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"\u30A2\u30EB\u30BC\u30F3\u30C1\u30F3\u7D4C\u6E08\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . . . . . . "La storia economica dell'Argentina \u00E8 una delle pi\u00F9 studiate per via del cosiddetto \"paradosso argentino\", ossia per la sua unica condizione di aver raggiunto alti livelli di sviluppo nel primo Novecento ma per poi assistito ad un forte declino economico dalla seconda met\u00E0 del XX secolo. Dalla sua indipendenza dalla Spagna nel 1816 l'Argentina ha infatti fatto default otto volte e ha spesso registrato tassi d'inflazione a doppia cifra che hanno raggiunto anche un incredibile 5000% e che hanno causato la svalutazione della valuta nazionale numerose volte. L'Argentina possiede un grande potenziale nell'agricoltura essendo dotata di ampi territori di terreno fertile. Tra il 1860 e il 1930 lo sfruttamento della ricca terra della pampa \u00E8 stata il principale motore economico del paese. Durante i primi decenni del XX secolo l'Argentina superava Canada e Australia per popolazione, reddito totale e pro capite. Nel 1913 il paese era il decimo al mondo per reddito pro capite. A partire dagli anni 30, tuttavia, l'economia argentina inizi\u00F2 a mostrare segni di peggioramento. Il fattore che pi\u00F9 contribu\u00EC a questo declino fu senza dubbio l'instabilit\u00E0 politica: nel 1930, infatti, una giunta militare prese il potere, mettendo fine a sette decenni di governo costituzionale e civile. In termini macroeconomici, l'Argentina era uno dei paesi pi\u00F9 stabili e conservatori al mondo fino alla Grande Depressione, in seguito alla quale divenne uno dei pi\u00F9 instabili. Nonostante questo, fino al 1962 il PIL pro capite argentino rimase pi\u00F9 elevato di quello austriaco, italiano, giapponese e spagnolo. I governi che si succedettero dagli anni 30 agli anni 70 perseguirono una strategia di sostituzione alle importazioni per conseguire l'autosufficienza industriale, ma questo distolse gli investimenti dall'agricoltura, che si contrasse notevolmente. L'era della lotta alle importazioni termin\u00F2 nel 1976, ma allo stesso tempo la crescente spesa del governo, l'eccessivo incremento dei salari e una produzione inefficiente causarono un'inflazione galoppante che aument\u00F2 per tutti gli anni 80. Anche le misure prese durante l'ultima dittatura contribuirono all'enorme debito pubblico accumulato negli ultimi anni 80 e che all'epoca era equivalente al 75% del prodotto interno lordo. Nei primi anni 90 il governo cerc\u00F2 di frenare l'inflazione agganciando il peso al dollaro statunitense e privatizzando numerose aziende statali e utilizzando parte dei ricavati per ridurre il debito pubblico. Tuttavia, una grande recessione che culmin\u00F2 con un default colp\u00EC il paese alla svolta del XXI secolo, e il governo fu nuovamente costretto a svalutare il peso. Nel 2005 l'economia si era in parte ripresa, ma una sentenza giudiziaria avente a che fare con la precedente crisi port\u00F2 l'Argentina ad un nuovo default nel 2014."@it . . "Sejarah ekonomi Argentina"@in . . . "Hospod\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9 d\u011Bjiny Argentiny"@cs . . . . . . "130777"^^ . . . . "The economic history of Argentina is one of the most studied, owing to the \"Argentine paradox.\" As a country, it had achieved advanced development in the early 20th century but experienced a reversal, which inspired an enormous wealth of literature and diverse analysis on the causes of this decline. Since independence from Spain in 1816, the country has defaulted on its debt nine times; inflation has often risen to the double digits, even as high as 5000%, resulting in several large currency devaluations."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u042D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432. \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u2014 \u00AB\u0410\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043A\u0441\u00BB, \u0443\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043B\u043E \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043E \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La storia economica dell'Argentina \u00E8 una delle pi\u00F9 studiate per via del cosiddetto \"paradosso argentino\", ossia per la sua unica condizione di aver raggiunto alti livelli di sviluppo nel primo Novecento ma per poi assistito ad un forte declino economico dalla seconda met\u00E0 del XX secolo. Dalla sua indipendenza dalla Spagna nel 1816 l'Argentina ha infatti fatto default otto volte e ha spesso registrato tassi d'inflazione a doppia cifra che hanno raggiunto anche un incredibile 5000% e che hanno causato la svalutazione della valuta nazionale numerose volte."