. . . . . "In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with the money multiplier) is the ratio of change in national income arising from a change in government spending. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of change in national income arising from any autonomous change in spending (including private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports). When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income may be called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased income and hence increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in national income greater than the initial incremental amount of spending. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand may cause a change in aggregate output (and hence the aggregate income that it generates) that is a multiple of the initial change. The existence of a multiplier effect was initially proposed by Keynes student Richard Kahn in 1930 and published in 1931. Some other schools of economic thought reject or downplay the importance of multiplier effects, particularly in terms of the long run. The multiplier effect has been used as an argument for the efficacy of government spending or taxation relief to stimulate aggregate demand. In certain cases multiplier values less than one have been empirically measured (an example is sports stadiums), suggesting that certain types of government spending crowd out private investment or consumer spending that would have otherwise taken place. This crowding out can occur because the initial increase in spending may cause an increase in interest rates or in the price level. In 2009, The Economist magazine noted \"economists are in fact deeply divided about how well, or indeed whether, such stimulus works\", partly because of a lack of empirical data from non-military based stimulus. New evidence came from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, whose benefits were projected based on fiscal multipliers and which was in fact followed\u2014from 2010 to 2012\u2014by a slowing of job loss and job growth in the private sector."@en . "Multiplikatoreffekt"@sv . . "Multiplikatoreffekten \u00E4r ett makroekonomiskt begrepp fr\u00E4mst f\u00F6rknippat med keynesiansk kontracyklisk finanspolitik. Politikens effekt inneb\u00E4r en ekonomisk intervention genom att offentliga medel tillf\u00F6rs ekonomin, med m\u00E5let att stimulera den ekonomiska aktiviteten och f\u00F6rskjuta den aggregerade efterfr\u00E5gan (AD) till ett h\u00F6gre l\u00E4ge. Multiplikatoreffekten best\u00E5r i att den ursprungliga utgift\u00F6kningen understiger int\u00E4kterna f\u00F6r den f\u00F6rda politiken - genom att de \u00F6kade offentliga investeringarna och konsumtionen genererar arbetstillf\u00E4llen, som i sin tur leder till ytterligare konsumtion och fler investeringar. Multiplikatoreffektens styrka p\u00E5verkas \u00E4ven av f\u00F6r\u00E4ndringar i skatteskalorna. En s\u00E4nkt skatteniv\u00E5 i kombination med \u00F6kade utgifter kommer generera en h\u00F6gre effekt. John Maynard Keynes menade att en relativt liten f\u00F6r\u00E4ndring av statens utgifter och skatter skulle r\u00E4cka f\u00F6r att styra ett lands ekonomi i r\u00E4tt riktning.[k\u00E4lla beh\u00F6vs]"@sv . . "26473"^^ . . . . "\u4E57\u6570\u52B9\u679C"@ja . . "Em Economia, o multilplicador \u00E9 um fator de proporcionalidade que mensura quanto uma vari\u00E1vel end\u00F3gena muda em resposta a uma varia\u00E7\u00E3o de algumas vari\u00E1veis ex\u00F3genas. Por exemplo, suponha que uma varia\u00E7\u00E3o de uma unidade em uma vari\u00E1vel x causa uma outra mudan\u00E7a em milh\u00F5es de unidades numa vari\u00E1vel y. Ent\u00E3o, o multiplicador usado \u00E9 m."@pt . "En econom\u00EDa, el efecto multiplicador es el t\u00E9rmino utilizado para referirse a la influencia de una variaci\u00F3n unitaria de una variable ex\u00F3gena (una variable cuyo nivel no se determina dentro de la teor\u00EDa examinada) en una variable end\u00F3gena (una variable cuyo nivel es explicado por la teor\u00EDa estudiada). Por ejemplo, podemos referirnos al multiplicador de una variaci\u00F3n de la oferta monetaria con respecto al .\u200B Tambi\u00E9n pudiera referirse puntualmente al conjunto de incrementos que se producen en la Renta Nacional de un sistema econ\u00F3mico, a consecuencia de un incremento externo en el consumo, la inversi\u00F3n o el gasto p\u00FAblico.