. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Egito na Idade M\u00E9dia"@pt . . . . . . "377373"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Mesir pada Abad Pertengahan"@in . . . . . . . . . "\u0415\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0442 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 639 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u043C\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0410\u043C\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0431\u043D \u0430\u043B\u044C-\u0410\u0441\u043E\u043C, \u0434\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0424\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432 969 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u0445\u043E\u0442\u044F \u0434\u0435-\u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u044B\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043A \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0445\u0448\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0432 935 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443."@ru . . . . . . . "\u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062F\u064A\u0646 640-661\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629:"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "1"^^ . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "Egipte durant l'edat mitjana"@ca . "Brett"@en . . . . "Bonner"@en . . "40268"^^ . . . . . . . "Michael"@en . . . . . . . . "Pada masa invasi Islam awal pada 639 Masehi, Mesir mula-mula diperintah oleh para gubernur yang bertindak atas nama para Rashidun, dan kemudian para Khalifah di Damaskus namun, pada tahun 747, Ummayah runtuh. Pada 1174, Mesir berada di bawah kekuasaan Ayyubiyah yang berlangsung sampai 1252. Ayyubiyyah dilengserkan oleh para penjaga mereka, yang dikenal sebagai Mamluk, yang memerintah di bawah kedaulatan para Khalifah Abbasiyah sampai tahun 1517, saat Mesir menjadi bagian dari Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . "506"^^ . . "La p\u00E9riode islamique de l'\u00C9gypte d\u00E9bute lors de la premi\u00E8re invasion des musulmans en 639, au moment o\u00F9 l'\u00C9gypte est gouvern\u00E9e par les gouverneurs qui agissent au nom des califes bien guid\u00E9s puis des Omeyyades \u00E0 Damas, mais en 747, les Omeyyades sont renvers\u00E9s. En 1174, l'\u00C9gypte passe sous la domination des Ayyoubides qui durent jusqu'en 1252. Les Ayyoubides sont renvers\u00E9s par leur milice appel\u00E9e les mamelouks, qui r\u00E8gnent sous la suzerainet\u00E9 des Abbassides jusqu'en 1517, lorsque l'\u00C9gypte devient une partie de l'Empire ottoman."@fr . . . . "La p\u00E9riode islamique de l'\u00C9gypte d\u00E9bute lors de la premi\u00E8re invasion des musulmans en 639, au moment o\u00F9 l'\u00C9gypte est gouvern\u00E9e par les gouverneurs qui agissent au nom des califes bien guid\u00E9s puis des Omeyyades \u00E0 Damas, mais en 747, les Omeyyades sont renvers\u00E9s. En 1174, l'\u00C9gypte passe sous la domination des Ayyoubides qui durent jusqu'en 1252. Les Ayyoubides sont renvers\u00E9s par leur milice appel\u00E9e les mamelouks, qui r\u00E8gnent sous la suzerainet\u00E9 des Abbassides jusqu'en 1517, lorsque l'\u00C9gypte devient une partie de l'Empire ottoman."@fr . . . . . . "Als fr\u00FChislamische Zeit bezeichnet man \u2013 in Zusammenhang mit \u00C4gypten \u2013 die Epoche zwischen der Eroberung des Landes durch die Araber im Jahre 642 und dem Beginn der Fatimiden-Herrschaft am Nil im Jahre 969."@de . . "De periode van vroeg-islamitisch Egypte of ook wel de tijd van Egypte onder de Arabieren, Fatimiden en Ajjoebiden (640 \u2013 1250) is in de geschiedenis van Egypte de periode na Romeins en Byzantijns Egypte (30 voor Chr. \u2013 640 na C.)."