente) pode ser definida como o conjunto de problemas pol\u00EDticos e diplom\u00E1ticos causados pela decad\u00EAncia do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano e dos interesses das grandes pot\u00EAncias em algumas de suas regi\u00F5es. A express\u00E3o n\u00E3o se aplica a qualquer problema particular, mas inclui uma variedade de quest\u00F5es levantadas durante os s\u00E9culos XVIII, XIX e XX, incluindo a instabilidade no territ\u00F3rio europeu governado pelo imp\u00E9rio dos sult\u00F5es. A Quest\u00E3o gerou incertezas sobre o futuro do decadente Imp\u00E9rio Otomano (o \"velho doente da Europa\") e os problemas internacionais gerados por sua desintegra\u00E7\u00E3o, como as disputas entre as grandes pot\u00EAncias europeias pelos territ\u00F3rios turcos no Oriente M\u00E9dio, no Norte da \u00C1frica, nos B\u00E1lc\u00E3s e no C\u00E1ucaso."@pt . . "Orientalische Frage ist ein Begriff der europ\u00E4ischen Diplomatiegeschichte, der die aus dem Zerfall des Osmanischen Reiches entstandenen Problemstellungen bezeichnete. Diese beruhten auf dessen milit\u00E4rischem Niedergang, den Rivalit\u00E4ten unter den europ\u00E4ischen Staaten, die daraus ihren Nutzen zu ziehen versuchten, und den aufkommenden Nationalbewegungen."@de . . . . . 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"\u0421\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u2014 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043F\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u043B\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0456\u0436\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 19 \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0443 20 \u0441\u0442., \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0456 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044E, \u0456 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u044C\u0431\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u2014 \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0423\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0438 (\u0434\u043E 1867 \u0440. \u2014 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457), \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457, \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 (\u0434\u043E 1871 \u2014 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0456\u0457), \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0437\u0430 \u0457\u0457 \u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u2014 \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u0421\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456 \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437\u0443 (1822) \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043E\u0431\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0443 \u0437\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043A\u0443 \u0437 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C (1821\u20141829 \u0440\u0440.) \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "19\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uC11C\uC790 \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uC1E0\uD1F4\uB294 \uC810\uC810 \uB69C\uB837\uD574\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC601\uB0B4(\u9818\u5167)\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uC774\uC9D1\uD2B8\uAC00 \uC790\uB9BD\uD558\uACE0, \uBC1C\uCE78 \uC5EC\uB7EC(\u8AF8)\uBBFC\uC871\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC6B4\uB3D9\uC774 \uACE0\uC870\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uB098 \uC720\uB7FD \uC5F4\uAC15(\u5217\u5F37)\uC740 \uC774\uB7F0 \uBB38\uC81C\uB97C \uACC4\uAE30\uB85C \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uAC04\uC12D\uD558\uC5EC \uAD6D\uC81C \uB300\uB9BD\uC744 \uACA9\uD654\uC2DC\uD0B4\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC18C\uC704 \uB3D9\uBC29\uBB38\uC81C(\u6771\u65B9\u554F\u984C)\uB97C \uC57C\uAE30\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC6B0\uC120 1798\uB144\uC5D0 \uB098\uD3F4\uB808\uC639\uC774 \uC601\uAD6D \uBCF8\uAD6D\uACFC \uC778\uB3C4\uC640\uC758 \uC5F0\uB77D\uC744 \uB2E8\uC808\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uD589\uD55C \uC774\uC9D1\uD2B8 \uC6D0\uC815\uC740 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uD601\uBA85\uC5D0 \uC9D1\uC911\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB358 \uC5F4\uAC15\uC758 \uAD00\uC2EC\uC744 \uC7AC\uCC28 \uB3D9\uBC29\uC73C\uB85C \uD5A5\uD558\uAC8C \uD558\uACE0, \uB610\uD55C \uD22C\uB974\uD06C(\uD130\uD0A4) \uC601\uB0B4\uC758 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uBBFC\uC871\uC5D0 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4 \uD601\uBA85\uC758 \uC790\uC720\uC0AC\uC0C1\uC744 \uCD08\uB798\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uBBFC\uC871\uC801 \uC790\uAC01\uC744 \uCD09\uAD6C\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1804\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uC138\uB974\uBE44\uC544\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC744 \uD5A5\uD55C \uBC18\uB780\uC774 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098\uACE0, \uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544\uB3C4 \uD574\uBC29\uC6B4\uB3D9\uC774 \uAC1C\uC2DC\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uC9D1\uD2B8\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 1805\uB144 \uBB34\uD568\uB9C8\uB4DC \uC54C\uB9AC\uAC00 \uD0DC\uC218(\u592A\u5B88)\uB85C \uCDE8\uC784\uD558\uC790 \uADFC\uB300\uD654 \uAC1C\uD601\uC5D0 \uCC29\uC218\uD558\uC5EC \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D\uC73C\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC790\uB9BD\uC744 \uB69C\uB837\uC774 \uD588\uB2E4. 1806\uB144\uBD80\uD130 \uD22C\uB974\uD06C\uB294 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC640\uC758 \uC804\uC7C1\uC5D0 \uB3CC\uC785\uD558\uC5EC 1812\uB144\uC758 \uBD80\uCFE0\uB808\uC288\uD2F0 \uC870\uC57D\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uBCA0\uC0AC\uB77C\uBE44\uC544 \uC9C0\uBC29\uC744 \uC0C1\uC2E4\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC5F4\uAC15\uC758 \uAC04\uC12D\uC740 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC804\uC7C1(1821~1829) \uC774\uB798 \uB178\uACE8\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC804\uC7C1\uC5D0\uC11C \uC601\uAD6D\u00B7\uD504\uB791\uC2A4\u00B7\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uB294 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4\uB97C \uB3C4\uC640 \uD22C\uB974\uD06C\uC640 \uC2F8\uC6CC 1829\uB144\uC758 \uC544\uB4DC\uB9AC\uC544\uB178\uD50C \uC870\uC57D\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC744 \uC2B9\uC778\uCF00 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774\uC5B4 1831~1833\uB144\uC5D0 \uC774\uC9D1\uD2B8\uC758 \uBB34\uD568\uB9C8\uB4DC\uC640 \uC624\uC2A4\uB9CC \uC81C\uAD6D \uAC04\uC5D0 \uBD84\uC7C1\uC774 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uC790 \uC601\uAD6D\uACFC \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uB294 \uC774\uC9D1\uD2B8\uB97C \uC9C0\uC9C0\uD558\uACE0, \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uB294 \uACE0\uB9BD\uB41C \uD22C\uB974\uD06C(\uD130\uD0A4)\uB97C \uD6C4\uC6D0\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC774\uB54C\uC5D0 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uB294 \uD22C\uB974\uD06C\uC640 \uB2E4\uB974\uB2E4\uB12C\uC2A4 \uD574\uD611 \uD1B5\uACFC\uC758 \uB3C5\uC810\uC801 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uB97C \uC778\uC815\uBC1B\uB294 \uC6B4\uD0A4\uC544\uB974-\uC2A4\uCF08\uB808\uC2DC \uC870\uC57D\uC744 \uB9FA\uC5B4 \uC601\uAD6D\u00B7\uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uBD88\uB9CC\uC744 \uC0C0\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uD6C4 1839\uB144 \uD22C\uB974\uD06C\u00B7\uC774\uC9D1\uD2B8\uAC04\uC758 \uC2F8\uC6C0\uC774 \uC7AC\uAC1C\uB418\uC790 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4"@ko . . "La question d\u2019Orient est l'expression employ\u00E9e pour qualifier l\u2019implication au XIXe si\u00E8cle en M\u00E9diterran\u00E9e orientale et dans les Balkans des diverses puissances europ\u00E9ennes (principalement la France, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, ainsi que, dans une moindre mesure l\u2019Empire d'Autriche, l\u2019Italie et l'Empire allemand) , profitant du d\u00E9clin de l\u2019Empire ottoman. De ce fait, il s'agit en r\u00E9alit\u00E9 de la \u00ABquestion d'Occident\u00BB, selon l'expression de l'historien britannique Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975)."