\u200B"@es . . . "Multipliereffect"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Effet multiplicateur"@fr . "\u4E57\u6570\u52B9\u679C\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3059\u3046\u3053\u3046\u304B\u3001\u82F1: Multiplier effect\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E00\u5B9A\u306E\u6761\u4EF6\u4E0B\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6709\u52B9\u9700\u8981\u3092\u5897\u52A0\u3055\u305B\u305F\u3068\u304D\u306B\u3001\u5897\u52A0\u3055\u305B\u305F\u984D\u3088\u308A\u5927\u304D\u304F\u56FD\u6C11\u6240\u5F97\u304C\u62E1\u5927\u3059\u308B\u73FE\u8C61\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u56FD\u6C11\u6240\u5F97\u306E\u62E1\u5927\u984D\u00F7\u6709\u52B9\u9700\u8981\u306E\u5897\u52A0\u984D\u3092\u4E57\u6570\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u30DE\u30AF\u30ED\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u4E0A\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30EA\u30C1\u30E3\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30AB\u30FC\u30F3\u304C\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306F\u96C7\u7528\u4E57\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5C0E\u5165\u3057\u305F\u304C\u3001\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30E1\u30A4\u30CA\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30B1\u30A4\u30F3\u30BA\u304C\u306E\u3061\u306B\u6295\u8CC7\u4E57\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767A\u5C55\u3055\u305B\u305F\u3002"@ja . "\u4E57\u6570\u52B9\u679C\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3059\u3046\u3053\u3046\u304B\u3001\u82F1: Multiplier effect\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E00\u5B9A\u306E\u6761\u4EF6\u4E0B\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u6709\u52B9\u9700\u8981\u3092\u5897\u52A0\u3055\u305B\u305F\u3068\u304D\u306B\u3001\u5897\u52A0\u3055\u305B\u305F\u984D\u3088\u308A\u5927\u304D\u304F\u56FD\u6C11\u6240\u5F97\u304C\u62E1\u5927\u3059\u308B\u73FE\u8C61\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u56FD\u6C11\u6240\u5F97\u306E\u62E1\u5927\u984D\u00F7\u6709\u52B9\u9700\u8981\u306E\u5897\u52A0\u984D\u3092\u4E57\u6570\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u30DE\u30AF\u30ED\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u4E0A\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30EA\u30C1\u30E3\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30AB\u30FC\u30F3\u304C\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306F\u96C7\u7528\u4E57\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5C0E\u5165\u3057\u305F\u304C\u3001\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30E1\u30A4\u30CA\u30FC\u30C9\u30FB\u30B1\u30A4\u30F3\u30BA\u304C\u306E\u3061\u306B\u6295\u8CC7\u4E57\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767A\u5C55\u3055\u305B\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . "En econom\u00EDa, el efecto multiplicador es el t\u00E9rmino utilizado para referirse a la influencia de una variaci\u00F3n unitaria de una variable ex\u00F3gena (una variable cuyo nivel no se determina dentro de la teor\u00EDa examinada) en una variable end\u00F3gena (una variable cuyo nivel es explicado por la teor\u00EDa estudiada). Por ejemplo, podemos referirnos al multiplicador de una variaci\u00F3n de la oferta monetaria con respecto al .\u200B Tambi\u00E9n pudiera referirse puntualmente al conjunto de incrementos que se producen en la Renta Nacional de un sistema econ\u00F3mico, a consecuencia de un incremento externo en el consumo, la inversi\u00F3n o el gasto p\u00FAblico.\u200B"@es . . . . . "\uC2B9\uC218\uD6A8\uACFC(\u4E58\u6578\u6548\u679C, fiscal multiplier)\uB780 \uC77C\uC815\uD55C \uACBD\uC81C\uC21C\uD658\uC758 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uBD80\uBB38 \uB610\uB294 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC5D0 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC774 \uD22C\uC790\uAC00 \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C0\uBA74 \uADF8\uAC83\uC774 \uC720\uD6A8\uC218\uC694\uC758 \uD655\uB300\uAC00 \uB418\uC5B4 \uC787\uB530\uB77C \uD30C\uAE09\uB418\uC5B4, \uC0AC\uD68C \uC804\uCCB4\uB85C\uC11C \uCC98\uC74C\uC758 \uD22C\uC790 \uC99D\uAC00\uBD84(\u589E\u52A0\u5206) \u25B3I\uC758 \uBA87\uBC30\uB098 \uB418\uB294 \uC18C\uB4DD \uC99D\uAC00 \u25B3Y\uB97C \uCD08\uB798\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uB294\uB370 \uC774 \uBC30\uC728 \u25B3Y/\u25B3I\uB97C \uC2B9\uC218\uB77C \uD558\uBA70 \uC774 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uC2B9\uC218\uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uC2DC \uB9D0\uD574\uC11C \uC815\uBD80\uB098 \uBBFC\uAC04\uAE30\uC5C5\uC774 \uC0C8\uB85C \uD22C\uC790\uB97C \uD558\uBA74 \uADF8 \uC77C\uBD80\uB294 \uC784\uAE08\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C0\uBD88\uB418\uACE0, \uB098\uBA38\uC9C0\uB294 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC7AC\uC758 \uAD6C\uC785\uC5D0 \uCDA9\uB2F9\uB418\uC5B4 \uADF8 \uAD00\uACC4\uC790\uC758 \uC18C\uB4DD\uC744 \uC99D\uAC00\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uD55C\uD3B8 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC7AC\uC758 \uAD6C\uC785\uC5D0 \uC9C0\uBD88\uB41C \uBAAB\uB3C4 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC7AC \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC5D0 \uAD00\uACC4\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uB4E4\uC758 \uC18C\uB4DD\uC744 \uB298\uB9B0\uB2E4."@ko . "In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with the money multiplier) is the ratio of change in national income arising from a change in government spending. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of change in national income arising from any autonomous change in spending (including private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports). When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income may be called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased income and hence increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, et"@en . . . . . "Efeito multiplicador"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "1109914445"^^ . . "Het multipliereffect is een verschijnsel dat bekend is in de macro-economie en vooral wordt verbonden met de vraagtheorie van John Maynard Keynes. Het effect wordt meestal veroorzaakt door een investering van een overheid. Het kan zo zijn dat een extra besteding van de overheid van bijvoorbeeld \u20AC 10 miljard een toename van het bruto binnenlands product tot gevolg kan hebben van m x \u20AC 10 miljard waarbij m de multiplier is en groter is dan 1. De multiplier kan echter ook kleiner zijn dan 1. Het multipliereffect ontstaat omdat er investeringen gedaan worden wat leidt tot extra inkomen en dus extra consumptie. Dit kan weer tot meer werkgelegenheid en extra inkomen leiden. Ook een belastingverlaging van de overheid kent een multipliereffect. Het multipliereffect wordt in de volksmond ook wel een 'kettingreactie' of 'sneeuwbaleffect' genoemd, een sneeuwbal die al rollend van een helling steeds groter wordt. Dit 'multiplier' - of inkomenseffect wordt beperkt, omdat weglekeffecten optreden. Een deel van de extra inkomsten wordt gespaard (spaarlek) of moet in de vorm van belastingen weer aan de overheid worden afgedragen (belastinglek). In een open economie, zoals de Nederlandse, zal voorts een belangrijk deel van de bestedingsimpuls weglekken naar het buitenland door een stijging van de invoer (invoerlek). Dit komt omdat Nederlandse burgers grotendeels buitenlandse producten zullen kopen, in Nederland vindt immers weinig productie plaats. De doeltreffendheid van het begrotingsbeleid hangt daarom in belangrijke mate af van institutionele factoren, die van land tot land kunnen verschillen. De effectiviteit ervan kan ook in de loop van de tijd veranderen. Zo heeft in Nederland - door de toegenomen openheid van de economie (invoerlek) en het gestegen lastenpeil (belastinglek) - het begrotingsbeleid aan slagvaardigheid ingeboet. Het multipliereffect zal in gesloten economie\u00EBn zoals Japan of Amerika dus groter zijn dan in Nederland. Behalve institutionele factoren zijn ook een goede timing en de juiste dosering medebepalend voor de effectiviteit van de overheidsmaatregelen."@nl . . . . . "L'effet multiplicateur est un concept de macro\u00E9conomie qui renvoie \u00E0 un ensemble de m\u00E9canismes macro\u00E9conomiques par lesquels une hausse d'une variable \u00E9conomique (la d\u00E9pense publique, le ...) conduit \u00E0 une hausse plus que proportionnelle d'une autre variable (la croissance, l'investissement)."