@nl . . . . "\u0415\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0442 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 639 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430, \u043C\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0410\u043C\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0431\u043D \u0430\u043B\u044C-\u0410\u0441\u043E\u043C, \u0434\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0424\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432 969 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u0445\u043E\u0442\u044F \u0434\u0435-\u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u044B\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043A \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0445\u0448\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0432 935 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443."@ru . . "\u0415\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430"@ru . . . . . "De periode van vroeg-islamitisch Egypte of ook wel de tijd van Egypte onder de Arabieren, Fatimiden en Ajjoebiden (640 \u2013 1250) is in de geschiedenis van Egypte de periode na Romeins en Byzantijns Egypte (30 voor Chr. \u2013 640 na C.)."@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Egypt"@en . "Storia dell'Egitto arabo"@it . "Vroeg-islamitisch Egypte"@nl . . . . . . . . . "Egypt in the Middle Ages"@en . . . . . . . . . "Despr\u00E9s de la conquesta musulmana d'Egipte el 639, el Baix Egipte fou dirigit primer per governadors que actuaven en nom dels califes raixiduns i despr\u00E9s pels califes omeies de Damasc. Tanmateix, els omeies foren derrocats el 747. fou la capital del pa\u00EDs i seu de l'administraci\u00F3 durant aquest per\u00EDode. La conquesta don\u00E0 peu a dues prov\u00EDncies diferents sota un mateix sobir\u00E0: l'Alt Egipte i el Baix Egipte. L'ex\u00E8rcit governava aquestes regions tan diferents amb m\u00E0 de ferro, acatant les exig\u00E8ncies del governador d'Egipte i les imposicions dels caps de les comunitats. Egipte fou governat per moltes dinasties entre la conquesta musulmana el 639 i la (breu) fi del per\u00EDode isl\u00E0mic a principis del segle xvi. El per\u00EDode omeia dur\u00E0 des del 658 fins al 750. Despr\u00E9s vingu\u00E9 el per\u00EDode dels abb\u00E0ssides, que es dedicaren a recaptar impostos i centralitzar el poder. El 868, els tul\u00FAnides, encap\u00E7alats per \u00C0hmad ibn Tulun, ampliaren les fronteres d'Egipte al Llevant. \u00C0hmad es mantingu\u00E9 en el poder fins a la seva mort el 884. Els anys turbulents sota el successor d'\u00C0hmad ibn Tulun convenceren molts ciutadans de tornar a donar suport als abb\u00E0ssides, que el 904 recuperaren el control. El 969, Egipte caigu\u00E9 en mans del califat occidental i els fatimites. Aquesta dinastia entr\u00E0 en declivi despr\u00E9s de la mort del seu \u00FAltim sobir\u00E0 el 1171. El 1174, Egipte pass\u00E0 sota el domini dels ai\u00FAbides, que no governaven des del Caire, sin\u00F3 des de Damasc. Aquesta dinastia combat\u00E9 els estats croats durant la Cinquena Croada. El sold\u00E0 ai\u00FAbida Najm ad-Din reprengu\u00E9 Jerusalem el 1244. Reclut\u00E0 mamelucs per mantenir a ratlla els croats. Tanmateix, fou una decisi\u00F3 funesta, car el 1252, els mamelucs arrabassaren el poder als ai\u00FAbides. Els mamelucs governaren sota la suzerania dels \u00ABcalifes del Caire\u00BB fins al 1517, quan Egipte fou annexat a l'Imperi Otom\u00E0 com a eyalet d'Egipte."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064A \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062F\u064A\u0646 640-661\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629:"@ar . . . . "1124652717"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Following the Islamic conquest in 639, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Umayyad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 747 the Umayyads were overthrown. Throughout Islamic rule, Askar was named the capital and housed the ruling administration. The conquest led to two separate provinces all under one ruler: Upper and Lower Egypt. These two very distinct regions were governed by the military and followed the demands handed down by the governor of Egypt and imposed by the heads of their communities."