@fr . . . . . "\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441"@ru . . . "Ekialdeko auzia"@eu . . . . . . "La questione d'oriente \u00E8 l'insieme dei problemi connessi alla crisi dell'Impero Ottomano e alle mire espansionistiche nutrite sui suoi territori da Austria, Russia, Inghilterra e Francia, con particolare riguardo al controllo degli , che condusse alla caduta dell'Impero Ottomano. Gi\u00E0 iniziata nel corso del XVIII secolo, in conseguenza dell'espansione asburgica nei Balcani, russa verso il Mar Nero e franco-inglese nel Mediterraneo, la questione d'Oriente diede origine a gravi conflitti militari nel XIX e XX secolo, in concomitanza con l'indipendentismo slavo e greco. Il suo inizio \u00E8 segnato dal famoso Progetto greco. Alla politica inglese, tendente a garantire la sopravvivenza dell'Impero ottomano dopo l'indipendenza greca (1830), si contrapposero dapprima quella della Francia alleata all'Egitto (1833, 1840) e poi quella russa e austriaca, pur tra loro contrastanti nella pretesa di assicurarsi l'egemonia sui nascenti Stati balcanici o di ottenere diretti vantaggi territoriali. La guerra di Crimea contro la Russia (1853-'55) e poi la guerra russo-turca (1877-1878) videro incrociarsi questi diversi disegni, mentre i possedimenti turchi nei Balcani si sgretolavano progressivamente, dando luogo alla nascita della Serbia (1878), della Romania (1878), del Montenegro (1878), della Bulgaria (1878) e dell'Albania (1912) ed all\u2019annessione (come Protettorato) della Bosnia-Erzegovina da parte austro-ungarica (1878). Le due guerre balcaniche del 1912-'13 lasciarono alla \u201CSublime porta\u201D soltanto il controllo degli Stretti in territorio europeo, mentre la disgregazione dell'Impero ottomano in conseguenza della I guerra mondiale, che lo vide alleato degli Imperi centrali, spost\u00F2 l'interesse delle grandi Potenze verso i territori medio-orientali."@it . "Permasalahan Timur"@in . "L'anomenada q\u00FCesti\u00F3 d'Orient o q\u00FCesti\u00F3 oriental fa refer\u00E8ncia als problemes diplom\u00E0tics i pol\u00EDtics en la hist\u00F2ria d'Europa plantejats per la decad\u00E8ncia de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0. Aquesta expressi\u00F3 no fa refer\u00E8ncia a un sol problema particular, sin\u00F3 que \u00E9s una \u00E0mplia categoria de problemes que anaren sorgint durant els segles xviii, xix i xx, incloent-hi la inestabilitat dels territoris governats per l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 situats en terres europees."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Eastern question"@en . . "Quest\u00E3o Oriental"@pt . . . . . . . . . . "De Grote Oosterse Kwestie, ook kortweg oosterse kwestie of oosters vraagstuk genoemd, was eerst het vraagstuk hoe nationalistische bewegingen van verschillende christelijke volkeren in het Ottomaanse rijk en de imperialistische ambities van grote Europese mogendheden bevredigd konden worden zonder het Ottomaanse rijk geheel te vernietigen en later, toen het Ottomaanse rijk toch niet meer te redden viel en spoedig de geest zou begeven, hoe het Ottomaanse rijk zo opgedeeld kon worden, zonder dat het machtsevenwicht tussen verschillende Europese mogendheden verstoord zou raken, want dit zou het risico vormen van het ontstaan een allesomvattende oorlog tussen de Europese mogendheden. De kwestie vormde vooral een twistappel tussen Groot-Brittanni\u00EB en Rusland, maar ook Frankrijk, Duitsland, Oost"@nl . . . . . . . . . "Grote Oosterse Kwestie"@nl . . . . . . . . . "La Cuesti\u00F3n Oriental era el t\u00E9rmino con el que se empez\u00F3 a considerar, a principios y mediados del siglo XIX, la problem\u00E1tica de los diversos conflictos internacionales concernientes al Imperio otomano y, espec\u00EDficamente, a la Guerra de la Independencia griega iniciada en 1821. Comenz\u00F3 a emplearse para hacer referencia a los problemas diplom\u00E1ticos resultantes del declive de la autoridad otomana en Europa, entre los que se encontraban el reparto de los territorios del Imperio en los Balcanes, el control de los estrechos del B\u00F3sforo y los Dardanelos y la posesi\u00F3n de Constantinopla (o Estambul)."