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\u041D\u043E\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0435\u043C\u0430."@ru . . . . "\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062F\u0627\u0646\u064A"@ar . . . . "Field electron emission, also known as field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field. The most common context is field emission from a solid surface into a vacuum. However, field emission can take place from solid or liquid surfaces, into a vacuum, a fluid (e.g. air), or any non-conducting or weakly conducting dielectric. The field-induced promotion of electrons from the valence to conduction band of semiconductors (the Zener effect) can also be regarded as a form of field emission. The terminology is historical because related phenomena of surface photoeffect, thermionic emission (or Richardson\u2013Dushman effect) and \"cold electronic emission\", i.e. the emission of electrons in strong static (or quasi-static) electric fields, were"@en . "Ast\u00FA r\u00E9imse"@ga . . "Feldemission"@de . . . . . "Ast\u00FA leictreon \u00F3 dhromchla miotail nuair a chuirtear r\u00E9imse dian leictreach i bhfeidhm air. I micreasc\u00F3ip r\u00E9imse-asta\u00EDoch, treora\u00EDtear na leictreoin a asta\u00EDonn rinn gh\u00E9ar miotail ar sc\u00E1ile\u00E1n chun \u00EDomh\u00E1 an-fhormh\u00E9adaithe de strucht\u00FAr an mhiotail a dh\u00E9anamh."@ga . . . . . "June 2009"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA"@ja . . . . . . "Emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons por campo ou simplesmente emiss\u00E3o por campo \u00E9 uma emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons induzidos por campos eletromagn\u00E9ticos externos. A emiss\u00E3o por campo pode ocorrer de superf\u00EDcies s\u00F3lidas e l\u00EDquidas, ou \u00E1tomos individuais no v\u00E1cuo ou ao ar, ou ainda, resultado da promo\u00E7\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons de val\u00EAncia da banda de condu\u00E7\u00E3o dos semicondutores. A terminologia \u00E9 hist\u00F3rica porque os fen\u00F4menos de superf\u00EDcie relacionados, fotoel\u00E9trico, emiss\u00E3o termoi\u00F4nica ou efeito Richardson-Dushman e \"\", i.e. a emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons em campos el\u00E9tricos est\u00E1ticos (ou quase-est\u00E1ticos) fortes, foram descobertos e estudados independentemente dos anos 1880s a 1930s. Quando a emiss\u00E3o por campo \u00E9 usada sem qualificadores ela tipicamente significa a \"emiss\u00E3o fria\". Emiss\u00E3o por campo em metais puros ocorre em campos el\u00E9tricos intensos: os gradientes s\u00E3o normalmente mais altos que 1000 volts por micron e fortemente dependentes da fun\u00E7\u00E3o trabalho. Fontes de el\u00E9trons baseadas em emiss\u00E3o por campo tem um bom n\u00FAmero de aplica\u00E7\u00F5es, mas \u00E9 mais uma fonte prim\u00E1ria indesej\u00E1vel do fen\u00F4meno de arco no v\u00E1cuo e descarga el\u00E9trica, os quais engenheiros trabalham para prevenir. Exemplos de aplica\u00E7\u00F5es para emiss\u00E3o por campo de superf\u00EDcie incluem a constru\u00E7\u00E3o de fontes luminosas de el\u00E9trons para microsc\u00F3pios eletr\u00F4nicos de alta resolu\u00E7\u00E3o ou para descarregar naves espaciais de cargas induzidas. Dispositivos os quais eliminam cargas induzidas s\u00E3o chamados de neutralizadores de carga. A emiss\u00E3o por campo foi explicada pelo tunelamento qu\u00E2ntico de el\u00E9trons no final dos anos 1920s. Este foi um dos triunfos da nascente mec\u00E2nica qu\u00E2ntica. A teoria de emiss\u00E3o por campo de corpos met\u00E1licos foi proposta por Fowler e Nordheim.Uma fam\u00EDlia de equa\u00E7\u00F5es aproximadas, \"equa\u00E7\u00F5es de Fowler\u2013Nordheim\", \u00E9 nomeada em honra a eles. Estritamente, as equa\u00E7\u00F5es de Fowler-Nordheim aplicam-se somente a emiss\u00E3o de campo de corpos met\u00E1licos e (com a modifica\u00E7\u00E3o adequada) a outros corpos s\u00F3lidos cristalinos, mas s\u00E3o frequentemente usadas \u2013 como uma aproxima\u00E7\u00E3o grosseira \u2013 para descrever emiss\u00E3o por campo de outros materiais. Em alguns aspectos, a emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons por campo \u00E9 um exemplo paradigm\u00E1tico do que os f\u00EDsicos entendem por tunelamento. Infelizmente, \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m um exemplo paradigm\u00E1tico das grandes dificuldades matem\u00E1ticas que podem surgir. Modelos simples de ser resolvidos da barreira de tunelamento conduzem \u00E0s equa\u00E7\u00F5es (incluindo a equa\u00E7\u00E3o do tipo Fowler-Nordheim origina de 1928) que s\u00E3o previs\u00F5es de densidade de corrente de emiss\u00E3o muito baixa, por um fator de 100 ou mais. Se algu\u00E9m introduz um modelo de barreira mais realista na forma mais simples da equa\u00E7\u00E3o de Schr\u00F6dinger, ent\u00E3o, um problema matem\u00E1tico embara\u00E7oso surge sobre a equa\u00E7\u00E3o diferencial resultante: \u00E9 conhecido por ser matematicamente imposs\u00EDvel, em princ\u00EDpio, resolver-se esta equa\u00E7\u00E3o exatamente em termos das fun\u00E7\u00F5es habituais de f\u00EDsica matem\u00E1tica, ou de qualquer forma simples. Para chegar at\u00E9 uma solu\u00E7\u00E3o aproximada, \u00E9 necess\u00E1rio utilizar m\u00E9todos especiais de aproxima\u00E7\u00E3o conhecidos na f\u00EDsica como m\u00E9todos \"\" ou \"quase-cl\u00E1ssicos\". De maneira ainda pior, um erro de matem\u00E1tica foi feito na peti\u00E7\u00E3o inicial destes m\u00E9todos para a emiss\u00E3o de campo, e mesmo a teoria corrigida que foi posta em pr\u00E1tica nos anos 1950 tivera sido formalmente incompleta at\u00E9 muito recentemente. Uma consequ\u00EAncia desta (e outras) dificuldades tem sido uma heran\u00E7a de incompreens\u00E3o e desinforma\u00E7\u00E3o que ainda persiste em algumas correntes da literatura de pesquisa de emiss\u00F5es por campos. Este artigo tenta apresentar um c\u00E1lculo b\u00E1sico de emiss\u00E3o por campo \"para o s\u00E9culo 21 e al\u00E9m\", que \u00E9 livre dessas confus\u00F5es."@pt . . . . . "Emisi\u00F3n por efecto de campo"@es . . . . "L' emissi\u00F3 per efecte de camp \u00E9s l'emissi\u00F3 d'\u00E9lectrons indu\u00EFda per camps electromagn\u00E8tics externs. Es pot produir a partir d'una superf\u00EDcie s\u00F2lida o l\u00EDquida, o directament a nivell d'un \u00E0tom en un medi gas\u00F3s. La teoria de l'emissi\u00F3 de camp a partir de metalls va ser descrita per William Alfred Fowler i ."@ca . . . "Bei der Feldemission werden durch ein ausreichend starkes elektrisches Feld (mehr als 109 V/m) Elektronen mit einer sehr geringen Energiebreite aus einer (negativ geladenen) Kathode gel\u00F6st. Klassisch betrachtet ist es f\u00FCr ein Teilchen mit einer bestimmten mittleren thermischen Energie, die kleiner ist als die H\u00F6he der Austrittsarbeit, unm\u00F6glich, das Kathodenmaterial zu verlassen. Quantenmechanisch betrachtet gibt es jedoch eine bestimmte Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass einzelne Elektronen aus dem Festk\u00F6rper austreten. Diese werden dann durch das hohe \u00E4u\u00DFere Feld abgesaugt. Diesen Effekt nennt man allgemein auch Tunneleffekt. Das Elektron tunnelt also durch den Potentialwall, der durch das \u00E4u\u00DFere elektrische Feld verkippt wurde \u2013 diese spezielle Art von Tunneln nennt man auch Fowler-Nordheim-Tunneln (benannt nach Ralph Howard Fowler und Lothar Nordheim)."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . "Emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons por campo"@pt . . . . . "Emisja polowa"@pl . "Emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons por campo ou simplesmente emiss\u00E3o por campo \u00E9 uma emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons induzidos por campos eletromagn\u00E9ticos externos. A emiss\u00E3o por campo pode ocorrer de superf\u00EDcies s\u00F3lidas e l\u00EDquidas, ou \u00E1tomos individuais no v\u00E1cuo ou ao ar, ou ainda, resultado da promo\u00E7\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons de val\u00EAncia da banda de condu\u00E7\u00E3o dos semicondutores. A terminologia \u00E9 hist\u00F3rica porque os fen\u00F4menos de superf\u00EDcie relacionados, fotoel\u00E9trico, emiss\u00E3o termoi\u00F4nica ou efeito Richardson-Dushman e \"\", i.e. a emiss\u00E3o de el\u00E9trons em campos el\u00E9tricos est\u00E1ticos (ou quase-est\u00E1ticos) fortes, foram descobertos e estudados independentemente dos anos 1880s a 1930s. Quando a emiss\u00E3o por campo \u00E9 usada sem qualificadores ela tipicamente significa a \"emiss\u00E3o fria\"."@pt . "Field electron emission"@en . . . . 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\u041D\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0491\u0440\u0443\u043D\u0442\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0432\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0443\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0440\u044F\u043C\u043B\u044F\u0447\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443 \u0437 \u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C, \u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0444\u043B\u0435\u0448-\u043F\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u0442\u0456."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0430 \u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0456\u044F"@uk . "\u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA\uFF08\u307E\u305F\u306F\u96FB\u754C\u96FB\u5B50\u653E\u51FA\u3001Field Emission\u3001FE\uFF09\u3068\u306F\uFF0C\u7269\u4F53\u8868\u9762\u306B\u5F37\u3044\u96FB\u754C\u3092\u52A0\u3048\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3067\u30DD\u30C6\u30F3\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u969C\u58C1\u3092\u8584\u304F\u3057\uFF0C\u30C8\u30F3\u30CD\u30EB\u52B9\u679C\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8868\u9762\u3092\u629C\u3051\u305F\u96FB\u5B50\u3092\u5916\u90E8\u3078\u653E\u51FA\u3059\u308B\u73FE\u8C61\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u7269\u8CEA\u8868\u9762\u306B\u96FB\u5834\u304C\u52A0\u308F\u308B\u3068\u3001\u30B7\u30E7\u30C3\u30C8\u30AD\u30FC\u52B9\u679C\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4ED5\u4E8B\u95A2\u6570\u304C\u6E1B\u5C11\u3059\u308B\u3002\u96FB\u5834\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306B\u5927\u304D\u304F\u3057\u3001\u8868\u9762\u8FD1\u508D\uFF0810\u00C5\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4EE5\u4E0B\uFF09\u306E\u7A7A\u9593\u306E\u4ED5\u4E8B\u95A2\u6570\u304C\u30D5\u30A7\u30EB\u30DF\u6E96\u4F4D\u4EE5\u4E0B\u306B\u306A\u308B\u3068\u3001\u30C8\u30F3\u30CD\u30EB\u52B9\u679C\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u91D1\u5C5E\u5185\u306E\u96FB\u5B50\u304C\u5E38\u6E29\u3067\u3082\u5916\u90E8\u306B\u653E\u51FA\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u3001\u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA\u306F\u6E29\u5EA6\u306B\u4F9D\u5B58\u3057\u306A\u3044\u3002 \u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA\u306B\u3088\u308B\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6J\u306F\u3001\u7269\u8CEA\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5B9A\u6570C\u3001D\uFF08D\u306F\u4E3B\u306B\u4ED5\u4E8B\u95A2\u6570\u306B\u3088\u308A\u6C7A\u307E\u308B\uFF09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6B21\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u8868\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Field electron emission, also known as field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field. The most common context is field emission from a solid surface into a vacuum. However, field emission can take place from solid or liquid surfaces, into a vacuum, a fluid (e.g. air), or any non-conducting or weakly conducting dielectric. The field-induced promotion of electrons from the valence to conduction band of semiconductors (the Zener effect) can also be regarded as a form of field emission. The terminology is historical because related phenomena of surface photoeffect, thermionic emission (or Richardson\u2013Dushman effect) and \"cold electronic emission\", i.e. the emission of electrons in strong static (or quasi-static) electric fields, were discovered and studied independently from the 1880s to 1930s. When field emission is used without qualifiers it typically means \"cold emission\". Field emission in pure metals occurs in high electric fields: the gradients are typically higher than 1 gigavolt per metre and strongly dependent upon the work function. While electron sources based on field emission have a number of applications, field emission is most commonly an undesirable primary source of vacuum breakdown and electrical discharge phenomena, which engineers work to prevent. Examples of applications for surface field emission include the construction of bright electron sources for high-resolution electron microscopes or the discharge of induced charges from spacecraft. Devices which eliminate induced charges are termed charge-neutralizers. Field emission was explained by quantum tunneling of electrons in the late 1920s. This was one of the triumphs of the nascent quantum mechanics. The theory of field emission from bulk metals was proposed by Ralph H. Fowler and Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim.A family of approximate equations, , is named after them. Strictly, Fowler\u2013Nordheim equations apply only to field emission from bulk metals and (with suitable modification) to other bulk crystalline solids, but they are often used \u2013 as a rough approximation \u2013 to describe field emission from other materials."@en . . . "\u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA\uFF08\u307E\u305F\u306F\u96FB\u754C\u96FB\u5B50\u653E\u51FA\u3001Field Emission\u3001FE\uFF09\u3068\u306F\uFF0C\u7269\u4F53\u8868\u9762\u306B\u5F37\u3044\u96FB\u754C\u3092\u52A0\u3048\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3067\u30DD\u30C6\u30F3\u30B7\u30E3\u30EB\u969C\u58C1\u3092\u8584\u304F\u3057\uFF0C\u30C8\u30F3\u30CD\u30EB\u52B9\u679C\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8868\u9762\u3092\u629C\u3051\u305F\u96FB\u5B50\u3092\u5916\u90E8\u3078\u653E\u51FA\u3059\u308B\u73FE\u8C61\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u7269\u8CEA\u8868\u9762\u306B\u96FB\u5834\u304C\u52A0\u308F\u308B\u3068\u3001\u30B7\u30E7\u30C3\u30C8\u30AD\u30FC\u52B9\u679C\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4ED5\u4E8B\u95A2\u6570\u304C\u6E1B\u5C11\u3059\u308B\u3002\u96FB\u5834\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306B\u5927\u304D\u304F\u3057\u3001\u8868\u9762\u8FD1\u508D\uFF0810\u00C5\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4EE5\u4E0B\uFF09\u306E\u7A7A\u9593\u306E\u4ED5\u4E8B\u95A2\u6570\u304C\u30D5\u30A7\u30EB\u30DF\u6E96\u4F4D\u4EE5\u4E0B\u306B\u306A\u308B\u3068\u3001\u30C8\u30F3\u30CD\u30EB\u52B9\u679C\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u91D1\u5C5E\u5185\u306E\u96FB\u5B50\u304C\u5E38\u6E29\u3067\u3082\u5916\u90E8\u306B\u653E\u51FA\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u3001\u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA\u306F\u6E29\u5EA6\u306B\u4F9D\u5B58\u3057\u306A\u3044\u3002 \u96FB\u754C\u653E\u51FA\u306B\u3088\u308B\u96FB\u6D41\u5BC6\u5EA6J\u306F\u3001\u7269\u8CEA\u306B\u3088\u308B\u5B9A\u6570C\u3001D\uFF08D\u306F\u4E3B\u306B\u4ED5\u4E8B\u95A2\u6570\u306B\u3088\u308A\u6C7A\u307E\u308B\uFF09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6B21\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u8868\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "127571"^^ . . "L' emissi\u00F3 per efecte de camp \u00E9s l'emissi\u00F3 d'\u00E9lectrons indu\u00EFda per camps electromagn\u00E8tics externs. Es pot produir a partir d'una superf\u00EDcie s\u00F2lida o l\u00EDquida, o directament a nivell d'un \u00E0tom en un medi gas\u00F3s. La teoria de l'emissi\u00F3 de camp a partir de metalls va ser descrita per William Alfred Fowler i ."@ca . . . "Emisja polowa \u2013 (emisja autoelektronowa lub emisja zimna) emisja elektron\u00F3w z przewodnika lub p\u00F3\u0142przewodnika pod dzia\u0142aniem silnego pola elektrycznego wyst\u0119puj\u0105cego w pobli\u017Cu powierzchni cia\u0142a. Elektrony wychodz\u0105c z cia\u0142a pokonuj\u0105 barier\u0119 potencja\u0142u wskutek zjawiska tunelowego. Minimalne nat\u0119\u017Cenie pola elektrycznego wywo\u0142uj\u0105cego emisj\u0119 polow\u0105 jest rz\u0119du 108 V/m. G\u0119sto\u015B\u0107 pr\u0105du emisji okre\u015Bla r\u00F3wnanie Fowler-Nordheima gdzie: E \u2013 nat\u0119\u017Cenie pola elektrycznego,K1 i K2 \u2013 wsp\u00F3\u0142czynniki zale\u017Cne od substancji,\u03A6 \u2013 praca wyj\u015Bcia. Zjawisko znalaz\u0142o zastosowanie jako \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142o elektron\u00F3w w wielu urz\u0105dzeniach, np. mikroskopach elektronowych, FED. Do jego badania, a tak\u017Ce do badania struktur atomowych buduje si\u0119 projektory elektronowe, w kt\u00F3rych mo\u017Cna dojrze\u0107 rozk\u0142ad atom\u00F3w na ostrzu z metalu. Emisja polowa mo\u017Ce by\u0107 zjawiskiem szkodliwym, je\u015Bli np. zapocz\u0105tkowuje wy\u0142adowanie w urz\u0105dzeniach elektrycznych, w szczeg\u00F3lno\u015Bci w pr\u00F3\u017Cniowych urz\u0105dzeniach elektrycznych. Wewn\u0119trzna emisja polowa poprzez barier\u0119 potencja\u0142u wewn\u0105trz substancji znalaz\u0142a zastosowanie do budowy pami\u0119ci EEPROM."@pl . . . "Bei der Feldemission werden durch ein ausreichend starkes elektrisches Feld (mehr als 109 V/m) Elektronen mit einer sehr geringen Energiebreite aus einer (negativ geladenen) Kathode gel\u00F6st. Klassisch betrachtet ist es f\u00FCr ein Teilchen mit einer bestimmten mittleren thermischen Energie, die kleiner ist als die H\u00F6he der Austrittsarbeit, unm\u00F6glich, das Kathodenmaterial zu verlassen. Quantenmechanisch betrachtet gibt es jedoch eine bestimmte Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass einzelne Elektronen aus dem Festk\u00F6rper austreten. Diese werden dann durch das hohe \u00E4u\u00DFere Feld abgesaugt. Diesen Effekt nennt man allgemein auch Tunneleffekt. Das Elektron tunnelt also durch den Potentialwall, der durch das \u00E4u\u00DFere elektrische Feld verkippt wurde \u2013 diese spezielle Art von Tunneln nennt man auch Fowler-Nordheim-Tunne"@de . . . "La emisi\u00F3n por efecto de campo es la emisi\u00F3n de electrones inducida por campos electromagn\u00E9ticos externos. Se puede producir a partir de una superficie s\u00F3lida o l\u00EDquida, o directamente a nivel de un \u00E1tomo en un medio gaseoso. La teor\u00EDa de la emisi\u00F3n de campo a partir de metales fue descrita por Fowler y .\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . "L'\u00E9mission par effet de champ est l'\u00E9mission d'\u00E9lectrons induits par des champs \u00E9lectromagn\u00E9tiques externes. Elle peut avoir lieu \u00E0 partir d'une surface solide ou liquide, ou bien directement au niveau d'un atome en milieu gazeux. La th\u00E9orie d'\u00E9mission par effet de champ \u00E0 partir des m\u00E9taux a \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9crite la premi\u00E8re fois par Fowler et Nordheim en 1928."@fr . . . . . . . . "(\uC804\uACC4 \uC804\uC790 \uBC29\uCD9C \uBC0F \uC804\uC790 \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uB85C\uB3C4 \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4) \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C(Field electron emission, FE)\uC740 \uC804\uACC4\uAC00 \uC720\uB3C4\uD55C \uC804\uC790\uC758 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC774\uB2E4. \uAC00\uC7A5 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uC0C1\uD669\uC740 \uC9C4\uACF5\uC73C\uB85C \uACE0\uCCB4 \uD45C\uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098, \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC740 \uC9C4\uACF5, \uACF5\uAE30, \uC561\uCCB4 \uB610\uB294 \uC784\uC758\uC758 \uBE44\uC804\uB3C4\uC131 \uC720\uC804\uCCB4 \uB610\uB294 \uC57D\uD55C \uC804\uB3C4\uC131\uC73C\uB85C, \uACE0\uCCB4 \uB610\uB294 \uC561\uCCB4\uC758 \uD45C\uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBC18\uB3C4\uCCB4\uC758 \uC804\uB3C4\uB300 (\uC81C\uB108 \uD6A8\uACFC)\uC5D0 \uC6D0\uC790\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC794\uC790\uC758 \uC804\uACC4 \uC720\uB3C4 \uCD09\uC9C4\uC740 \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC758 \uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uAC04\uC8FC\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0301\u043D\u043D\u0430 \u0435\u043C\u0456\u0301\u0441\u0456\u044F (\u0445\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430, \u0442\u0443\u043D\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430, \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430, \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0456\u044F) \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043D\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u0437 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0437\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0448\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F. \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043A\u0440\u0456\u0437\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0440'\u0454\u0440, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0454 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430. \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043C\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u0415 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044E: , \u0434\u0435 C1 \u0442\u0430 C2\u2014 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043E \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0430."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "(\uC804\uACC4 \uC804\uC790 \uBC29\uCD9C \uBC0F \uC804\uC790 \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uB85C\uB3C4 \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4) \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C(Field electron emission, FE)\uC740 \uC804\uACC4\uAC00 \uC720\uB3C4\uD55C \uC804\uC790\uC758 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC774\uB2E4. \uAC00\uC7A5 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uC0C1\uD669\uC740 \uC9C4\uACF5\uC73C\uB85C \uACE0\uCCB4 \uD45C\uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098, \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC740 \uC9C4\uACF5, \uACF5\uAE30, \uC561\uCCB4 \uB610\uB294 \uC784\uC758\uC758 \uBE44\uC804\uB3C4\uC131 \uC720\uC804\uCCB4 \uB610\uB294 \uC57D\uD55C \uC804\uB3C4\uC131\uC73C\uB85C, \uACE0\uCCB4 \uB610\uB294 \uC561\uCCB4\uC758 \uD45C\uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBC18\uB3C4\uCCB4\uC758 \uC804\uB3C4\uB300 (\uC81C\uB108 \uD6A8\uACFC)\uC5D0 \uC6D0\uC790\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC794\uC790\uC758 \uC804\uACC4 \uC720\uB3C4 \uCD09\uC9C4\uC740 \uC804\uACC4 \uBC29\uCD9C\uC758 \uD55C \uD615\uD0DC\uB85C \uAC04\uC8FC\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . "\u00C9mission par effet de champ"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "L'\u00E9mission par effet de champ est l'\u00E9mission d'\u00E9lectrons induits par des champs \u00E9lectromagn\u00E9tiques externes. Elle peut avoir lieu \u00E0 partir d'une surface solide ou liquide, ou bien directement au niveau d'un atome en milieu gazeux. La th\u00E9orie d'\u00E9mission par effet de champ \u00E0 partir des m\u00E9taux a \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9crite la premi\u00E8re fois par Fowler et Nordheim en 1928."@fr . . . . . . . . . "\u7535\u5B50\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\uFF0C\u4E5F\u79F0\u4E3A\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\uFF08 Field Emission \uFF09\u548C\u7535\u5B50\u573A\u53D1\u5C04\u3001\u573A\u53D1\u5C04\uFF0C\u662F\u7531\u9759\u7535\u573A\u5F15\u8D77\u7684\u7535\u5B50\u53D1\u5C04\u3002\u6700\u5E38\u89C1\u7684\u60C5\u51B5\u662F\u4ECE\u56FA\u4F53\u8868\u9762\u5230\u771F\u7A7A\u7684\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u573A\u53D1\u5C04\u53EF\u4EE5\u4ECE\u56FA\u4F53\u6216\u6DB2\u4F53\u8868\u9762\u3001\u771F\u7A7A\u3001\u6D41\u4F53\uFF08\u4F8B\u5982\u7A7A\u6C14\uFF09\u6216\u4EFB\u4F55\u7EDD\u7F18\u6216\u5F31\u5BFC\u7535\u7535\u4ECB\u8D28\u4E2D\u53D1\u751F\u3002\u7535\u5B50\u4ECE\u534A\u5BFC\u4F53\u7684\u4EF7\u5E26\u5230\u5BFC\u5E26\u7684\u573A\u81F4\u4FC3\u8FDB\uFF08\uFF09\u4E5F\u53EF\u4EE5\u770B\u4F5C\u662F\u573A\u53D1\u5C04\u7684\u4E00\u79CD\u5F62\u5F0F\u3002\u8BE5\u672F\u8BED\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u662F\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53F2\u610F\u4E49\u7684\uFF0C\u56E0\u4E3A\u8868\u9762\u5149\u6548\u5E94\u3001\u70ED\u7535\u5B50\u53D1\u5C04\uFF08\u6216Richardson-Dushman \u6548\u5E94\uFF09\u548C\u201C\u51B7\u7535\u5B50\u53D1\u5C04\u201D\uFF08\u5373\u5F3A\u9759\u6001\uFF08\u6216\u51C6\u9759\u6001\uFF09\u7535\u573A\u4E2D\u7684\u7535\u5B50\u53D1\u5C04\uFF09\u7684\u76F8\u5173\u73B0\u8C61\u662F\u5728 1880 \u5E74\u4EE3\u5230 1930 \u5E74\u4EE3\u88AB\u72EC\u7ACB\u53D1\u73B0\u548C\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u3002\u4E0D\u5E26\u9650\u5B9A\u8BCD\u5730\u4F7F\u7528\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\u8FD9\u4E2A\u8BCD\u65F6\uFF0C\u5B83\u901A\u5E38\u8868\u793A\u201C\u51B7\u53D1\u5C04\u201D\u3002 \u7EAF\u91D1\u5C5E\u4E2D\u7684\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\u53D1\u751F\u5728\u5F3A\u7535\u573A\u4E2D\uFF1A\u7535\u573A\u5F3A\u5EA6\u5927\u5C0F\u901A\u5E38\u9AD8\u4E8E\u5341\u4EBF\u4F0F\u7279\u6BCF\u7C73\uFF0C\u5E76\u4E14\u5F3A\u70C8\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u529F\u51FD\u6570\u3002\u867D\u7136\u57FA\u4E8E\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\u7684\u7535\u5B50\u6E90\u6709\u8BB8\u591A\u5E94\u7528\uFF0C\u4F46\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\u662F\u771F\u7A7A\u51FB\u7A7F\u548C\u653E\u7535\u8FD9\u4E00\u4E0D\u826F\u73B0\u8C61\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u6765\u6E90\uFF0C\u5DE5\u7A0B\u5E08\u5728\u9632\u6CBB\u8FD9\u79CD\u73B0\u8C61\u3002\u8868\u9762\u573A\u81F4\u53D1\u5C04\u7684\u5E94\u7528\u5305\u62EC\u6784\u5EFA\u7528\u4E8E\u9AD8\u5206\u8FA8\u7387\u7535\u5B50\u663E\u5FAE\u955C\u7684\u5F3A\u7535\u5B50\u6E90\u6216\u4ECE\u822A\u5929\u5668\u4E2D\u91CA\u653E\u611F\u5E94\u7535\u8377\u3002\u6D88\u9664\u611F\u5E94\u7535\u8377\u7684\u88C5\u7F6E\u79F0\u4E3A\u7535\u8377\u4E2D\u548C\u5668\u3002"@zh . . . "293392"^^ . "\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u044D\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044F"@ru . . . . "La emisi\u00F3n por efecto de campo es la emisi\u00F3n de electrones inducida por campos electromagn\u00E9ticos externos. Se puede producir a partir de una superficie s\u00F3lida o l\u00EDquida, o directamente a nivel de un \u00E1tomo en un medio gaseoso. La teor\u00EDa de la emisi\u00F3n de campo a partir de metales fue descrita por Fowler y .\u200B"@es . . . . . .