. . "Extinktion (Psychologie)"@de . "L'extinction d'un conditionnement en d\u00E9signe la fin. Il est important de bien acqu\u00E9rir la notion de conditionnement pour comprendre celle d'extinction ; cela implique de diff\u00E9rencier conditionnement classique, conditionnement op\u00E9rant, . L'extinction est souvent un objectif des th\u00E9rapies cognitivo-comportementales. Dans le mod\u00E8le ultra-classique des phobies sp\u00E9cifiques, la phobie rel\u00E8ve d'un conditionnement rapprochant un stimulus effrayant d'un stimulus neutre. Alors l'extinction de ce conditionnement signifie \u00E9galement la fin de la maladie mentale et la r\u00E9ussite de la th\u00E9rapie."@fr . "31797"^^ . . . "In psicologia, l'estinzione \u00E8 un processo mediante il quale un comportamento che non viene rinforzato cessa di prodursi. Nel condizionamento operante, quando il comportamento operante che \u00E8 stato precedentemente rinforzato non produce pi\u00F9 conseguenze di rinforzo, il comportamento gradualmente si interrompe. Nel condizionamento classico, quando uno stimolo condizionato viene presentato da solo, in modo che non preveda pi\u00F9 l'arrivo dello stimolo incondizionato, la risposta condizionata si ferma gradualmente. Ad esempio, dopo che il cane dell'esperimento di Pavlov \u00E8 stato condizionato a salivare al suono di un metronomo, se il metronomo viene ripetutamente suonato e non compare il cibo, il cane gradualmente smette di salivare."@it . "1089118891"^^ . . "Extinktion (lateinisch exstinguere = ausl\u00F6schen, l\u00F6schen) oder L\u00F6schung wird als Fachbegriff in der Lernpsychologie bzw. Lerntheorie sowie als Vorgehensweise in der Verhaltenstherapie verwendet. In diesem Zusammenhang meint Extinktion die Abschw\u00E4chung oder Aufhebung einer zuvor konditionierten, d. h. erlernten Kopplung zwischen einer Ausgangssituation (bzw. deren Faktoren) und einem Antwortverhalten. Die Extinktion ist zu unterscheiden von der Habituation und der Anpassungsf\u00E4higkeit, die beide damit verbunden sind, dass sich ein naturgem\u00E4\u00DF vorhandener Ablauf aufgrund von Gew\u00F6hnung oder Anpassung abschw\u00E4cht. Der Terminus Antwortverhalten kann sich einerseits auf eine Verhaltensreaktion von Tieren oder von Menschen beziehen. Andererseits mag damit auch ein aktivierter Vorgang innerhalb eines Organismus bezeichnet werden."@de . . . . . . "Extinction (psychology)"@en . "2785756"^^ . "Extinction is a behavioral phenomenon observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior, which manifests itself by fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring. In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone, so that it no longer predicts the coming of the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned responding gradually stops. For example, after Pavlov's dog was conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, it eventually stopped salivating to the metronome after the metronome had been sounded repeatedly but no food came. Many anxiety disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder are be"@en . "Wygaszanie lub wygasanie potocznie rozumiane jako proces odwrotny do warunkowania jest w rzeczywisto\u015Bci procesem zast\u0105pienia jednego odruchu warunkowego drugim, o tym samym charakterze. Proces wygaszania nie przebiega identycznie jak pierwotne warunkowanie i zale\u017Cy od dotychczasowego do\u015Bwiadczenia zwierz\u0119cia (przeprowadzanych wcze\u015Bniej eksperyment\u00F3w).Za\u0142\u00F3\u017Cmy \u017Ce psa nauczono na d\u017Awi\u0119k dzwonka podnosi\u0107 przedni\u0105 \u0142ap\u0119, po czym podawano porcj\u0119 jedzenia. Wystarczy zaprzesta\u0107 podawania pokarmu, a zwierz\u0119 po pocz\u0105tkowo licznych podnoszeniach \u0142apy (tak jakby si\u0119 upewnia\u0142o, czy dobrze reakcj\u0119 wykona\u0142o) zoboj\u0119tnieje i na sygna\u0142 \u0142apy ju\u017C nie podniesie. Jest to wynik warunkowania negatywnego z zastosowaniem wygaszania ostrego. W kolejnych sesjach, zw\u0142aszcza na ich pocz\u0105tku, pies 1-2 razy podnosi \u0142ap\u0119, "@pl . . . . 