. . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u062D\u0648\u064E\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F \u062A\u0634\u064A\u0644\u064A \u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0627\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0647 \u0628\u062F\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u062D\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u0635\u062F\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062A\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062E\u062F\u0645\u064A \u0636\u062E\u0645\u060C \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B \u0644\u062A\u0634\u064A\u0644\u064A (-1973) \u0645\u062D\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064D \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0641\u064A\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u062A \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629\u00BB \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B."@ar . . . . . . "Economic history of Chile"@en . . . . . . "\u667A\u5229\u7ECF\u6D4E\u7684\u5386\u53F2\u7531\u65E9\u671F\u539F\u4F4F\u6C11\u4ECE\u4E8B\u7684\u6E14\u7267\u4E1A\u4E3A\u5BFC\u5411\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u9010\u6E10\u8F6C\u53D8\u4E3A\u4EE5\u539F\u6750\u6599\u51FA\u53E3\u548C\u5927\u578B\u670D\u52A1\u4E1A\u4E3A\u4E3B\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\uFF0C\u5E76\u57281930\u5E74\u4EE3\u5B9E\u73B0\u4E86\u5DE5\u4E1A\u5316\u3002\u53D7\u897F\u65B9\u65B0\u81EA\u7531\u4E3B\u4E49\u601D\u6F6E\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u4ECE1973\u5E74\u8D77\uFF0C\u652F\u6301\u65B0\u81EA\u7531\u4E3B\u4E49\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u8005\u5728\u76AE\u8BFA\u5207\u7279\u519B\u653F\u5E9C\u671F\u95F4\u63A8\u52A8\u4E86\u667A\u5229\u7ECF\u6D4E\u6539\u9769\u8BA1\u5212\uFF0C\u4E3B\u5F20\u5EFA\u7ACB\u81EA\u7531\u5E02\u573A\u7ECF\u6D4E\uFF0C\u5B9E\u884C\u5168\u9762\u5BF9\u5916\u5F00\u653E\uFF0C\u7531\u8FC7\u53BB\u7684\u653F\u5E9C\u4E3B\u5BFC\u8F6C\u5411\u5E02\u573A\u4E3B\u5BFC\u3001\u8FDB\u53E3\u66FF\u4EE3\u5DE5\u4E1A\u5316\u6218\u7565\u8F6C\u5411\u51FA\u53E3\u5BFC\u5411\u5916\u5411\u578B\u53D1\u5C55\u6218\u7565\uFF0C\u521B\u9020\u4E86\u667A\u5229\u5947\u8FF9\u3002\u671F\u95F4\u5916\u5305\u3001\u81EA\u96C7\u3001\u7070\u8272\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4EE5\u53CA\u5987\u5973\u52B3\u52A8\u529B\u90FD\u6709\u6240\u53D1\u5C55\u3002 \u81EA1990\u5E74\u4EE5\u6765\uFF0C\u667A\u5229\u653F\u5E9C\u5728\u5F88\u5927\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u7EE7\u7EED\u519B\u653F\u5E9C\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C\u5E76\u589E\u52A0\u793E\u4F1A\u5F00\u652F\u4EE5\u51CF\u5C11\u8D2B\u56F0\u3002 \u667A\u5229\u7684\u51FA\u53E3\u548C\u4EBA\u5747\u56FD\u5185\u751F\u4EA7\u603B\u503C\u7A33\u6B65\u4E0A\u5347\uFF0C\u76F4\u52301997\u5E74\u4E9A\u6D32\u91D1\u878D\u5371\u673A\u4E4B\u540E\u7ECF\u6D4E\u589E\u957F\u51CF\u7F13\u3002\u4E16\u754C\u94F6\u884C\u8D44\u6599\u663E\u793A\uFF0C2018\u5E74\u667A\u5229\u4EBA\u5747GDP\u5DF2\u63A5\u8FD11.6\u4E07\u7F8E\u5143\uFF0C\u540C\u65F6\u7ECF\u6D4E\u589E\u901F\u4E5F\u8FD14%\uFF0C\u8FDC\u8D85\u5357\u7F8E\u6D32\u5E73\u5747\u6C34\u5E73\u3002\u667A\u5229\u88AB\u8A89\u4E3A\u6210\u529F\u8DE8\u8D8A\u201C\u4E2D\u7B49\u6536\u5165\u9677\u9631\u201D\u7684\u62C9\u7F8E\u201C\u53D1\u8FBE\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u201D\uFF0C\u5176\u53D1\u5C55\u7ECF\u9A8C\u4E5F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u667A\u5229\u6A21\u5F0F\u201D\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia econ\u00F3mica de Chile ha estado marcada por las diferentes transformaciones pol\u00EDticas que ha experimentado dicho pa\u00EDs. Desde los tiempos de la Colonia, la econom\u00EDa chilena ha experimentado con varios m\u00E9todos, y el pa\u00EDs actualmente se encuentra en v\u00EDas de desarrollo. Su modelo econ\u00F3mico ha sido parte fundamental de las pol\u00EDticas internas, sufriendo diversos cambios a lo largo de la historia nacional, especialmente desde la \u00FAltima mitad del siglo XX, pasando de una econom\u00EDa de sustituci\u00F3n de importaciones, impulsada por los gobiernos radicales (1938-1952) y de corte centro-izquierdista, a una econom\u00EDa de libre mercado, desarrollada principalmente por los Chicago Boys y que ha sido continuada y profundizada por los diversos gobiernos democr\u00E1ticos desde 1990."