@fr . . . . . . . . "L'effet multiplicateur est un concept de macro\u00E9conomie qui renvoie \u00E0 un ensemble de m\u00E9canismes macro\u00E9conomiques par lesquels une hausse d'une variable \u00E9conomique (la d\u00E9pense publique, le ...) conduit \u00E0 une hausse plus que proportionnelle d'une autre variable (la croissance, l'investissement)."@fr . . . . . . "\uC2B9\uC218\uD6A8\uACFC(\u4E58\u6578\u6548\u679C, fiscal multiplier)\uB780 \uC77C\uC815\uD55C \uACBD\uC81C\uC21C\uD658\uC758 \uACFC\uC815\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uBD80\uBB38 \uB610\uB294 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC5D0 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC774 \uD22C\uC790\uAC00 \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C0\uBA74 \uADF8\uAC83\uC774 \uC720\uD6A8\uC218\uC694\uC758 \uD655\uB300\uAC00 \uB418\uC5B4 \uC787\uB530\uB77C \uD30C\uAE09\uB418\uC5B4, \uC0AC\uD68C \uC804\uCCB4\uB85C\uC11C \uCC98\uC74C\uC758 \uD22C\uC790 \uC99D\uAC00\uBD84(\u589E\u52A0\u5206) \u25B3I\uC758 \uBA87\uBC30\uB098 \uB418\uB294 \uC18C\uB4DD \uC99D\uAC00 \u25B3Y\uB97C \uCD08\uB798\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uB294\uB370 \uC774 \uBC30\uC728 \u25B3Y/\u25B3I\uB97C \uC2B9\uC218\uB77C \uD558\uBA70 \uC774 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uC2B9\uC218\uD6A8\uACFC\uB77C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uC2DC \uB9D0\uD574\uC11C \uC815\uBD80\uB098 \uBBFC\uAC04\uAE30\uC5C5\uC774 \uC0C8\uB85C \uD22C\uC790\uB97C \uD558\uBA74 \uADF8 \uC77C\uBD80\uB294 \uC784\uAE08\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C0\uBD88\uB418\uACE0, \uB098\uBA38\uC9C0\uB294 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC7AC\uC758 \uAD6C\uC785\uC5D0 \uCDA9\uB2F9\uB418\uC5B4 \uADF8 \uAD00\uACC4\uC790\uC758 \uC18C\uB4DD\uC744 \uC99D\uAC00\uC2DC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uD55C\uD3B8 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC7AC\uC758 \uAD6C\uC785\uC5D0 \uC9C0\uBD88\uB41C \uBAAB\uB3C4 \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC7AC \uC0DD\uC0B0\uC5D0 \uAD00\uACC4\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uB4E4\uC758 \uC18C\uB4DD\uC744 \uB298\uB9B0\uB2E4."@ko . . "Het multipliereffect is een verschijnsel dat bekend is in de macro-economie en vooral wordt verbonden met de vraagtheorie van John Maynard Keynes. Het effect wordt meestal veroorzaakt door een investering van een overheid. Het kan zo zijn dat een extra besteding van de overheid van bijvoorbeeld \u20AC 10 miljard een toename van het bruto binnenlands product tot gevolg kan hebben van m x \u20AC 10 miljard waarbij m de multiplier is en groter is dan 1. De multiplier kan echter ook kleiner zijn dan 1."@nl . . "Efecto multiplicador"@es . . . . . . . "\uC2B9\uC218\uD6A8\uACFC"@ko . . . "Em Economia, o multilplicador \u00E9 um fator de proporcionalidade que mensura quanto uma vari\u00E1vel end\u00F3gena muda em resposta a uma varia\u00E7\u00E3o de algumas vari\u00E1veis ex\u00F3genas. Por exemplo, suponha que uma varia\u00E7\u00E3o de uma unidade em uma vari\u00E1vel x causa uma outra mudan\u00E7a em milh\u00F5es de unidades numa vari\u00E1vel y. Ent\u00E3o, o multiplicador usado \u00E9 m."@pt . . . . . . . . "Fiscal multiplier"@en . . "Multiplikatoreffekten \u00E4r ett makroekonomiskt begrepp fr\u00E4mst f\u00F6rknippat med keynesiansk kontracyklisk finanspolitik. Politikens effekt inneb\u00E4r en ekonomisk intervention genom att offentliga medel tillf\u00F6rs ekonomin, med m\u00E5let att stimulera den ekonomiska aktiviteten och f\u00F6rskjuta den aggregerade efterfr\u00E5gan (AD) till ett h\u00F6gre l\u00E4ge. Multiplikatoreffekten best\u00E5r i att den ursprungliga utgift\u00F6kningen understiger int\u00E4kterna f\u00F6r den f\u00F6rda politiken - genom att de \u00F6kade offentliga investeringarna och konsumtionen genererar arbetstillf\u00E4llen, som i sin tur leder till ytterligare konsumtion och fler investeringar. Multiplikatoreffektens styrka p\u00E5verkas \u00E4ven av f\u00F6r\u00E4ndringar i skatteskalorna. En s\u00E4nkt skatteniv\u00E5 i kombination med \u00F6kade utgifter kommer generera en h\u00F6gre effekt."@sv . . . . . . "193717"^^ .