@es . . . . . . "\u6771\u65B9\u554F\u984C"@ja . . . . "Dalam , \"Permasalahan Timur\" adalah kompetisi negara-negara besar Eropa yang dipicu oleh kemerosotan dan ketidakstabilan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dari akhir abad ke-18 hingga awal abad ke-20. Utsmaniyah dijuluki \"pesakitan Eropa\" dan kemunduran negara ini mengancam keseimbangan kekuasaan di Eropa. Beberapa macam isu yang muncul adalah apa yang akan terjadi setelah kekalahan Utsmaniyah dalam perang atau setelah institusinya bubar, apa yang akan terjadi setelah Utsmaniyah menjalankan program modernisasi ekonomi dan politik, bagaimana perkembangan nasionalisme etnis-religius di provinsi-provinsinya, dan bagaimana Utsmaniyah dapat bertahan di tengah persaingan negara-negara besar. Permasalahan Timur mulai muncul pada tahun 1774 setelah Utsmaniyah dikalahkan oleh Rusia dalam Perang Rusia-Turki (1768\u201374). Orang-orang mengira bahwa Utsmaniyah akan segera bubar, sehingga negara-negara Eropa bergegas ingin menjaga kepentingan militer, strategis dan komersial mereka di wilayah-wilayah Utsmaniyah. Kekaisaran Rusia sangat diuntungkan oleh kemunduran Utsmaniyah, tetapi Austria-Hongaria dan Britania Raya merasa bahwa Kesultanan Utsmaniyah harus dipertahankan untuk menjaga kepentingan mereka. Permasalahan Timur baru berakhir seusai Perang Dunia I karena Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dibubarkan dan wilayahnya dibagi-bagi oleh Sekutu."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this. Characterized as the \"sick man of Europe\", the relative weakening of the empire's military strength in the second half of the eighteenth century threatened to undermine the fragile balance of power system largely shaped by the Concert of Europe. The Eastern question encompassed myriad interrelated elements: Ottoman military defeats, Ottoman institutional insolvency, the ongoing Ottoman political and economic modernization programme, the rise of ethno-religious nationalism in its provinces, and Great Power rivalries. While there is no specific date on which the Eastern question began, the Russo-Turkish War (1828\u201329) brought the issue to the attention of the European powers, Russia and Britain in particular. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was believed to be imminent, the European powers engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. Imperial Russia stood to benefit from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; on the other hand, Austria-Hungary and Great Britain deemed the preservation of the Empire to be in their best interests. The Eastern question was put to rest after the First World War, one of the outcomes of which was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings."@en . 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"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0629"@ar . . "\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C\u6216\u4E1C\u65B9\u95EE\u9898\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AEastern Question\uFF0C\u6CD5\u8A9E\uFF1AQuestion d'Orient\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u6B50\u6D32\u8FD1\u4EE3\u53F2\u4E0A\u805A\u712619\u4E16\u7D00\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u8870\u843D\u800C\u51FA\u73FE\u7684\u4E00\u9023\u4E32\u570B\u65CF\u554F\u984C\u3002\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C\u4E26\u975E\u55AE\u6307\u4E00\u500B\u554F\u984C\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u5305\u62EC\u51FA\u73FE\u65BC18\u300119\u53CA20\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u591A\u65B9\u9762\u554F\u984C\uFF0C\u7576\u4E2D\u5305\u542B\u4E86\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u571F\u8033\u5176\u5E1D\u570B\u6CBB\u4E0B\u5DF4\u723E\u5E79\u534A\u5CF6\u7684\u4E0D\u7A69\u5B9A\u3002\u70BA\u4E86\u61C9\u5C0D\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C\u4E26\u626D\u8F49\u300C\u6B50\u6D32\u75C5\u592B\u300D\u4E4B\u8B4F\uFF0C\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u570B\u5167\u50AC\u751F\u4E86\u8B8A\u6CD5\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5766\u5FD7\u9EA5\u7279\u548C\u5965\u65AF\u66FC\u4E3B\u4E49\u3002 \u4E00\u822C\u8A8D\u70BA\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C\u59CB\u65BC1774\u5E74\uFF0C\u7576\u6642\u7D50\u675F\u7684\u7B2C\u4E94\u6B21\u4FC4\u571F\u6230\u722D\uFF081768-1774\u5E74\uFF09\uFF0C\u898B\u8B49\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u6158\u6557\u65BC\u4FC4\u570B\u624B\u4E0A\uFF0C\u4FC4\u570B\u56E0\u6B64\u5C07\u52E2\u529B\u4F38\u5165\u9ED1\u6D77\u53CA\u5DF4\u723E\u5E79\u534A\u5CF6\u3002\u6B50\u6D32\u5404\u570B\u76EE\u7779\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u65BC\u5DF4\u723E\u5E79\u7684\u5D29\u89E3\u53EF\u80FD\u8FEB\u5728\u7709\u776B\uFF0C\u65BC\u662F\u5404\u570B\u5C55\u958B\u4E0D\u540C\u722D\u9B25\uFF0C\u4EE5\u78BA\u4FDD\u81EA\u5DF1\u5728\u571F\u8033\u5176\u5883\u5167\u7684\u8ECD\u4E8B\u3001\u6230\u7565\u53CA\u5546\u696D\u5229\u76CA\u3002\u5C0D\u65BC\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u8870\u6557\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u5E1D\u570B\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u5C0D\u5979\u6709\u5229\uFF1B\u800C\u82F1\u570B\u3001\u6CD5\u862D\u897F\u7B2C\u4E09\u5171\u548C\u570B\u6216\u5967\u5730\u5229\u5E1D\u570B\u5247\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4FDD\u7559\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u624D\u662F\u6700\u7B26\u5408\u5979\u5011\u7684\u5229\u76CA\uFF0C\u65BC\u662F\u591A\u6B21\u51FA\u624B\uFF0C\u6E1B\u8F15\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u7684\u640D\u5931\uFF0C\u9023\u5E36\u6210\u70BA19\u4E16\u7D00\u82F1\u3001\u4FC4\u76F8\u722D\u7684\u5927\u535A\u5F08\u4E00\u74B0\u3002 \u6700\u5F8C\uFF0C\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C\u65BC\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6230\uFF081914-1918\u5E74\uFF09\u4EE5\u5F8C\u5B8C\u7D50\uFF0C\u5176\u4E2D\u4E00\u500B\u5F8C\u679C\u5C31\u662F\u5967\u5308\u5E1D\u570B\u548C\u9102\u5716\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u74E6\u89E3\u3002\u4E0D\u904E\u76F4\u81F3\u4ECA\u65E5\uFF0C\u5DF4\u723E\u5E79\u534A\u5CF6\u4ECD\u662F\u6B50\u6D32\u5C40\u52E2\u8F03\u4E0D\u7A69\u5B9A\u7684\u5730\u5340\uFF0C\u8AF8\u5982\u79D1\u7D22\u6C83\u7368\u7ACB\u554F\u984C\u7B49\u5F15\u8D77\u963F\u723E\u5DF4\u5C3C\u4E9E\u4EBA\u53CA\u585E\u723E\u7DAD\u4E9E\u4EBA\u6C11\u65CF\u4E4B\u9593\u885D\u7A81\u548C\u6C11\u65CF\u4E3B\u7FA9\u5EF6\u7E8C\uFF0C\u5728\u67D0\u7A2E\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u5747\u53EF\u8996\u70BA\u8FD1\u6771\u554F\u984C\u7684\u5EF6\u7E8C\uFF0C\u4F46\u8FD1\u5E74\u5DF4\u723E\u5E79\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6C11\u65CF\u885D\u7A81\u5DF2\u9010\u6F38\u7DE9\u548C\u53CA\u6E1B\u5C11\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . "In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this. Characterized as the \"sick man of Europe\", the relative weakening of the empire's military strength in the second half of the eighteenth century threatened to undermine the fragile balance of power system largely shaped by the Concert of Europe. The Eastern question encompassed myriad interrelated elements: Ottoman military defeats, Ottoman institutional insolvency, the ongoing Ottoman political and economic modernization programme, the rise of ethno-religious nationalism in its provinces, and Great Power rivalri"@en . . . . 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"\uB3D9\uBC29\uBB38\uC81C"@ko . . . . . . . . . "L'anomenada q\u00FCesti\u00F3 d'Orient o q\u00FCesti\u00F3 oriental fa refer\u00E8ncia als problemes diplom\u00E0tics i pol\u00EDtics en la hist\u00F2ria d'Europa plantejats per la decad\u00E8ncia de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0. Aquesta expressi\u00F3 no fa refer\u00E8ncia a un sol problema particular, sin\u00F3 que \u00E9s una \u00E0mplia categoria de problemes que anaren sorgint durant els segles xviii, xix i xx, incloent-hi la inestabilitat dels territoris governats per l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 situats en terres europees. Se sol considerar que la \u00ABq\u00FCesti\u00F3 oriental\u00BB s'inicia el 1774, al final de la Guerra russo-turca (1768-1774), que va concloure amb la derrota otomana. Com que a l'\u00E8poca es creia que la desfeta total de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 tindria lloc de manera imminent, les pot\u00E8ncies europees es comen\u00E7aren a disputar els possibles beneficis militars, estrat\u00E8gics i comercials que sorgirien del nou ordre sociopol\u00EDtic a la part oriental d'Europa. L'Imperi Rus suposava que es beneficiaria \u00E0mpliament de la derrota otomana. L'Imperi Austrohongar\u00E8s i el Regne Unit creien que s'havia de preservar l'imperi per tal de mantenir els seus interessos a la regi\u00F3 i impedir que els russos aconseguissin acc\u00E9s a la mar Mediterr\u00E0nia, i quan en 1831 , per la el 8 d'abril de 1833 Mahmut II concedia a Muh\u00E0mmad Al\u00ED Paix\u00E0 el govern de S\u00EDria i la prov\u00EDncia d'Adana, i R\u00FAssia va recolzar als otomans a canvi del , amb la garantia que els otomans tancarien l'estret de Dardanels a qualsevol vaixell de guerra estranger si els russos sol\u00B7licitaven aquesta acci\u00F3, i els termes de l'acord van preocupar enormement la resta de les pot\u00E8ncies europees. En 1848 va esclatar la Q\u00FCesti\u00F3 d'Orient quan Adolphe Thiers intent\u00E0 negociar un acord entre Muh\u00E0mmad Al\u00ED Paix\u00E0 i Abd\u00FClmecit perqu\u00E8 aquest ced\u00EDs S\u00EDria al paix\u00E0, que havia capturat despr\u00E9s d'aturar la a la , per\u00F2 \u00C0ustria, Anglaterra, Fran\u00E7a, R\u00FAssia i Pr\u00FAsia que garantia la integritat de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 revivint la humiliaci\u00F3 del tractat de Par\u00EDs de 1815 i l'esclat del nacionalisme. Thiers, recolzat pel duc d'Orleans, volia enviar la flota al Mediterrani i va manar construir una nova muralla, l' Com a resultat, Pr\u00FAssia va tancar la seva frontera al Rin, provocant una tensi\u00F3 molt forta. Finalment s'arriba a un comprom\u00EDs amb Anglaterra pel qu\u00E8 Muh\u00E0mmad Al\u00ED havia de retornar totes les seves conquestes a Abd\u00FClmecit mantenint Egipte heredit\u00E0riament. Acabada la crisi, les tensions amb el rei seguiren, i finalment dimit\u00ED el 28 d'octubre, sent substituit per Fran\u00E7ois Guizot, un home de pau. La \u00ABq\u00FCesti\u00F3 oriental\u00BB va deixar de ser un problema pol\u00EDtic al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), perqu\u00E8 una de les seves conclusions va ser la caiguda definitiva de l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 i la seva partici\u00F3."@ca . "Orientalische Frage ist ein Begriff der europ\u00E4ischen Diplomatiegeschichte, der die aus dem Zerfall des Osmanischen Reiches entstandenen Problemstellungen bezeichnete. Diese beruhten auf dessen milit\u00E4rischem Niedergang, den Rivalit\u00E4ten unter den europ\u00E4ischen Staaten, die daraus ihren Nutzen zu ziehen versuchten, und den aufkommenden Nationalbewegungen."@de . . . . . . . . . . "\u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0301\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0441 \u2014 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u043E\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043F\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u043F\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0430 XVIII \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432, \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441 \u0431\u043E\u0440\u044C\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043B\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438\u0433\u0430, \u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043C \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 (\u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0441 1867 \u2014 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0412\u0435\u043D\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438), \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0441 1871 \u2014 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438), \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0438, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438) \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439."@ru . . . . "\u0391\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0396\u03AE\u03C4\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1"@el . . . . . . "49383"^^ . . . . . . .