@it . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062C\u0646\u062A\u064A\u0646"@ar . "La historia econ\u00F3mica de Argentina se encuentra marcada por la inestabilidad y la falta de consensos en el modelo econ\u00F3mico a seguir. Luego de la consolidaci\u00F3n de la naci\u00F3n a fines del siglo XIX, se impone el modelo agroexportador a comienzos del siglo XX. \u200B Con la crisis de 1930, se da inicio al modelo de industrializaci\u00F3n por sustituci\u00F3n de importaciones (ISI) que se mantendr\u00EDa con algunos cambios hasta el golpe militar de 1976 que liberaliz\u00F3 la econom\u00EDa. Desde los a\u00F1os 1940 la econom\u00EDa atraviesa por lo que el economista Marcelo Diamand denomin\u00F3 el \"p\u00E9ndulo argentino\", alternando etapas expansionistas (que apuntan al consumo interno y la industrializaci\u00F3n) con etapas ortodoxas (donde se apunta al orden fiscal y la producci\u00F3n agropecuaria).\u200B El hecho de que el pa\u00EDs partiera de una posici\u00F3n privilegiada a comienzos del siglo XX y no haya logrado desarrollarse econ\u00F3micamente en estos cien a\u00F1os es lo que algunos economistas han llamado la \u00ABparadoja argentina\u00BB.\u200B\u200B Argentina posee grandes ventajas comparativas en el campo de la agricultura, ya que es un pa\u00EDs dotado de suelos f\u00E9rtiles y climas templados.\u200B El pa\u00EDs adem\u00E1s cuenta con una infraestructura industrial amplia,\u200B una importante capacidad cient\u00EDfico-tecnol\u00F3gica, una industria cultural s\u00F3lida y pujante\u200B y una poblaci\u00F3n muy alfabetizada y con un alto grado de escolarizaci\u00F3n.\u200B\u200B Seg\u00FAn el Banco Mundial, su PIB nominal es el 26\u00B0 del mundo,\u200B mientras que en t\u00E9rminos per c\u00E1pita se encuentra en el puesto 73 con 20 500 d\u00F3lares en paridad de poder adquisitivo (PPA).\u200B Por esto es considerado un pa\u00EDs de ingresos mediano-altos por el BM.\u200B Cuenta con el segundo mayor \u00CDndice de Desarrollo Humano de Latinoam\u00E9rica.\u200B Es uno de los tres estados latinoamericanos que forman parte del grupo de los 20 pa\u00EDses m\u00E1s ricos e industrializados del mundo. Seg\u00FAn algunos autores integra el grupo de pa\u00EDses recientemente industrializados (NIC).\u200B"@es . . . 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1990\u5E74\u4EE3\u521D\u982D\u306B\u3001\u653F\u5E9C\u306F\u30A4\u30F3\u30D5\u30EC\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u30A2\u30EB\u30BC\u30F3\u30C1\u30F3\u30FB\u30DA\u30BD\u3092\u7C73\u30C9\u30EB\u3068\u540C\u3058\u4FA1\u5024\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8CA8\u5E63\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5236\u5EA6\u6539\u9769\u3092\u3057\u305F\u4ED6\u3001\u7121\u6570\u306E\u56FD\u6709\u4F01\u696D\u3092\u6C11\u55B6\u5316\u3057\u3066\u305D\u306E\u53CE\u5165\u3092\u56FD\u50B5\u306E\u6B8B\u9AD8\u5727\u7E2E\u306B\u56DE\u3057\u305F\u3002\u3057\u304B\u3057\u306A\u304C\u308920\u4E16\u7D00\u304B\u308921\u4E16\u7D00\u3078\u306E\u5909\u308F\u308A\u76EE\u306B\u3082\u666F\u6C17\u5F8C\u9000\u306F\u6B62\u307E\u3089\u305A\u50B5\u52D9\u4E0D\u5C65\u884C\u306B\u9665\u308A\u3001\u653F\u5E9C\u306F\u518D\u3073\u30DA\u30BD\u306E\u5207\u308A\u4E0B\u3052\u3092\u4F59\u5100\u306A\u304F\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30022005\u5E74\u307E\u3067\u7D4C\u6E08\u306F\u56DE\u5FA9\u57FA\u8ABF\u3060\u3063\u305F\u304C\u3001\u904E\u53BB\u306E\u7D4C\u6E08\u5371\u6A5F\u3092\u6839\u62E0\u306B\u3057\u305F\u53F8\u6CD5\u5224\u65AD\u306B\u3088\u308A2014\u5E74\u306B\u306F\u518D\u3073\u50B5\u52D9\u4E0D\u5C65\u884C\u3092\u7D4C\u9A13\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u305D\u3057\u30662020\u5E744\u67086\u65E5\u73FE\u5728\u3001\u4E8B\u5B9F\u4E0A9\u5EA6\u76EE\u306E\u30C7\u30D5\u30A9\u30EB\u30C8\u72B6\u614B\u306B\u9665\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The economic history of Argentina is one of the most studied, owing to the \"Argentine paradox.