@es . . . . . . . . . "Die Wirtschaftsgeschichte Chiles wird in ihrer fr\u00FChen Phase als fortdauernder Anpassungsprozess an die nat\u00FCrlichen Gegebenheiten eines Landes mit extrem unterschiedlichen Klimazonen und daher auch \u00FCberaus stark divergierender Flora und Fauna aufgefasst, was auf kleinem Raum verschiedenste Kulturen der J\u00E4ger und Sammler, dann der Fischer und Ackerbauern hervorbrachte. Die Wirtschaft Chiles hat sich im Laufe der Zeit gewandelt von den heterogenen Wirtschaftsweisen der verschiedenen indigenen V\u00F6lker \u00FCber eine an den Bed\u00FCrfnissen Spaniens ausgerichteten Kolonialwirtschaft zu einer Wirtschaft mit Schwerpunkt auf Rohstoffgewinnung und -export, der im Laufe der 1930er Jahre eine Industrialisierung gelang. Chiles j\u00FCngste Wirtschaftsgeschichte steht im Mittelpunkt einer intensiven Debatte, in deren"@de . . . . . . . "Wirtschaftsgeschichte Chiles"@de . . . "81959"^^ . . . . "\u667A\u5229\u7ECF\u6D4E\u53F2"@zh . . . . . "Die Wirtschaftsgeschichte Chiles wird in ihrer fr\u00FChen Phase als fortdauernder Anpassungsprozess an die nat\u00FCrlichen Gegebenheiten eines Landes mit extrem unterschiedlichen Klimazonen und daher auch \u00FCberaus stark divergierender Flora und Fauna aufgefasst, was auf kleinem Raum verschiedenste Kulturen der J\u00E4ger und Sammler, dann der Fischer und Ackerbauern hervorbrachte. Die Wirtschaft Chiles hat sich im Laufe der Zeit gewandelt von den heterogenen Wirtschaftsweisen der verschiedenen indigenen V\u00F6lker \u00FCber eine an den Bed\u00FCrfnissen Spaniens ausgerichteten Kolonialwirtschaft zu einer Wirtschaft mit Schwerpunkt auf Rohstoffgewinnung und -export, der im Laufe der 1930er Jahre eine Industrialisierung gelang. Chiles j\u00FCngste Wirtschaftsgeschichte steht im Mittelpunkt einer intensiven Debatte, in deren Verlauf Neoliberalismus seine moderne Bedeutung erlangte. Die Gesellschaften Chiles basierten in der pr\u00E4kolumbischen Zeit auf Fischer- und Bauernkulturen im Norden und J\u00E4gerkulturen im kargen S\u00FCden. Ab dem 16. Jahrhundert erzwang die spanische Kolonisation die \u00F6konomische Einbeziehung in das Habsburgerreich. Mit den spanischen Haziendas wurde der Grundstein f\u00FCr den Chile jahrhundertelang \u00F6konomisch und politisch dominierenden Gro\u00DFgrundbesitz und die Masse nahezu rechtloser Landarbeiter gelegt. Das Handelsmonopol der Krone wurde bereits im 18. Jahrhundert durch Schmuggler ausgeh\u00F6hlt, endete formell aber erst 1810 mit der Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit Chiles. Die chilenische Wirtschaft erlebte verschiedene Zyklen. Im 17. Jahrhundert war die Rinderzucht der wichtigste Wirtschaftszweig, im 18. Jahrhundert der Weizenanbau. Von 1873 bis 1914 wirkten sich Aufstieg und Verfall der Chilesalpeter-Produktion ma\u00DFgeblich auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung aus. Danach wurde der Kupferbergbau zum dominierenden Wirtschaftszweig. Durch den scharfen Einbruch des Welthandels infolge der Weltwirtschaftskrise und des nachfolgenden Zweiten Weltkriegs erfolgte in den 1930er und 1940er Jahren eine importsubstituierende Industrialisierung. Nach der Normalisierung des Welthandels wurde diese Strategie in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren mit wechselnder Intensit\u00E4t weiterverfolgt und an den Empfehlungen der Strukturalisten ausgerichtet. Als erstes Land erlebte Chile von 1973 bis 1982 eine radikale Wende in der Wirtschaftspolitik hin zum Wirtschaftsliberalismus der New Right (verbreitet als Neoliberalismus bezeichnet), vor allem durch Liberalisierung des Au\u00DFenhandels, Privatisierung, Deregulierung und Abbau des (rudiment\u00E4ren) Sozialstaats. Eine graduelle Kurskorrektur erfolgte 1983\u20131990 mit der Wende zum \u201Epragmatischen Neoliberalismus\u201C. Seit der Redemokratisierung 1990 erfolgte zudem eine Kurskorrektur in der Sozialpolitik."