. . . . "\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A \u064A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062F\u062A\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A \u0641\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 (1900) \u0648\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927. \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u064A\u062A\u062D\u0644\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0627\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062A\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064A. \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0632. \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0632\u0621 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u0629 chamber \u0641\u064A \u063A\u0627\u0632 \u062D\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062A\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u062A\u062E\u062A\u0641\u064A \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 . \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u062C\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u062F\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0626 \u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062F\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u062B\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062A\u0628\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630"@ar . . . . . . . . . "En qu\u00EDmica, una reacci\u00F3n radicalaria o reacci\u00F3n por radicales libres es cualquier reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmica que involucra a radicales libres. Este tipo de reacci\u00F3n es abundante en reacciones org\u00E1nicas. Dos estudios pioneros en las reacciones radicalarias fueron el descubrimiento del por (1900) y el experimento del espejo de plomo\u200B descrito por en 1927. En este \u00FAltimo experimento, se descompuso a temperatura elevada produci\u00E9ndose radicales metilo y plomo elemental en un tubo de cuarzo. Los radicales metilo gaseosos son llevados a otra parte de la c\u00E1mara en un gas portador, donde reaccionan con plomo en una pel\u00EDcula especular, que desaparece lentamente."@es . . "Reacci\u00F3n radicalaria"@es . . "2360392"^^ . "A free-radical reaction is any chemical reaction involving free radicals. This reaction type is abundant in organic reactions. Two pioneering studies into free radical reactions have been the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical by Moses Gomberg (1900) and the lead-mirror experiment described by Friedrich Paneth in 1927. In this last experiment tetramethyllead is decomposed at elevated temperatures to methyl radicals and elemental lead in a quartz tube. The gaseous methyl radicals are moved to another part of the chamber in a carrier gas where they react with lead in a mirror film which slowly disappears."@en . . "5298"^^ . . . "1122718788"^^ . . . . . "Free-radical reaction"@en . . . . "A free-radical reaction is any chemical reaction involving free radicals. This reaction type is abundant in organic reactions. Two pioneering studies into free radical reactions have been the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical by Moses Gomberg (1900) and the lead-mirror experiment described by Friedrich Paneth in 1927. In this last experiment tetramethyllead is decomposed at elevated temperatures to methyl radicals and elemental lead in a quartz tube. The gaseous methyl radicals are moved to another part of the chamber in a carrier gas where they react with lead in a mirror film which slowly disappears. When radical reactions are part of organic synthesis the radicals are often generated from radical initiators such as peroxides or azobis compounds. Many radical reactions are chain reactions with a chain initiation step, a chain propagation step and a chain termination step. Reaction inhibitors slow down a radical reaction and radical disproportionation is a competing reaction. Radical reactions occur frequently in the gas phase, are often initiated by light, are rarely acid or base catalyzed and are not dependent on polarity of the reaction medium. Reactions are also similar whether in the gas phase or solution phase."@en . . . . . . . "En qu\u00EDmica, una reacci\u00F3n radicalaria o reacci\u00F3n por radicales libres es cualquier reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmica que involucra a radicales libres. Este tipo de reacci\u00F3n es abundante en reacciones org\u00E1nicas. Dos estudios pioneros en las reacciones radicalarias fueron el descubrimiento del por (1900) y el experimento del espejo de plomo\u200B descrito por en 1927. En este \u00FAltimo experimento, se descompuso a temperatura elevada produci\u00E9ndose radicales metilo y plomo elemental en un tubo de cuarzo. Los radicales metilo gaseosos son llevados a otra parte de la c\u00E1mara en un gas portador, donde reaccionan con plomo en una pel\u00EDcula especular, que desaparece lentamente. Cuando las reacciones radicalarias son parte de la s\u00EDntesis org\u00E1nica, frecuentemente los radicales son generados a partir de como per\u00F3xidos o compuestos . Muchas reacciones radicalarias son reacciones en cadena con un paso de , un paso de propagaci\u00F3n de la cadena, y un paso de terminaci\u00F3n de la cadena. Los ralentizan una reacci\u00F3n radicalaria. Las reacciones radicalarias se dan frecuentemente en fase gaseosa, frecuentemente son iniciadas por luz, y son rara vez catalizadas por \u00E1cido o base, puesto que no dependen de la polaridad del medio de reacci\u00F3n.