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"surely they can insure against heatwaves damaging crops for example?"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A"@ar . . . "The economics of climate change concerns the economic aspects of climate change; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response. A number of factors make this and the politics of climate change a difficult problem: it is a long-term, intergenerational problem; benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries; and both the scientific consensus and public opinion on climate change need to be taken into account."@en . . . "what has consumption got to do with this?"@en . . . . . . . . . "The economics of climate change concerns the economic aspects of climate change; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response. A number of factors make this and the politics of climate change a difficult problem: it is a long-term, intergenerational problem; benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries; and both the scientific consensus and public opinion on climate change need to be taken into account. Effects of climate change may last a long time, such as sea level rise which will not be reversed for thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop \"scenarios\" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions. One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments may use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples. Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives, for example abolishing fossil fuel subsidies would reduce air pollution and thus save lives. Direct global fossil fuel subsidies reached $319 billion in 2017, and $5.2 trillion when indirect costs such as air pollution are priced in. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy). To achieve deep reductions in greenhouse gases and slow global warming, the financial system and the world's economies will have to adapt."@en . . . . . . . . . "98809"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ekonomie glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED"@cs . . . . . . . . "Ekonomie glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED se t\u00FDk\u00E1 ekonomick\u00FDch aspekt\u016F glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED; tyto aspekty je t\u0159eba br\u00E1t v \u00FAvahu p\u0159i hled\u00E1n\u00ED opat\u0159en\u00ED, kter\u00FDmi by vl\u00E1dy a politici mohli reagovat. D\u00EDky p\u016Fsoben\u00ED \u0159ady faktor\u016F je to obt\u00ED\u017En\u00E1 \u00FAloha, jak z hospod\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9ho, tak i z politick\u00E9ho hlediska: jedn\u00E1 se o dlouhodob\u00FD mezigenera\u010Dn\u00ED probl\u00E9m; p\u0159\u00EDnosy a n\u00E1klady jsou rozlo\u017Eeny nerovnom\u011Brn\u011B v r\u00E1mci jednotliv\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F i mezi nimi; a je t\u0159eba zohlednit v\u011Bdeck\u00E1 stanoviska i n\u00E1zory ve\u0159ejnosti."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "how are individuals relevant here? Is not this about government decisions?"@en . . . . . . . . . . "old"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La econom\u00EDa del cambio clim\u00E1tico es el campo de estudios que analiza las interacciones entre el cambio clim\u00E1tico antropog\u00E9nico, las pol\u00EDticas para remediarlo y la econom\u00EDa. Para evaluar estas interacciones, los analistas recurren a modelar \"escenarios\" de los cambios ambientales, sociales y econ\u00F3micos futuros proyectados.\u200B Estos escenarios pueden ayudar a los gobiernos a entender las posibles consecuencias de sus decisiones. Hay una serie de pol\u00EDticas que los gobiernos podr\u00EDan considerar en respuesta al calentamiento global. La evaluaci\u00F3n de estas pol\u00EDticas en funci\u00F3n de su interrelaci\u00F3n con la actividad econ\u00F3mica son objeto de estudio de la econom\u00EDa del cambio clim\u00E1tico."@es . "2649947"^^ . . . "January 2022"@en . . . . . . . "how is emissions trading a privatization of the atmosphere?"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "risk to the world or to that country?"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Economics of climate change"@en . 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"La econom\u00EDa del cambio clim\u00E1tico es el campo de estudios que analiza las interacciones entre el cambio clim\u00E1tico antropog\u00E9nico, las pol\u00EDticas para remediarlo y la econom\u00EDa. Para evaluar estas interacciones, los analistas recurren a modelar \"escenarios\" de los cambios ambientales, sociales y econ\u00F3micos futuros proyectados.\u200B Estos escenarios pueden ayudar a los gobiernos a entender las posibles consecuencias de sus decisiones. Hay una serie de pol\u00EDticas que los gobiernos podr\u00EDan considerar en respuesta al calentamiento global. La evaluaci\u00F3n de estas pol\u00EDticas en funci\u00F3n de su interrelaci\u00F3n con la actividad econ\u00F3mica son objeto de estudio de la econom\u00EDa del cambio clim\u00E1tico. La econom\u00EDa del cambio clim\u00E1tico intenta cuantificar los efectos del cambio clim\u00E1tico, tales como el aumento del nivel del mar, en t\u00E9rminos monetarios. Estas evaluaciones pueden ser objeto de controversia.\u200B Las respuestas necesarias para resolver y afrontar el cambio clim\u00E1tico (la reducci\u00F3n de gases de efecto invernadero, la mitigaci\u00F3n y la adaptaci\u00F3n) tienen a su vez impactos sobre las actividades econ\u00F3micas y afectan las variables macroecon\u00F3micas. Una de las respuestas a las incertidumbres del calentamiento global es la adopci\u00F3n de una estrategia de toma de decisiones secuencial.\u200B Esta estrategia reconoce que las decisiones sobre el calentamiento global deben hacerse con informaci\u00F3n incompleta, y que las decisiones en el corto plazo tendr\u00E1n potencialmente impactos a largo plazo. Los gobiernos podr\u00EDan optar por utilizar la gesti\u00F3n de riesgo como parte de su respuesta pol\u00EDtica al calentamiento global.\u200B Por ejemplo, un enfoque basado en el riesgo se puede aplicar a los impactos clim\u00E1ticos que son dif\u00EDciles de cuantificar en t\u00E9rminos econ\u00F3micos, por ejemplo, los impactos del calentamiento global sobre los pueblos ind\u00EDgenas.\u200B Los analistas han evaluado el calentamiento global en relaci\u00F3n con el desarrollo sostenible.\u200B El desarrollo sostenible considera c\u00F3mo pueden ser afectadas las generaciones futuras por las acciones de la actual generaci\u00F3n. En algunas \u00E1reas, las pol\u00EDticas dise\u00F1adas para abordar el calentamiento global pueden contribuir positivamente a otros objetivos de desarrollo.\u200B\u200B En otras \u00E1reas, el costo de las pol\u00EDticas del calentamiento global puede desviar recursos de otras inversiones sociales y ambientalmente beneficiosas (los costos de oportunidad de la pol\u00EDtica de cambio clim\u00E1tico).\u200B\u200B"@es . "Econom\u00EDa del cambio clim\u00E1tico"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "hard for non-economists to understand"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ekonomie glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED se t\u00FDk\u00E1 ekonomick\u00FDch aspekt\u016F glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED; tyto aspekty je t\u0159eba br\u00E1t v \u00FAvahu p\u0159i hled\u00E1n\u00ED opat\u0159en\u00ED, kter\u00FDmi by vl\u00E1dy a politici mohli reagovat. D\u00EDky p\u016Fsoben\u00ED \u0159ady faktor\u016F je to obt\u00ED\u017En\u00E1 \u00FAloha, jak z hospod\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9ho, tak i z politick\u00E9ho hlediska: jedn\u00E1 se o dlouhodob\u00FD mezigenera\u010Dn\u00ED probl\u00E9m; p\u0159\u00EDnosy a n\u00E1klady jsou rozlo\u017Eeny nerovnom\u011Brn\u011B v r\u00E1mci jednotliv\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F i mezi nimi; a je t\u0159eba zohlednit v\u011Bdeck\u00E1 stanoviska i n\u00E1zory ve\u0159ejnosti. Jedn\u00EDm z nejd\u016Fle\u017Eit\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDch sklen\u00EDkov\u00FDch plyn\u016F je oxid uhli\u010Dit\u00FD (CO2). P\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B 20 % oxidu uhli\u010Dit\u00E9ho, kter\u00FD je emitov\u00E1n v d\u016Fsledku lidsk\u00E9 \u010Dinnosti, m\u016F\u017Ee z\u016Fstat v atmosf\u00E9\u0159e mnoho tis\u00EDc let. Dlouh\u00E1 \u010Dasov\u00E1 m\u011B\u0159\u00EDtka a nejistota spojen\u00E1 s glob\u00E1ln\u00EDm oteplov\u00E1n\u00EDm vedly analytiky k v\u00FDvoji \u201E\u201C \u2013 budouc\u00EDch environment\u00E1ln\u00EDch, soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch a ekonomick\u00FDch zm\u011Bn. Tyto sc\u00E9n\u00E1\u0159e mohou politik\u016Fm pomoci pochopit mo\u017En\u00E9 d\u016Fsledky jejich rozhodnut\u00ED. Dopady zm\u011Bny klimatu zahrnuj\u00ED ztr\u00E1tu biologick\u00E9 rozmanitosti, zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED hladiny mo\u0159\u00ED, zv\u00FD\u0161enou frekvenci a z\u00E1va\u017Enost n\u011Bkter\u00FDch a okyselov\u00E1n\u00ED oce\u00E1n\u016F. Ekonomov\u00E9 se pokusili kvantifikovat tyto dopady v pen\u011B\u017En\u00EDm vyj\u00E1d\u0159en\u00ED, ale tato hodnocen\u00ED mohou b\u00FDt kontroverzn\u00ED. Dv\u011B hlavn\u00ED politick\u00E9 reakce na glob\u00E1ln\u00ED oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED spo\u010D\u00EDvaj\u00ED ve sn\u00ED\u017Een\u00ED emis\u00ED sklen\u00EDkov\u00FDch plyn\u016F (zm\u00EDr\u0148ov\u00E1n\u00ED zm\u011Bny klimatu) a p\u0159izp\u016Fsoben\u00ED se dopad\u016Fm glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED (nap\u0159. budov\u00E1n\u00EDm hr\u00E1z\u00ED v reakci na zvy\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED hladiny mo\u0159\u00ED). Dal\u0161\u00ED politickou reakc\u00ED, kter\u00E9 se v posledn\u00ED dob\u011B v\u011Bnuje v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED pozornost, je geoin\u017Een\u00FDrstv\u00ED (nap\u0159. rozpra\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED aerosol\u016F do atmosf\u00E9ry tak, aby br\u00E1nily pr\u016Fchodu slune\u010Dn\u00EDch paprsk\u016F k povrchu Zem\u011B). Jednou z reakc\u00ED na nejistoty glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED je p\u0159ijet\u00ED strategie postupn\u00E9ho rozhodov\u00E1n\u00ED. Tato strategie uzn\u00E1v\u00E1, \u017Ee rozhodnut\u00ED o glob\u00E1ln\u00EDm oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED je t\u0159eba p\u0159ij\u00EDmat s ne\u00FApln\u00FDmi informacemi a \u017Ee sou\u010Dasn\u00E1 rozhodnut\u00ED mohou m\u00EDt potenci\u00E1ln\u011B dlouhodob\u00E9 dopady. Dal\u0161\u00ED mo\u017Enost\u00ED je pou\u017Eit\u00ED metody \u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED rizik jako sou\u010D\u00E1sti politick\u00E9 reakce na glob\u00E1ln\u00ED oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad p\u0159\u00EDstup zalo\u017Een\u00FD na riziku lze pou\u017E\u00EDt na dopady zm\u011Bn klimatu, kter\u00E9 lze z ekonomick\u00E9ho hlediska obt\u00ED\u017En\u011B kvantifikovat, nap\u0159. dopady glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED na domorod\u00E9 obyvatelstvo. Analytici hodnotili glob\u00E1ln\u00ED oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED ve vztahu k udr\u017Eiteln\u00E9mu rozvoji. Udr\u017Eiteln\u00FD rozvoj zva\u017Euje, jak by mohly b\u00FDt budouc\u00ED generace ovlivn\u011Bny aktivitami sou\u010Dasn\u00FDch generac\u00ED. V n\u011Bkter\u00FDch oblastech mohou politiky ur\u010Den\u00E9 k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ED glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED pozitivn\u011B p\u0159isp\u011Bt k dal\u0161\u00EDmu rozvoji. V jin\u00FDch oblastech mohou n\u00E1klady na opat\u0159en\u00ED glob\u00E1ln\u00EDho oteplov\u00E1n\u00ED odv\u00E1d\u011Bt zdroje od jin\u00FDch soci\u00E1ln\u011B a environment\u00E1ln\u011B v\u00FDhodn\u00FDch investic (n\u00E1klady ob\u011Btovan\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDle\u017Eitosti v r\u00E1mci politiky zm\u011Bny klimatu)."@cs . . . . . . . "1123885609"^^ . . .