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia econ\u00F3mica de Chile ha estado marcada por las diferentes transformaciones pol\u00EDticas que ha experimentado dicho pa\u00EDs. Desde los tiempos de la Colonia, la econom\u00EDa chilena ha experimentado con varios m\u00E9todos, y el pa\u00EDs actualmente se encuentra en v\u00EDas de desarrollo. Su modelo econ\u00F3mico ha sido parte fundamental de las pol\u00EDticas internas, sufriendo diversos cambios a lo largo de la historia nacional, especialmente desde la \u00FAltima mitad del siglo XX, pasando de una econom\u00EDa de sustituci\u00F3n de importaciones, impulsada por los gobiernos radicales (1938-1952) y de corte centro-izquierdista, a una econom\u00EDa de libre mercado, desarrollada principalmente por los Chicago Boys y que ha sido continuada y profundizada por los diversos gobiernos democr\u00E1ticos desde 1990. Los distintos per\u00EDodos de la historia econ\u00F3mica en Chile se distinguen, en lo fundamental, por la importancia relativa de ciertos recursos en las exportaciones y seg\u00FAn el distinto papel del Estado en la econom\u00EDa."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The economy of Chile has shifted substantially over time from the heterogeneous economies of the diverse indigenous peoples to an early husbandry-oriented economy and finally to one of raw material export and a large service sector. Chile's recent economic history (1973\u2013) has been the focus of an extensive debate from which neoliberalism acquired its modern meaning. Chile emerged into independence as a rural economy on what was the periphery of the Spanish Empire. A period of relative free trade that began with independence in the 1810s brought a modernizing development of certain sectors of the Chilean economy. This was accompanied by formation of a local business class, a novelty in Chile. Chile experienced its first modern economic crisis with the Long depression in the 1870s. The exploitation of lucrative nitrate deposits of the north conquered in the War of the Pacific (1879\u20131884) marked a whole epoch in the history of Chile and the economic legacy of nitrate has been widely debated. When Chile became an independent nation in 1818 it was the poorest territory in the Americas, by the 1890s it had become richer than Sweden, and twice as rich than Japan and it became one of the 15 richest nations in the world, a position it would retain for decades, even as late as the 1950s it remained richer than its former colonial master, Spain, and almost as rich as Germany. However, starting in the late 1920s, the Chilean economy began a steady decline with 1950 industrial capacity inferior to what it had been forty years previously. It was not until the late 1970s that this decline started to revert. Since that time the Chilean economy has generally grown although it has yet to regain its former status. In the first half of the 20th century Chile suffered severe economic recessions including the Great Depression. This period saw the rapid urbanization of the country, and a state-led partial \"industrialization\" that began in 1939. Large-scale copper mining replaced nitrate extraction as the country's main source of wealth. Chilean agriculture remained one of the most undeveloped sectors of economy and was stagnant, despite land reforms in the 1960s and 1970s, from 1930 to 1980. In the