\u200B Las reacciones son similares tanto en fase gaseosa como en fase de soluci\u00F3n.\u200B"@es . . "Rea\u00E7\u00E3o por radicais livres"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Em qu\u00EDmica, uma rea\u00E7\u00E3o por radicais livres \u00E9 qualquer rea\u00E7\u00E3o qu\u00EDmica que envolva radicais livres. Este tipo de rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 abundante em rea\u00E7\u00F5es org\u00E2nicas. Dois estudos pioneiros na rea\u00E7\u00F5es por radicais livres foram o descobrimento do por (1900) e o experimento do espelho de chumbo descrito por em 1927. Neste \u00FAltimo experimento, se realizou a descomposi\u00E7\u00E3o do tetrametilchumbo a temperatura elevada produzindo-se radicais metilo e chumbo elementar em um tubo de quartzo. Os radicais metilo gasosos s\u00E3o levados a outra parte da c\u00E2mara em um g\u00E1s portador, onde reagem com chumbo em uma pel\u00EDcula especular, que desaparece lentamente."@pt . . . "Em qu\u00EDmica, uma rea\u00E7\u00E3o por radicais livres \u00E9 qualquer rea\u00E7\u00E3o qu\u00EDmica que envolva radicais livres. Este tipo de rea\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 abundante em rea\u00E7\u00F5es org\u00E2nicas. Dois estudos pioneiros na rea\u00E7\u00F5es por radicais livres foram o descobrimento do por (1900) e o experimento do espelho de chumbo descrito por em 1927. Neste \u00FAltimo experimento, se realizou a descomposi\u00E7\u00E3o do tetrametilchumbo a temperatura elevada produzindo-se radicais metilo e chumbo elementar em um tubo de quartzo. Os radicais metilo gasosos s\u00E3o levados a outra parte da c\u00E2mara em um g\u00E1s portador, onde reagem com chumbo em uma pel\u00EDcula especular, que desaparece lentamente. Quando as rea\u00E7\u00F5es radicais fazem parte da s\u00EDntese org\u00E2nica, os radicais s\u00E3o frequentemente gerados a partir de iniciadores de radicais, como per\u00F3xidos ou compostos de azobis. Muitas rea\u00E7\u00F5es radicais s\u00E3o rea\u00E7\u00F5es em cadeia com uma etapa de inicia\u00E7\u00E3o da cadeia, uma etapa de propaga\u00E7\u00E3o da cadeia e uma etapa da termina\u00E7\u00E3o da cadeia. Os inibidores de rea\u00E7\u00E3o retardam uma rea\u00E7\u00E3o radical e a despropor\u00E7\u00E3o radical \u00E9 uma rea\u00E7\u00E3o competitiva. As rea\u00E7\u00F5es radicais ocorrem com frequ\u00EAncia na fase gasosa, geralmente s\u00E3o iniciadas pela luz, raramente s\u00E3o catalisadas por \u00E1cidos ou bases e n\u00E3o dependem da polaridade do meio de rea\u00E7\u00E3o. As rea\u00E7\u00F5es tamb\u00E9m s\u00E3o semelhantes, seja na fase gasosa ou na solu\u00E7\u00E3o."@pt . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A \u064A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062F\u062A\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0629 \u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062B\u0644\u0627\u062B\u064A \u0641\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 (1900) \u0648\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927. \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u064A\u062A\u062D\u0644\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0627\u062A \u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062A\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064A. \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0632. \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0626\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0632\u0621 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u0629 chamber \u0641\u064A \u063A\u0627\u0632 \u062D\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062A\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u062A\u062E\u062A\u0641\u064A \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 . \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u062C\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0648\u0644\u064A\u062F\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0626 \u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064A\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062F\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u062B\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062A\u0628\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0630\u0631\u064A (radical disproportionation) \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633. \u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u064A\u060C \u0648\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062F\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u062D\u0641\u064A\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0639\u062A\u0645\u062F \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064A\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062B\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0631\u062D\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062D\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .