. . "Free molecular flow"@en . . "\u041C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F"@uk . . . . . . "Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10\u22123 mbar. This is also called the regime of high vacuum, or even ultra-high vacuum. This is opposed to viscous flow encountered at higher pressures. The presence of free molecular flow can be calculated, at least in estimation, with the Knudsen number (Kn). If Kn > 10, the system is in free molecular flow, also known as Knudsen flow. In free molecular flow, the pressure of the remaining gas can be considered as effectively zero. Thus, boiling points do not depend on the residual pressure. The flow can be considered to be individual particles moving in straight lines. Practically, the \"vapor\" cannot move around bends or into other spaces behind obstacles, as they simply hit the tube wall. This implies conventional pumps cannot be used, as they rely on viscous flow and fluid pressure. Instead, special sorption pumps, ion pumps and momentum transfer pumps i.e. turbomolecular pumps are used. Free molecular flow occurs in various processes such as molecular distillation, ultra-high vacuum equipment such as particle accelerators, and naturally in outer space. The definition of a free molecular flow depends on the distance scale under consideration. For example, in the interplanetary medium, the plasma is in a free molecular flow regime in scales less than 1 AU; thus, planets and moons are effectively under particle bombardment. However, on larger scales, fluid-like behavior is observed, because the probability of collisions between particles becomes significant."@en . . "Molekulare Str\u00F6mung"@de . . . . . "\u041C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F\u0301 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. molecular flow) \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F\u0301 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. free molecular flow) \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u043D\u0443\u0301\u0434\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u0301\u043A (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Knudsen flow) \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F (\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043C \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0457) \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432, \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0456\u0433\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0443\u0454 \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0448\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0443 (\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E \u041A\u043D\u0443\u0434\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0430 Kn >>1) \u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u044F\u043A \u0441\u0443\u0446\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435. \u0414\u043B\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043C \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0443\u043C\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443 10\u22123 \u043C\u043C \u0440\u0442. \u0441\u0442., \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043C\u0443 (\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0456), \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043C\u0430\u043B\u0456 \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043C."@uk . "Molekulare Str\u00F6mung herrscht im Gegensatz zur viskosen Str\u00F6mung, wenn die mittlere freie Wegl\u00E4nge der Gasteilchen deutlich gr\u00F6\u00DFer ist als der Durchmesser der Str\u00F6mung, d. h. wenn die Knudsen-Zahl deutlich gr\u00F6\u00DFer als 1 ist: Molekulare Str\u00F6mung ist im Hoch- und Ultrahochvakuumbereich vorherrschend. Anschaulich bedeutet dies, dass aufgrund des Mangels an Teilchen in einer Vakuumkammer ann\u00E4hernd keine Wechselwirkungen mehr untereinander stattfinden, sondern nur noch St\u00F6\u00DFe mit den begrenzenden W\u00E4nden. Bei einfachen Sorptionspumpen wird diese Eigenschaft genutzt, um mittels hochpor\u00F6ser Oberfl\u00E4chen Teilchen zu binden. Mit diesem passiven System kann bereits ein schwaches Hochvakuum erzeugt werden. Ionengetterpumpen basieren auf dem gleichen Prinzip, forcieren die Physisorption von freien Teilchen aber durch Ionisation und elektrische Felder. Hiermit ist auch Ultrahochvakuum erreichbar. F\u00FCr Absch\u00E4tzungen in der Raumfahrt wird gem\u00E4\u00DF ECSS-E-10-04A mit einer freien Molekularstr\u00F6mung gerechnet, wenn die Knudsen-Zahl gr\u00F6\u00DFer ist als 3. F\u00FCr kleine Satelliten trifft dies ab einer Orbith\u00F6he von 150 km zu, f\u00FCr gro\u00DFe Objekte (ISS) ab 250 km."@de . "Molekulare Str\u00F6mung herrscht im Gegensatz zur viskosen Str\u00F6mung, wenn die mittlere freie Wegl\u00E4nge der Gasteilchen deutlich gr\u00F6\u00DFer ist als der Durchmesser der Str\u00F6mung, d. h. wenn die Knudsen-Zahl deutlich gr\u00F6\u00DFer als 1 ist: Molekulare Str\u00F6mung ist im Hoch- und Ultrahochvakuumbereich vorherrschend. F\u00FCr Absch\u00E4tzungen in der Raumfahrt wird gem\u00E4\u00DF ECSS-E-10-04A mit einer freien Molekularstr\u00F6mung gerechnet, wenn die Knudsen-Zahl gr\u00F6\u00DFer ist als 3. F\u00FCr kleine Satelliten trifft dies ab einer Orbith\u00F6he von 150 km zu, f\u00FCr gro\u00DFe Objekte (ISS) ab 250 km."@de . "2767"^^ . . . . . . . . "1024848158"^^ . . "Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10\u22123 mbar. This is also called the regime of high vacuum, or even ultra-high vacuum. This is opposed to viscous flow encountered at higher pressures. The presence of free molecular flow can be calculated, at least in estimation, with the Knudsen number (Kn). If Kn > 10, the system is in free molecular flow, also known as Knudsen flow."@en . . . . . "\u041C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F\u0301 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. molecular flow) \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F\u0301 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. free molecular flow) \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043A\u043D\u0443\u0301\u0434\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u0301\u043A (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Knudsen flow) \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u044F (\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043C \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0457) \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432, \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0456\u0433\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0443\u0454 \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0448\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0443 (\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E \u041A\u043D\u0443\u0434\u0441\u0435\u043D\u0430 Kn >>1) \u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u044F\u043A \u0441\u0443\u0446\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435. \u0414\u043B\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043C \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0443\u043C\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443 10\u22123 \u043C\u043C \u0440\u0442. \u0441\u0442., \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043C\u0443 (\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0456), \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043C\u0430\u043B\u0456 \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043C."@uk . . "13843189"^^ .