\" As a country, it had achieved advanced development in the early 20th century but experienced a reversal, which inspired an enormous wealth of literature and diverse analysis on the causes of this decline. Since independence from Spain in 1816, the country has defaulted on its debt nine times; inflation has often risen to the double digits, even as high as 5000%, resulting in several large currency devaluations. Argentina possesses definite comparative advantages in agriculture because the country is endowed with a vast amount of highly fertile land. Between 1860 and 1930, exploitation of the rich land of the pampas strongly pushed economic growth. During the first three decades of the 20th century, Argentina outgrew Canada and Australia in population, total income, and per capita income. By 1913, Argentina was the world's 10th wealthiest state per capita. Beginning in the 1930s, the Argentine economy deteriorated notably. The single most important factor in this decline has been political instability since 1930 when a military junta took power, ending seven decades of civilian constitutional government. In macroeconomic terms, Argentina was one of the most stable and conservative countries until the Great Depression, after which it turned into one of the most unstable. Despite this, up until 1962 the Argentine per capita GDP was higher than that of Austria, Italy, Japan, and of its former colonial master, Spain. Successive governments from the 1930s to the 1970s pursued a strategy of import substitution to achieve industrial self-sufficiency, but the government's encouragement of industrial growth diverted investment from agricultural production, which fell dramatically. The era of import substitution ended in 1976, but at the same time growing government spending, large wage increases, and inefficient production created a chronic inflation that rose through the 1980s. The measures enacted during the last dictatorship also contributed to the huge foreign debt by the late 1980s which became equivalent to three-fourths of the GNP. In the early 1990s, the government reined in inflation by making the peso equal in value to the U.S. dollar and privatized numerous state-run companies using part of the proceeds to reduce the national debt. However, a sustained recession at the turn of the 21st century culminated in a default, and the government again devalued the peso. By 2005 the economy had recovered, but the country again defaulted in 2014 and 2020."@en . . "Argentinsk\u00E1 republika le\u017E\u00ED v Ji\u017En\u00ED Americe. Je nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED zem\u00ED sv\u011Bta, kde se mluv\u00ED \u0161pan\u011Blsky. M\u00E1 2. nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED ekonomiku v Ji\u017En\u00ED Americe. Argentina je \u010Dlenem G20 (tj. skupiny nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch ekonomik sv\u011Bta), vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED sdru\u017Een\u00ED voln\u00E9ho obchodu MERCOSUR a je \u010Dlenem Unie jihoamerick\u00FDch n\u00E1rod\u016F (obdoba Evropsk\u00E9 unie). D\u00E1le je \u010Dlenem organizac\u00ED jako OAS (Organizace americk\u00FDch n\u00E1rod\u016F) a OSN (Organizace spojen\u00FDch n\u00E1rod\u016F). Sv\u00FDm HDP na obyvatele zauj\u00EDm\u00E1 59. m\u00EDsto na sv\u011Bt\u011B."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . "Storia economica dell'Argentina"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sejarah ekonomi Argentina merupakan salah satu yang paling dikaji oleh para ekonom akibat \"Paradoks Argentina\": Argentina pernah menjadi negara yang tergolong maju pada awal abad ke-20, tetapi kemudian mengalami kemunduran dan kini terus menerus mengalami krisis ekonomi. Hal ini mendorong ekonom untuk melakukan penelitian demi mengetahui penyebab kemunduran ini. Semenjak dari Spanyol pada tahun 1816, negara ini pernah bangkrut akibat terlilit utang sebanyak sembilan kali, dan angka inflasi sering kali tinggi, bahkan hingga mencapai 5000%, sehingga mata uang Argentina sering kali mengalami devaluasi. Argentina memiliki keunggulan komparatif dalam bidang pertanian, karena negara ini memiliki banyak lahan yang subur. Dari tahun 1860 hingga 1930, pemanfaatan lahan subur di Pampas berhasil mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pada permulaan abad ke-20, Argentina mengalahkan Kanada dan Australia dari segi jumlah penduduk dan pendapatan per kapita. Pada tahun 1913, Argentina tercatat sebagai negara terkaya kesepuluh di dunia per kapita. Namun, semenjak dasawarsa 1930-an, ekonomi Argentina mengalami kemunduran. Faktor utama yang menyebabkan kemunduran ini adalah ketidakstabilan politik setelah junta militer pada tahun 1930 dan mengakhiri pemerintahan konstitusional yang telah berdiri selama tujuh dasawarsa. Dari sisi makroekonomi, Argentina masih menjadi negara yang paling stabil hingga terjadinya Depresi Besar; kemudian negara ini menjadi salah satu negara yang paling tidak stabil. Walaupun begitu, hingga tahun 1962, Argentina masih lebih tinggi daripada Austria, Italia, Jepang, dan mantan penjajahnya Spanyol. Pemerintahan Argentina dari dasawarsa 1930-an hingga 1970-an terus menerus menerapkan kebijakan substitusi impor agar ekonominya bisa berdikari, tetapi upaya pemerintah untuk mendorong industri malah mengalihkan investasi yang tadinya ditanamkan untuk sektor pertanian. Sektor ini pun mulai mengalami kemunduran. Era substitusi impor berakhir pada tahun 1976, tetapi pada saat yang sama pengeluaran pemerintah yang terus meningkat, peningkatan gaji yang besar, dan produksi yang tidak efisien memicu yang terus meningkat pada dasawarsa 1980-an. Kebijakan-kebijakan yang diambil oleh kediktatoran militer terakhir di Argentina juga mengakibatkan penumpukan utang negara pada akhir dasawarsa 1980-an hingga mencapai 3/4 produk nasional bruto Argentina. Pada awal dasawarsa 1990-an, pemerintah mencoba mengendalikan inflasi dengan menyamakan nilai 1 peso Argentina dengan 1 dolar Amerika Serikat. Pemerintah juga memutuskan untuk menjual berbagai badan usaha milik negara dan kemudian menggunakan sebagian dari hasil penjualan tersebut untuk melunasi utang negara. Namun, resesi ekonomi menjelang abad ke-21 mengakibatkan , dan pemerintah kemudian kembali mendevaluasi peso. Pada tahun 2005, ekonomi Argentina sudah pulih, tetapi kemudian kembali bangkrut pada tahun 2014. Argentina bangkrut lagi pada 22 Mei 2020 setelah gagal melunasi utang sebesar $500 juta."@in . . . . . . . . "Argentinsk\u00E1 republika le\u017E\u00ED v Ji\u017En\u00ED Americe. Je nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED zem\u00ED sv\u011Bta, kde se mluv\u00ED \u0161pan\u011Blsky. M\u00E1 2. nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED ekonomiku v Ji\u017En\u00ED Americe. Argentina je \u010Dlenem G20 (tj. skupiny nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch ekonomik sv\u011Bta), vytv\u00E1\u0159\u00ED sdru\u017Een\u00ED voln\u00E9ho obchodu MERCOSUR a je \u010Dlenem Unie jihoamerick\u00FDch n\u00E1rod\u016F (obdoba Evropsk\u00E9 unie). D\u00E1le je \u010Dlenem organizac\u00ED jako OAS (Organizace americk\u00FDch n\u00E1rod\u016F) a OSN (Organizace spojen\u00FDch n\u00E1rod\u016F). Sv\u00FDm HDP na obyvatele zauj\u00EDm\u00E1 59. m\u00EDsto na sv\u011Bt\u011B."@cs . . "Sejarah ekonomi Argentina merupakan salah satu yang paling dikaji oleh para ekonom akibat \"Paradoks Argentina\": Argentina pernah menjadi negara yang tergolong maju pada awal abad ke-20, tetapi kemudian mengalami kemunduran dan kini terus menerus mengalami krisis ekonomi. Hal ini mendorong ekonom untuk melakukan penelitian demi mengetahui penyebab kemunduran ini. Semenjak dari Spanyol pada tahun 1816, negara ini pernah bangkrut akibat terlilit utang sebanyak sembilan kali, dan angka inflasi sering kali tinggi, bahkan hingga mencapai 5000%, sehingga mata uang Argentina sering kali mengalami devaluasi."@in . . . . . . . . . "\"In spite of its enormous advance which the Republic has made within the last ten years, the most cautious critic would not hesitate to aver that Argentina has but just entered upon the threshold of her greatness.\""@en . . "Historia econ\u00F3mica de Argentina"@es . . . . . . . . . . . "\u042D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043D\u044B"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia econ\u00F3mica de Argentina se encuentra marcada por la inestabilidad y la falta de consensos en el modelo econ\u00F3mico a seguir. Luego de la consolidaci\u00F3n de la naci\u00F3n a fines del siglo XIX, se impone el modelo agroexportador a comienzos del siglo XX. \u200B Con la crisis de 1930, se da inicio al modelo de industrializaci\u00F3n por sustituci\u00F3n de importaciones (ISI) que se mantendr\u00EDa con algunos cambios hasta el golpe militar de 1976 que liberaliz\u00F3 la econom\u00EDa. Desde los a\u00F1os 1940 la econom\u00EDa atraviesa por lo que el economista Marcelo Diamand denomin\u00F3 el \"p\u00E9ndulo argentino\", alternando etapas expansionistas (que apuntan al consumo interno y la industrializaci\u00F3n) con etapas ortodoxas (donde se apunta al orden fiscal y la producci\u00F3n agropecuaria).\u200B El hecho de que el pa\u00EDs partiera de una posici\u00F3"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"67340"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Economic history of Argentina"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"1123700844"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Percy F. Martin, Through Five Republics of South America, 1905."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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