mid-1970s under the influence of the Chicago Boys, Pinochet's military dictatorship initiated profound changes oriented to a \"neoliberal\" economic model. The democratic governments that succeeded the dictatorship since 1990 have largely continued its economic policies, but increased social spending and reduced poverty. Chilean exports and GDP per capita rose steadily through the 1980s and 1990s until the Asian crisis of 1997 after which economic growth slowed somewhat. In the post-1973 period there has been a rise in outsourcing, self-employment, informal employment and an increase in women's share in the labor force."@en . . . "The economy of Chile has shifted substantially over time from the heterogeneous economies of the diverse indigenous peoples to an early husbandry-oriented economy and finally to one of raw material export and a large service sector. Chile's recent economic history (1973\u2013) has been the focus of an extensive debate from which neoliberalism acquired its modern meaning."@en . "4309335"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u667A\u5229\u7ECF\u6D4E\u7684\u5386\u53F2\u7531\u65E9\u671F\u539F\u4F4F\u6C11\u4ECE\u4E8B\u7684\u6E14\u7267\u4E1A\u4E3A\u5BFC\u5411\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u9010\u6E10\u8F6C\u53D8\u4E3A\u4EE5\u539F\u6750\u6599\u51FA\u53E3\u548C\u5927\u578B\u670D\u52A1\u4E1A\u4E3A\u4E3B\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\uFF0C\u5E76\u57281930\u5E74\u4EE3\u5B9E\u73B0\u4E86\u5DE5\u4E1A\u5316\u3002\u53D7\u897F\u65B9\u65B0\u81EA\u7531\u4E3B\u4E49\u601D\u6F6E\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u4ECE1973\u5E74\u8D77\uFF0C\u652F\u6301\u65B0\u81EA\u7531\u4E3B\u4E49\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u5B66\u8005\u5728\u76AE\u8BFA\u5207\u7279\u519B\u653F\u5E9C\u671F\u95F4\u63A8\u52A8\u4E86\u667A\u5229\u7ECF\u6D4E\u6539\u9769\u8BA1\u5212\uFF0C\u4E3B\u5F20\u5EFA\u7ACB\u81EA\u7531\u5E02\u573A\u7ECF\u6D4E\uFF0C\u5B9E\u884C\u5168\u9762\u5BF9\u5916\u5F00\u653E\uFF0C\u7531\u8FC7\u53BB\u7684\u653F\u5E9C\u4E3B\u5BFC\u8F6C\u5411\u5E02\u573A\u4E3B\u5BFC\u3001\u8FDB\u53E3\u66FF\u4EE3\u5DE5\u4E1A\u5316\u6218\u7565\u8F6C\u5411\u51FA\u53E3\u5BFC\u5411\u5916\u5411\u578B\u53D1\u5C55\u6218\u7565\uFF0C\u521B\u9020\u4E86\u667A\u5229\u5947\u8FF9\u3002\u671F\u95F4\u5916\u5305\u3001\u81EA\u96C7\u3001\u7070\u8272\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4EE5\u53CA\u5987\u5973\u52B3\u52A8\u529B\u90FD\u6709\u6240\u53D1\u5C55\u3002 \u81EA1990\u5E74\u4EE5\u6765\uFF0C\u667A\u5229\u653F\u5E9C\u5728\u5F88\u5927\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\u7EE7\u7EED\u519B\u653F\u5E9C\u7684\u7ECF\u6D4E\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C\u5E76\u589E\u52A0\u793E\u4F1A\u5F00\u652F\u4EE5\u51CF\u5C11\u8D2B\u56F0\u3002 \u667A\u5229\u7684\u51FA\u53E3\u548C\u4EBA\u5747\u56FD\u5185\u751F\u4EA7\u603B\u503C\u7A33\u6B65\u4E0A\u5347\uFF0C\u76F4\u52301997\u5E74\u4E9A\u6D32\u91D1\u878D\u5371\u673A\u4E4B\u540E\u7ECF\u6D4E\u589E\u957F\u51CF\u7F13\u3002\u4E16\u754C\u94F6\u884C\u8D44\u6599\u663E\u793A\uFF0C2018\u5E74\u667A\u5229\u4EBA\u5747GDP\u5DF2\u63A5\u8FD11.6\u4E07\u7F8E\u5143\uFF0C\u540C\u65F6\u7ECF\u6D4E\u589E\u901F\u4E5F\u8FD14%\uFF0C\u8FDC\u8D85\u5357\u7F8E\u6D32\u5E73\u5747\u6C34\u5E73\u3002\u667A\u5229\u88AB\u8A89\u4E3A\u6210\u529F\u8DE8\u8D8A\u201C\u4E2D\u7B49\u6536\u5165\u9677\u9631\u201D\u7684\u62C9\u7F8E\u201C\u53D1\u8FBE\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4F53\u201D\uFF0C\u5176\u53D1\u5C55\u7ECF\u9A8C\u4E5F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u667A\u5229\u6A21\u5F0F\u201D\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u062A\u0634\u064A\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia econ\u00F3mica de Chile"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1101787217"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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