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"L'extinction d'un conditionnement en d\u00E9signe la fin. Il est important de bien acqu\u00E9rir la notion de conditionnement pour comprendre celle d'extinction ; cela implique de diff\u00E9rencier conditionnement classique, conditionnement op\u00E9rant, . L'extinction est souvent un objectif des th\u00E9rapies cognitivo-comportementales. Dans le mod\u00E8le ultra-classique des phobies sp\u00E9cifiques, la phobie rel\u00E8ve d'un conditionnement rapprochant un stimulus effrayant d'un stimulus neutre. Alors l'extinction de ce conditionnement signifie \u00E9galement la fin de la maladie mentale et la r\u00E9ussite de la th\u00E9rapie. Si le conditionnement s'apparente \u00E0 une association, impliquant deux stimulus, ou un stimulus et une r\u00E9ponse, ou encore une association plus complexe, l'extinction peut s'entendre comme s\u00E9paration, dissociation. \n* Portail de la psychologie"@fr . . . "\u6D88\u5F31\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aextinction\uFF0C\u6216\u79F0\u6D88\u5F31\u4F5C\u7528\uFF09\uFF0C\u5728\u5236\u7EA6\u5B66\u4E60\u4E2D\uFF0C\u968F\u7740\u5236\u7D04\u523A\u6FC0\uFF08CS\uFF09\u548C\u975E\u5236\u7D04\u523A\u6FC0\uFF08US\uFF09\u4E0D\u65AD\u7684\u91CD\u590D\u5448\u73B0\uFF0C\u800C\u5236\u7D04\u523A\u6FC0\u80FD\u591F\u5B8C\u5168\u7684\u5F15\u53D1\u5236\u7D04\u53CD\u61C9\uFF08CR\uFF09\u65F6\uFF0C\u5236\u7D04\u53CD\u61C9\u5C31\u5DF2\u88AB\uFF08acquisition\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Extinci\u00F3n (psicolog\u00EDa)"@es . . . . "\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633)"@ar . . "Estinzione (psicologia)"@it . . "\u6D88\u5F31\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aextinction\uFF0C\u6216\u79F0\u6D88\u5F31\u4F5C\u7528\uFF09\uFF0C\u5728\u5236\u7EA6\u5B66\u4E60\u4E2D\uFF0C\u968F\u7740\u5236\u7D04\u523A\u6FC0\uFF08CS\uFF09\u548C\u975E\u5236\u7D04\u523A\u6FC0\uFF08US\uFF09\u4E0D\u65AD\u7684\u91CD\u590D\u5448\u73B0\uFF0C\u800C\u5236\u7D04\u523A\u6FC0\u80FD\u591F\u5B8C\u5168\u7684\u5F15\u53D1\u5236\u7D04\u53CD\u61C9\uFF08CR\uFF09\u65F6\uFF0C\u5236\u7D04\u53CD\u61C9\u5C31\u5DF2\u88AB\uFF08acquisition\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . . "En psicolog\u00EDa, la extinci\u00F3n (del Lat. extintus = destruido) es un procedimiento utilizado en el condicionamiento cl\u00E1sico y en el condicionamiento operante para hacer que una conducta desaparezca. En t\u00E9rminos educativos se aplica contingentemente, por tanto, a conductas no deseables. La extinci\u00F3n dentro del condicionamiento instrumental es el proceso contrario a la adquisici\u00F3n. El procedimiento de la extinci\u00F3n consiste en la omisi\u00F3n del reforzador despu\u00E9s de haberse presentado la conducta cuya desaparici\u00F3n se est\u00E1 trabajando. Por ejemplo: un ni\u00F1o se niega a comer; los padres, con buena voluntad y sin darse cuenta, est\u00E1n reforzando esa conducta al prestarle atenci\u00F3n (aunque sea para insistirle y re\u00F1irle), con lo que la conducta o se mantiene o aumenta. La t\u00E9cnica de la extinci\u00F3n consiste en "@es . . . . "\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u6D88\u53BB\uFF08\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304D\u3087\u3001Extinction\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30AA\u30DA\u30E9\u30F3\u30C8\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u3068\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u306E\u4E21\u65B9\u3067\u8D77\u3053\u308B\u4E8B\u8C61\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6761\u4EF6\u4ED8\u3051\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4EE5\u524D\u5F37\u5316\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u30AA\u30DA\u30E9\u30F3\u30C8\u884C\u52D5\u304C\u3001\u3082\u306F\u3084\u5F37\u5316\u3055\u308C\u306A\u304F\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3068\u304D\u3001\u5F37\u5316\u3055\u308C\u305F\u884C\u52D5\u306E\u983B\u5EA6\u306F\u5F90\u3005\u306B\u6E1B\u5C11\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F \u3002 \u53E4\u5178\u7684\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u3067\u306F\u3001\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308C\u305F\u523A\u6FC0\u304C\u5358\u72EC\u3067\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3001\u3082\u306F\u3084\u7121\u6761\u4EF6\u523A\u6FC0\u3092\u4E88\u6E2C\u3057\u306A\u304F\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3068\u304D\u3001\u5F90\u3005\u306B\u6761\u4EF6\u53CD\u5FDC\u306F\u8D77\u3053\u3089\u306A\u304F\u306A\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30D1\u30D6\u30ED\u30D5\u306E\u72AC\u306F\u3001\u30E1\u30C8\u30ED\u30CE\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u97F3\u3067\u553E\u6DB2\u3092\u5206\u6CCC\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u6761\u4EF6\u4ED8\u3051\u3089\u308C\u305F\u5F8C\u3001\u30E1\u30C8\u30ED\u30CE\u30FC\u30E0\u304C\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3057\u9CF4\u3063\u3066\u3082\u98DF\u3079\u7269\u304C\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u306A\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3001\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u306B\u306F\u30E1\u30C8\u30ED\u30CE\u30FC\u30E0\u306B\u5FDC\u3058\u3066\u553E\u6DB2\u306F\u5206\u6CCC\u3057\u306A\u304F\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u5FC3\u7684\u5916\u50B7\u5F8C\u30B9\u30C8\u30EC\u30B9\u969C\u5BB3\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u591A\u304F\u306E\u4E0D\u5B89\u969C\u5BB3\u306F\u3001\u5C11\u306A\u304F\u3068\u3082\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u306B\u306F\u3001\u6761\u4EF6\u4ED8\u304D\u6050\u6016\u306E\u6D88\u53BB\u304C\u306A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306B\u8D77\u56E0\u3059\u308B\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u062D\u064E\u0638 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064E\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062B\u0627\u0628\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0643\u064A\u060C \u064A\u062A\u062C\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062A. \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062B\u0627\u0628\u064A \u064A\u0624\u062F\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062A\u0627\u0626\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629\u060C \u0648\u064A\u062A\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u062C\u064A\u064B\u0627. \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u060C \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u064F\u0642\u062F\u064E\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0648\u062D\u062F\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u064A\u064F\u0646\u0628\u0650\u0651\u0626 \u0628\u0642\u062F\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u060C \u062A\u062A\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u062C\u064A\u064B\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644\u060C \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0643\u064A\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u0628\u0646\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0642\u0627\u0639)\u060C \u062A\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062A \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u064F\u0642\u062F\u064E\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064A \u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u064A\u064F\u0639\u062A\u064E\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062F\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062C\u0632\u0626\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0641\u0634\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0648\u0641."@ar . . . . . . . . "\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u6D88\u53BB\uFF08\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304D\u3087\u3001Extinction\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30AA\u30DA\u30E9\u30F3\u30C8\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u3068\u53E4\u5178\u7684\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u306E\u4E21\u65B9\u3067\u8D77\u3053\u308B\u4E8B\u8C61\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6761\u4EF6\u4ED8\u3051\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4EE5\u524D\u5F37\u5316\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u30AA\u30DA\u30E9\u30F3\u30C8\u884C\u52D5\u304C\u3001\u3082\u306F\u3084\u5F37\u5316\u3055\u308C\u306A\u304F\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3068\u304D\u3001\u5F37\u5316\u3055\u308C\u305F\u884C\u52D5\u306E\u983B\u5EA6\u306F\u5F90\u3005\u306B\u6E1B\u5C11\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F \u3002 \u53E4\u5178\u7684\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u3067\u306F\u3001\u6761\u4EF6\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308C\u305F\u523A\u6FC0\u304C\u5358\u72EC\u3067\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3001\u3082\u306F\u3084\u7121\u6761\u4EF6\u523A\u6FC0\u3092\u4E88\u6E2C\u3057\u306A\u304F\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3068\u304D\u3001\u5F90\u3005\u306B\u6761\u4EF6\u53CD\u5FDC\u306F\u8D77\u3053\u3089\u306A\u304F\u306A\u308B\u3002\u305F\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30D1\u30D6\u30ED\u30D5\u306E\u72AC\u306F\u3001\u30E1\u30C8\u30ED\u30CE\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u97F3\u3067\u553E\u6DB2\u3092\u5206\u6CCC\u3059\u308B\u3088\u3046\u6761\u4EF6\u4ED8\u3051\u3089\u308C\u305F\u5F8C\u3001\u30E1\u30C8\u30ED\u30CE\u30FC\u30E0\u304C\u7E70\u308A\u8FD4\u3057\u9CF4\u3063\u3066\u3082\u98DF\u3079\u7269\u304C\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u306A\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3001\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u306B\u306F\u30E1\u30C8\u30ED\u30CE\u30FC\u30E0\u306B\u5FDC\u3058\u3066\u553E\u6DB2\u306F\u5206\u6CCC\u3057\u306A\u304F\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002 \u5FC3\u7684\u5916\u50B7\u5F8C\u30B9\u30C8\u30EC\u30B9\u969C\u5BB3\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u591A\u304F\u306E\u4E0D\u5B89\u969C\u5BB3\u306F\u3001\u5C11\u306A\u304F\u3068\u3082\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u306B\u306F\u3001\u6761\u4EF6\u4ED8\u304D\u6050\u6016\u306E\u6D88\u53BB\u304C\u306A\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306B\u8D77\u56E0\u3059\u308B\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "\u6D88\u5F31"@zh . . "En psicolog\u00EDa, la extinci\u00F3n (del Lat. extintus = destruido) es un procedimiento utilizado en el condicionamiento cl\u00E1sico y en el condicionamiento operante para hacer que una conducta desaparezca. En t\u00E9rminos educativos se aplica contingentemente, por tanto, a conductas no deseables. La extinci\u00F3n dentro del condicionamiento instrumental es el proceso contrario a la adquisici\u00F3n. El procedimiento de la extinci\u00F3n consiste en la omisi\u00F3n del reforzador despu\u00E9s de haberse presentado la conducta cuya desaparici\u00F3n se est\u00E1 trabajando. Por ejemplo: un ni\u00F1o se niega a comer; los padres, con buena voluntad y sin darse cuenta, est\u00E1n reforzando esa conducta al prestarle atenci\u00F3n (aunque sea para insistirle y re\u00F1irle), con lo que la conducta o se mantiene o aumenta. La t\u00E9cnica de la extinci\u00F3n consiste en no prestar atenci\u00F3n al ni\u00F1o cuando se niega a comer, a fin de no reforzar'; la falta de atenci\u00F3n propicia que la conducta termine por desaparecer. Por supuesto, esta t\u00E9cnica se usa en conjunci\u00F3n con otros procedimientos. Y unida al refuerzo se aplica en el llamado . \n* Datos: Q1385098"@es . . . . . . . . . . "Extinction (psychologie)"@fr . . . . . "Extinktion (lateinisch exstinguere = ausl\u00F6schen, l\u00F6schen) oder L\u00F6schung wird als Fachbegriff in der Lernpsychologie bzw. Lerntheorie sowie als Vorgehensweise in der Verhaltenstherapie verwendet. In diesem Zusammenhang meint Extinktion die Abschw\u00E4chung oder Aufhebung einer zuvor konditionierten, d. h. erlernten Kopplung zwischen einer Ausgangssituation (bzw. deren Faktoren) und einem Antwortverhalten. Die Extinktion ist zu unterscheiden von der Habituation und der Anpassungsf\u00E4higkeit, die beide damit verbunden sind, dass sich ein naturgem\u00E4\u00DF vorhandener Ablauf aufgrund von Gew\u00F6hnung oder Anpassung abschw\u00E4cht. Der Terminus Antwortverhalten kann sich einerseits auf eine Verhaltensreaktion von Tieren oder von Menschen beziehen. Andererseits mag damit auch ein aktivierter Vorgang innerhalb eines"@de . "Extinction is a behavioral phenomenon observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior, which manifests itself by fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring. In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone, so that it no longer predicts the coming of the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned responding gradually stops. For example, after Pavlov's dog was conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, it eventually stopped salivating to the metronome after the metronome had been sounded repeatedly but no food came. Many anxiety disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder are believed to reflect, at least in part, a failure to extinguish conditioned fear."@en . "Wygaszanie"@pl . "In psicologia, l'estinzione \u00E8 un processo mediante il quale un comportamento che non viene rinforzato cessa di prodursi. Nel condizionamento operante, quando il comportamento operante che \u00E8 stato precedentemente rinforzato non produce pi\u00F9 conseguenze di rinforzo, il comportamento gradualmente si interrompe. Nel condizionamento classico, quando uno stimolo condizionato viene presentato da solo, in modo che non preveda pi\u00F9 l'arrivo dello stimolo incondizionato, la risposta condizionata si ferma gradualmente. Ad esempio, dopo che il cane dell'esperimento di Pavlov \u00E8 stato condizionato a salivare al suono di un metronomo, se il metronomo viene ripetutamente suonato e non compare il cibo, il cane gradualmente smette di salivare. Molti disturbi d'ansia, come ad esempio il disturbo post traumatico da stress, potrebbero riflettere, almeno in parte, l'incapacit\u00E0 di estinguere la paura condizionata.."@it . . . "Wygaszanie lub wygasanie potocznie rozumiane jako proces odwrotny do warunkowania jest w rzeczywisto\u015Bci procesem zast\u0105pienia jednego odruchu warunkowego drugim, o tym samym charakterze. Proces wygaszania nie przebiega identycznie jak pierwotne warunkowanie i zale\u017Cy od dotychczasowego do\u015Bwiadczenia zwierz\u0119cia (przeprowadzanych wcze\u015Bniej eksperyment\u00F3w).Za\u0142\u00F3\u017Cmy \u017Ce psa nauczono na d\u017Awi\u0119k dzwonka podnosi\u0107 przedni\u0105 \u0142ap\u0119, po czym podawano porcj\u0119 jedzenia. Wystarczy zaprzesta\u0107 podawania pokarmu, a zwierz\u0119 po pocz\u0105tkowo licznych podnoszeniach \u0142apy (tak jakby si\u0119 upewnia\u0142o, czy dobrze reakcj\u0119 wykona\u0142o) zoboj\u0119tnieje i na sygna\u0142 \u0142apy ju\u017C nie podniesie. Jest to wynik warunkowania negatywnego z zastosowaniem wygaszania ostrego. W kolejnych sesjach, zw\u0142aszcza na ich pocz\u0105tku, pies 1-2 razy podnosi \u0142ap\u0119, sprawdzaj\u0105c, czy nie dostanie pokarmu, nast\u0119pnie (zale\u017Cnie od mo\u017Cliwo\u015Bci) odwraca si\u0119 i stara si\u0119 zasn\u0105\u0107. W tym eksperymencie sygna\u0142 dzwonka staje si\u0119 wt\u00F3rnym (bo pierwotnie mia\u0142 inne znaczenie) bod\u017Acem negatywnym (hamulcowym) sygnalizuj\u0105cym brak jedzenia, czego wynikiem jest zoboj\u0119tnienie psa (hamulcowa reakcja warunkowa). W powy\u017Cszej sytuacji nawet dobrze wygaszony odruch po podaniu wzmocnienia wraca do pierwotnej postaci, bez konieczno\u015Bci ponownego stosowania d\u0142ugiego warunkowania. Wygaszanie chroniczne, w kt\u00F3rym bod\u017Ace negatywne nie s\u0105 stosowane jako jedyne, daje o wiele ciekawsze wyniki g\u0142\u00F3wnie przez mo\u017Cliwo\u015B\u0107 por\u00F3wnywania w\u0142a\u015Bciwo\u015Bci proces\u00F3w warunkowania i wygaszania. Najpierw przeprowadza si\u0119 warunkowanie (np.) pokarmowe na dwa r\u00F3\u017Cne bod\u017Ace np. dzwonek i bulgotanie (oba zawsze wzmacniane) oraz wprowadza jako nigdy niewzmacniane dwa kolejne sygna\u0142y np. d\u017Awi\u0119k metronomu oraz gwizdek. S\u0105 to pierwotne pokarmowe bod\u017Ace hamulcowe, bowiem wcze\u015Bniej ich nie stosowano, a eksperyment odbywa si\u0119 w stanie nap\u0119du g\u0142odowego zwierz\u0119cia. Po sko\u0144czonym warunkowaniu badano ilo\u015B\u0107 wydzielanej \u015Bliny w odpowiedzi na poszczeg\u00F3lne bod\u017Ace wyst\u0119puj\u0105ce osobno oraz razem w r\u00F3\u017Cnych kombinacjach. Okaza\u0142o si\u0119 \u017Ce dzwonek, bulgotanie oraz dzwonek + bulgotanie powoduj\u0105 jednakowe i znaczne wydzielanie \u015Bliny. Metronom, gwizdek oraz metronom + gwizdek nie stymulowa\u0142y wydzielania \u015Bliny, natomiast kombinacja bod\u017Aca wzmacnianego oraz niewzmacnianego wywo\u0142ywa\u0142y mniejsze wydzielanie \u015Bliny ni\u017C sam bodziec dodatni. Przy kombinacji bodziec negatywny + bodziec pozytywny psy cz\u0119sto odmawia\u0142y przyjmowania pokarmu lub jad\u0142y go z mniejsz\u0105 ochot\u0105. Tak wi\u0119c bodziec sygnalizuj\u0105cy \u201Enic\u201D ma w uk\u0142adzie nerwowym ca\u0142kiem wymierne prze\u0142o\u017Cenie na odruchy i zachowanie. Pierwotne znaczenie bod\u017Aca ma charakter dominuj\u0105cy, \u0142atwo mo\u017Cna je przywr\u00F3ci\u0107, a przy przewarunkowaniu ma wp\u0142yw na uzyskane w eksperymencie wyniki. Na odporno\u015B\u0107 odruchu warunkowego na wygaszanie wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 nast\u0119puj\u0105ce czynniki: \n* czas, kt\u00F3ry up\u0142yn\u0105\u0142 od ostatniej reakcji wzmocnionej, \n* si\u0142a pop\u0119du le\u017C\u0105cego u pod\u0142o\u017Ca reakcji, \n* wielko\u015B\u0107 poprzednich wzmocnie\u0144, \n* to czy reakcja zosta\u0142a wyuczona w m\u0142odszym wieku (takie s\u0105 trwalsze), \n* stopie\u0144 utrwalenia wyuczonego odruchu, Ponadto liczba powt\u00F3rze\u0144 potrzebnych do wygaszenia jest wi\u0119ksza, gdy: \n* wymagana reakcja jest ma\u0142o wymagaj\u0105ca, prosta \n* mi\u0119dzy pr\u00F3bami bez wzmocnie\u0144 s\u0105 du\u017Ce odst\u0119py czasu umo\u017Cliwiaj\u0105ce nawroty reakcji."@pl . . . "\u6D88\u53BB (\u5FC3\u7406\u5B66)"@ja . .