@en . "Dal 640 al 1517 l'Egitto fece parte del mondo arabo. In un primo tempo fu diretto da governatori che agivano per conto dei califfi Omayyadi di Damasco.Nel 747 gli Ommayadi furono detronizzati e l'unit\u00E0 del mondo arabo si ruppe.L'Egitto rimase comunque sotto il dominio del Califfato abbaside, i cui sovrani riuscirono a stabilire dinastie semi-indipendenti, come quella tulunide ed ikhshidide. Nel 969 la dinastia fatimide della Tunisia conquist\u00F2 l'Egitto, stabilendo la propria capitale al Cairo. Questa dinastia ebbe fine nel 1174, quando l'Egitto cadde sotto il dominio di Saladino, la cui dinastia, gli Ayyubidi, dur\u00F2 fino al 1252. Ad essi subentrarono i Mamelucchi, che governarono, sotto la sovranit\u00E0 dei califfi abbasidi, fino al 1517, quando l'Egitto divenne parte dell'Impero ottomano."@it . . . . . . . . "Dal 640 al 1517 l'Egitto fece parte del mondo arabo. In un primo tempo fu diretto da governatori che agivano per conto dei califfi Omayyadi di Damasco.Nel 747 gli Ommayadi furono detronizzati e l'unit\u00E0 del mondo arabo si ruppe.L'Egitto rimase comunque sotto il dominio del Califfato abbaside, i cui sovrani riuscirono a stabilire dinastie semi-indipendenti, come quella tulunide ed ikhshidide. Nel 969 la dinastia fatimide della Tunisia conquist\u00F2 l'Egitto, stabilendo la propria capitale al Cairo. Questa dinastia ebbe fine nel 1174, quando l'Egitto cadde sotto il dominio di Saladino, la cui dinastia, gli Ayyubidi, dur\u00F2 fino al 1252. Ad essi subentrarono i Mamelucchi, che governarono, sotto la sovranit\u00E0 dei califfi abbasidi, fino al 1517, quando l'Egitto divenne parte dell'Impero ottomano."@it . "Fr\u00FChislamische Zeit in \u00C4gypten"@de . . . . "P\u00E9riode islamique de l'\u00C9gypte"@fr . "Pada masa invasi Islam awal pada 639 Masehi, Mesir mula-mula diperintah oleh para gubernur yang bertindak atas nama para Rashidun, dan kemudian para Khalifah di Damaskus namun, pada tahun 747, Ummayah runtuh. Pada 1174, Mesir berada di bawah kekuasaan Ayyubiyah yang berlangsung sampai 1252. Ayyubiyyah dilengserkan oleh para penjaga mereka, yang dikenal sebagai Mamluk, yang memerintah di bawah kedaulatan para Khalifah Abbasiyah sampai tahun 1517, saat Mesir menjadi bagian dari Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah."@in . . . . . "Following the Islamic conquest in 639, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Umayyad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 747 the Umayyads were overthrown. Throughout Islamic rule, Askar was named the capital and housed the ruling administration. The conquest led to two separate provinces all under one ruler: Upper and Lower Egypt. These two very distinct regions were governed by the military and followed the demands handed down by the governor of Egypt and imposed by the heads of their communities. Egypt was ruled by many dynasties from the start of Islamic control in 639 until the early 16th century. The Umayyad period lasted from 658 to 750. The Abbasid period which came after was much more focused on taxes and centralizing power. In 868, the Tulunids, ruled by Ahmad ibn Tulun, expanded Egypt's territory into the Levant. He would rule until his death in 884. After years of turmoil under Ahmad ibn Tulun's successor, many citizens defected back to the Abbasids and in 904 they would reclaim power from the Tulunids. In 969, Egypt came under the control of the Fatimids. This dynasty would begin to fade after the death of their last ruler in 1171. In 1174, Egypt came under the rule of the Ayyubids, they ruled from Damascus and not from Cairo. This dynasty fought against the Crusader States during the Fifth Crusade. Ayyubid Sultan Najm al-Din recaptured Jerusalem in 1244. He introduced Mamluk forces into his army in order to hold off the crusaders. This decision would be one he regretted. The Ayyubids were overthrown by their bodyguards, known as the Mamluks in 1252 and ruled until 1517, when Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire under the Ey\u0101let-i M\u0131\u1E63r province."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "305"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Michael Bonner"@en . "The waning of empire, 861\u2013945"@en . . . "Als fr\u00FChislamische Zeit bezeichnet man \u2013 in Zusammenhang mit \u00C4gypten \u2013 die Epoche zwischen der Eroberung des Landes durch die Araber im Jahre 642 und dem Beginn der Fatimiden-Herrschaft am Nil im Jahre 969."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .