. . "\u8FB9\u7F18\u79D1\u5B66"@zh . . . . . . . . . "457921"^^ . . "La ci\u00E8ncia marginal \u00E9s aquella branca de recerca d'una disciplina que s'oposa o s'aparta de la denominada ci\u00E8ncia normal (mainstream en angl\u00E8s). Segons Thomas Kuhn, perqu\u00E8 hi hagi un canvi de paradigma o model explicatiu, cal que la ci\u00E8ncia marginal esdevingui normal o que la normal caigui en descr\u00E8dit, usualment perqu\u00E8 es comprova que les seves hip\u00F2tesis eren err\u00F2nies, perqu\u00E8 ha sorgit una nova evid\u00E8ncia o disciplina o b\u00E9 perqu\u00E8 l'inter\u00E8s de la comunitat cient\u00EDfica s'ha despla\u00E7at. Quan una teoria es considera obsoleta, com per exemple l'heliocentrisme, per\u00F2 continua tenint seguidors, passa a constituir ci\u00E8ncia marginal. La ci\u00E8ncia marginal es diferencia de la pseudoci\u00E8ncia en l'aplicaci\u00F3 del m\u00E8tode cient\u00EDfic i pel suport de l'acad\u00E8mia. Sovint sorgeix de disputes o interpretacions de diferents escoles dins una disciplina o dels l\u00EDmits entre diverses ci\u00E8ncies. La filosofia de la ci\u00E8ncia forneix dels criteris per diferenciar segons el per\u00EDode hist\u00F2ric el que \u00E9s ci\u00E8ncia marginal, ci\u00E8ncia normal del que no es considera ci\u00E8ncia."@ca . "Ci\u00E8ncia marginal"@ca . . . "23517"^^ . "\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064A"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "Fringe science"@en . . . . . . . . . "Marginalvetenskap (eng. fringe science) \u00E4r ett uttryck f\u00F6r att beskriva vetenskaplig fr\u00E5gest\u00E4llning inom ett etablerat f\u00E4lt, vilken avviker markant fr\u00E5n den g\u00E4llande huvudf\u00E5ran, mainstream, eller ortodoxa teorier. Marginalvetenskap kan vara ett forskningsomr\u00E5de som \u00E4nnu inte anses vara \u201Driktig\u201D vetenskap, protovetenskap, men som likv\u00E4l iakttar regler och standard f\u00F6r god vetenskaplig metod, och det j\u00E4mf\u00F6relsevis fria och spekulativa t\u00E4nkandet kan ibland vara av stort v\u00E4rde f\u00F6r vetenskapen som helhet. Marginalvetenskap befinner sig, per definition, i utkanten av en redan godtagen disciplin."@sv . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430"@ru . "La ciencia marginal, tambi\u00E9n llamada ciencia l\u00EDmite o ciencia fringe, es un t\u00E9rmino que se refiere a ideas cuyos atributos incluyen ser altamente especulativas o basarse en premisas ya refutadas.\u200B Las teor\u00EDas cient\u00EDficas marginales suelen ser propuestas por personas que no tienen una formaci\u00F3n acad\u00E9mica tradicional en ciencias, o por investigadores ajenos a la disciplina dominante.\u200B\u200B El p\u00FAblico en general tiene dificultades para distinguir entre la ciencia y sus imitadores,\u200B y en algunos casos un \"anhelo de creer o una sospecha generalizada de los expertos es un incentivo muy potente para aceptar las afirmaciones pseudocient\u00EDficas\".\u200B"@es . . . . . "La fringe science (litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB science marginale \u00BB) est un terme anglais d\u00E9signant les recherches scientifiques, au sein de sciences acad\u00E9miques reconnues, qui s'\u00E9loignent significativement des th\u00E9ories g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement admises."@fr . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430"@uk . . . . . . . "La ci\u00E8ncia marginal \u00E9s aquella branca de recerca d'una disciplina que s'oposa o s'aparta de la denominada ci\u00E8ncia normal (mainstream en angl\u00E8s). Segons Thomas Kuhn, perqu\u00E8 hi hagi un canvi de paradigma o model explicatiu, cal que la ci\u00E8ncia marginal esdevingui normal o que la normal caigui en descr\u00E8dit, usualment perqu\u00E8 es comprova que les seves hip\u00F2tesis eren err\u00F2nies, perqu\u00E8 ha sorgit una nova evid\u00E8ncia o disciplina o b\u00E9 perqu\u00E8 l'inter\u00E8s de la comunitat cient\u00EDfica s'ha despla\u00E7at. Quan una teoria es considera obsoleta, com per exemple l'heliocentrisme, per\u00F2 continua tenint seguidors, passa a constituir ci\u00E8ncia marginal."@ca . . . 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"\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\uFF08\u304D\u3087\u3046\u304B\u3044\u304B\u304C\u304F\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Afringe science \u30D5\u30EA\u30F3\u30B8\u30B5\u30A4\u30A8\u30F3\u30B9\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u5468\u8FBA\u79D1\u5B66\u3001\u975E\u4E3B\u6D41\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306A\u7406\u8AD6\u3084\u4E3B\u6D41\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u304B\u3089\u5927\u304D\u304F\u9038\u8131\u3057\u305F\u8003\u3048\u65B9\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u63A8\u6E2C\u306E\u57DF\u3092\u51FA\u306A\u3044\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u65E2\u306B\u53CD\u8AD6\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u524D\u63D0\u306B\u4F9D\u5B58\u3059\u308B\u306A\u3069\u306E\u7279\u5FB4\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u306F\u3001\u4F1D\u7D71\u7684\u306A\u5B66\u8853\u7684\u80CC\u666F\u3092\u6301\u305F\u306A\u3044\u4EBA\u7269\u3084\u3001\u4E3B\u6D41\u306E\u5B66\u554F\u5206\u91CE\u4EE5\u5916\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63D0\u5531\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u5E02\u6C11\u306F\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u305D\u306E\u6A21\u5023\u3092\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u96E3\u3057\u304F\u3001\u5834\u5408\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306F\u4FE1\u3058\u305F\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9858\u671B\u3084\u5C02\u9580\u5BB6\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u4E0D\u4FE1\u611F\u304C\u3001\u7591\u4F3C\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u306A\u4E3B\u5F35\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u308B\u975E\u5E38\u306B\u5F37\u529B\u306A\u52D5\u6A5F\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002 \u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8A00\u8449\u306F\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u624B\u6CD5\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u691C\u8A3C\u53EF\u80FD\u3067\u65AC\u65B0\u306A\u4EEE\u8AAC\u304B\u3089\u3001\u8352\u5510\u7121\u7A3D\u306A\u305D\u306E\u5834\u3057\u306E\u304E\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3084\u307E\u304C\u3044\u7269\u307E\u3067\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3092\u542B\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306F\u3001\u7591\u4F3C\u79D1\u5B66\u8005\u3001\u8DA3\u5473\u4EBA\u3001\u30E4\u30D6\u533B\u8005\u306E\u9818\u57DF\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3055\u308C\u308B\u50BE\u5411\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306E\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306F\u62D2\u7D76\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30D7\u30EC\u30FC\u30C8\u30C6\u30AF\u30C8\u30CB\u30AF\u30B9\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u754C\u304C\u305D\u306E\u4E00\u90E8\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u4F8B\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u3001\u304B\u3064\u3066\u4E3B\u6D41\u306E\u79D1\u5B66\u754C\u306B\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u6982\u5FF5\u304C\u3001\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u306E\u5148\u884C\u7814\u7A76\u306E\u8A55\u4FA1\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306F\u3001\u591A\u6570\u6D3E\u306E\u610F\u898B\u3067\u3082\u5C0A\u656C\u3055\u308C\u308B\u5C11\u6570\u6D3E\u306E\u610F\u898B\u3067\u3082\u306A\u304F\u3001\u4E3B\u6D41\u6D3E\u306E\u5E83\u304F\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u5B66\u8AAC\u3068\u540C\u7B49\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304B\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u898B\u305B\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3068\u3001\u8AA4\u3063\u305F\u30D0\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u3001\u8AA4\u3063\u305F\u7B49\u4FA1\u6027\u306E\u554F\u984C\u304C\u751F\u3058\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u306F\u3001\u8907\u96D1\u306A\u30C8\u30D4\u30C3\u30AF\u3092\u4E8C\u3064\u306E\u5074\u9762\u306B\u5206\u985E\u3057\u3001\u4E3B\u6D41\u6D3E\u3068\u6226\u3046\u5F31\u8005\u306E\u6311\u6226\u8005\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89B3\u70B9\u304B\u3089\u554F\u984C\u3092\u69CB\u6210\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u5358\u7D14\u5316\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u7ACB\u6027\u3068\u516C\u5E73\u6027\u306E\u540D\u306E\u4E0B\u306B\u3001\u7A81\u98DB\u306A\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u3092\u4E3B\u6D41\u6D3E\u3068\u540C\u7B49\u3067\u6B63\u5F53\u306A\u7AF6\u4E89\u76F8\u624B\u306E\u5F79\u5272\u306B\u683C\u4E0A\u3052\u3057\u3001\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306E\u666E\u53CA\u3068\u4E00\u822C\u5316\u306B\u8CA2\u732E\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "Der Begriff Grenzwissenschaft wird in mehreren verschiedenen Definitionen verwendet: \n* als Alternativbegriff zu Parawissenschaften und Kryptowissenschaften \n* als Bezeichnung f\u00FCr Wissenschaften, die gleichzeitig zwei benachbarte Wissenschaftsbereiche ber\u00FChren und \n* als die Wissenschaft um Grenzen."@de . "1119046975"^^ . "Fringe science, literalmente ci\u00EAncia marginal, \u00E9 um termo empregado em epistemologia da ci\u00EAncia para denotar uma linha de reflex\u00E3o que se afasta significativamente das principais teorias do campo de estudo em que deseja situar-se, e que \u00E9 considerada question\u00E1vel pelas principais correntes desse campo. Mais especificamente, pode referir-se a uma aplica\u00E7\u00E3o question\u00E1vel de um m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico reconhecido, ou ao emprego de um m\u00E9todo cuja validade cient\u00EDfica \u00E9 question\u00E1vel. Para cientistas, os atributos da ci\u00EAncia marginal incluem ser altamente especulativa ou basear-se em premissas j\u00E1 refutadas. As teorias da ci\u00EAncia marginal s\u00E3o muitas vezes propostas e defendidas por pessoas que n\u00E3o possuem experi\u00EAncia ou forma\u00E7\u00E3o acad\u00EAmica tradicional, ou por pesquisadores de fora do mainstream da disciplina. O p\u00FAblico em geral tem dificuldade em distinguir entre a ci\u00EAncia e os seus imitadores, e, em alguns casos, um \"desejo de acreditar, ou uma desconfian\u00E7a generalizada em especialistas, constitui um potente incentivo para aceitar reivindica\u00E7\u00F5es pseudo-cient\u00EDficas\". O termo ci\u00EAncia marginal cobre desde novas hip\u00F3teses que podem ser testadas atrav\u00E9s do m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico at\u00E9 hip\u00F3teses ad hoc e puramente sem sentido, frequentemente descritas como mumbo jumbo. Disso resulta uma tend\u00EAncia em julgar toda a ci\u00EAncia marginal como o dom\u00EDnio preferencial de pseudocientistas, amadores e adeptos de p\u00F3s-verdades. Outros termos que descrevem tipos question\u00E1veis de ci\u00EAncia incluem ci\u00EAncia patol\u00F3gica, ci\u00EAncia vodu, e ci\u00EAncia de culto \u00E0 carga. O termo ci\u00EAncia lixo, em particular, \u00E9 usado para criticar pesquisas vistas como deliberadamente duvidosas ou fraudulentas. Um conceito que j\u00E1 foi aceito pelo mainstream da comunidade cient\u00EDfica pode se tornar ci\u00EAncia marginal devido a uma posterior re-avalia\u00E7\u00E3o. Por exemplo, a teoria da infec\u00E7\u00E3o focal, que considera que infec\u00E7\u00F5es das am\u00EDgdalas ou dentes s\u00E3o a principal causa de doen\u00E7a sist\u00EAmica, j\u00E1 foi considerada fato m\u00E9dico."@pt . . . "\uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559"@ko . . "\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\uFF08\u304D\u3087\u3046\u304B\u3044\u304B\u304C\u304F\u3001\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Afringe science \u30D5\u30EA\u30F3\u30B8\u30B5\u30A4\u30A8\u30F3\u30B9\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u5468\u8FBA\u79D1\u5B66\u3001\u975E\u4E3B\u6D41\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306A\u7406\u8AD6\u3084\u4E3B\u6D41\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u304B\u3089\u5927\u304D\u304F\u9038\u8131\u3057\u305F\u8003\u3048\u65B9\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u63A8\u6E2C\u306E\u57DF\u3092\u51FA\u306A\u3044\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u65E2\u306B\u53CD\u8AD6\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u524D\u63D0\u306B\u4F9D\u5B58\u3059\u308B\u306A\u3069\u306E\u7279\u5FB4\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306E\u7406\u8AD6\u306F\u3001\u4F1D\u7D71\u7684\u306A\u5B66\u8853\u7684\u80CC\u666F\u3092\u6301\u305F\u306A\u3044\u4EBA\u7269\u3084\u3001\u4E3B\u6D41\u306E\u5B66\u554F\u5206\u91CE\u4EE5\u5916\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63D0\u5531\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u5E02\u6C11\u306F\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u305D\u306E\u6A21\u5023\u3092\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u96E3\u3057\u304F\u3001\u5834\u5408\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306F\u4FE1\u3058\u305F\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9858\u671B\u3084\u5C02\u9580\u5BB6\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u4E0D\u4FE1\u611F\u304C\u3001\u7591\u4F3C\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u306A\u4E3B\u5F35\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u308B\u975E\u5E38\u306B\u5F37\u529B\u306A\u52D5\u6A5F\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3002 \u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8A00\u8449\u306F\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u7684\u624B\u6CD5\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u691C\u8A3C\u53EF\u80FD\u3067\u65AC\u65B0\u306A\u4EEE\u8AAC\u304B\u3089\u3001\u8352\u5510\u7121\u7A3D\u306A\u305D\u306E\u5834\u3057\u306E\u304E\u306E\u4EEE\u8AAC\u3084\u307E\u304C\u3044\u7269\u307E\u3067\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3092\u542B\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308B\u3002\u3053\u306E\u305F\u3081\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306F\u3001\u7591\u4F3C\u79D1\u5B66\u8005\u3001\u8DA3\u5473\u4EBA\u3001\u30E4\u30D6\u533B\u8005\u306E\u9818\u57DF\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u898B\u306A\u3055\u308C\u308B\u50BE\u5411\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u307B\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306E\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u306F\u62D2\u7D76\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30D7\u30EC\u30FC\u30C8\u30C6\u30AF\u30C8\u30CB\u30AF\u30B9\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u79D1\u5B66\u754C\u304C\u305D\u306E\u4E00\u90E8\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u4F8B\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u4E00\u65B9\u3067\u3001\u304B\u3064\u3066\u4E3B\u6D41\u306E\u79D1\u5B66\u754C\u306B\u53D7\u3051\u5165\u308C\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u6982\u5FF5\u304C\u3001\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u306E\u5148\u884C\u7814\u7A76\u306E\u8A55\u4FA1\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Marginalvetenskap"@sv . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0301\u043A\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Fringe science) \u2014 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u0443\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u00AB\u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0443\u00BB, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0446\u0456\u043D\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0456\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u044F\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0446\u0456\u043D\u043E\u043A \u0454 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0431\u0456\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u00AB\u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439\u00BB \u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438, \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 (\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u00AB\u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439\u00BB) \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0457\u0445 \u0434\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u00AB\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430\u00BB \u043E\u0445\u043E\u043F\u043B\u044E\u0454 \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u044E\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0456\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0437, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0435\u0442\u043E\u0434\u0443, \u0434\u043E \u0434\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0456\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0433\u043B\u0443\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u043C\u043D\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439. \u0426\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043B\u043E \u0434\u043E \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0438\u043B\u044F\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044E \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0443 \u044F\u043A \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043F\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432, \u043B\u044E\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0445. \u041D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434, , \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0456 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043C\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438\u043D \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0437\u0443\u0431\u0456\u0432 \u0454 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u043C\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0456 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0438\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0456\u0432."@uk . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0301\u043A\u0430 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Fringe science) \u2014 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u0443\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u00AB\u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0443\u00BB, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u043E\u0446\u0456\u043D\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0456\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u044F\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0446\u0456\u043D\u043E\u043A \u0454 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0431\u0456\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u00AB\u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439\u00BB \u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0438, \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 (\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u00AB\u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0439\u00BB) \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0457\u0445 \u0434\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456."@uk . . . "Fringe science"@fr . . . . "\uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559(\u908A\uB450\uB9AC\u79D1\u5B66, fringe science)\uC740 \uC8FC\uB958 \uBC0F \uACFC\uB294 \uB3D9\uB5A8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uBA70, \uC774\uAC83\uC740 \uC8FC\uB958 \uD559\uBB38 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \u201C\uBE44\uC8FC\uB958\u201D\uB85C \uBD84\uB958\uB41C\uB2E4.\uC8FC\uB958 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC740, (Protoscience)\uC5D0 \uBC18\uB300\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uACFC \uB9C8\uCC2C\uAC00\uC9C0\uB85C, \uC804\uD615\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBE44\uC8FC\uB958 \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uCD94\uB860\uC801\uC774\uAC70\uB098(\uD655\uC2E4\uCE58 \uC54A\uAC70\uB098) \uB610\uB294 \uAC70\uC138\uAC8C \uBC18\uBC1C\uD574\uC57C \uD558\uB294 \uB300\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC5EC\uAE34\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uB294 \uC0C8\uB86D\uAC8C \uBD80\uC0C1\uD558\uB294 \uD0C0\uB2F9\uC131 \uC788\uB294(\uC2E4\uD589 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C) \uACFC\uD559\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "La fringe science (litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB science marginale \u00BB) est un terme anglais d\u00E9signant les recherches scientifiques, au sein de sciences acad\u00E9miques reconnues, qui s'\u00E9loignent significativement des th\u00E9ories g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement admises. Elle s'oppose \u00E0 la mainstream science, c'est-\u00E0-dire la science conventionnelle (mainstream signifie \u00AB courant principal \u00BB en anglais). Les scientifiques mainstream consid\u00E8rent typiquement que la fringe science repose sur des concepts tr\u00E8s sp\u00E9culatifs ou r\u00E9fut\u00E9s, contrairement aux protosciences qui repr\u00E9sentent des pistes plausibles pour faire \u00E9merger des sciences nouvelles."@fr . . . . . . "Der Begriff Grenzwissenschaft wird in mehreren verschiedenen Definitionen verwendet: \n* als Alternativbegriff zu Parawissenschaften und Kryptowissenschaften \n* als Bezeichnung f\u00FCr Wissenschaften, die gleichzeitig zwei benachbarte Wissenschaftsbereiche ber\u00FChren und \n* als die Wissenschaft um Grenzen."@de . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0440\u0442\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F 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"Marginalvetenskap (eng. fringe science) \u00E4r ett uttryck f\u00F6r att beskriva vetenskaplig fr\u00E5gest\u00E4llning inom ett etablerat f\u00E4lt, vilken avviker markant fr\u00E5n den g\u00E4llande huvudf\u00E5ran, mainstream, eller ortodoxa teorier. Marginalvetenskap kan vara ett forskningsomr\u00E5de som \u00E4nnu inte anses vara \u201Driktig\u201D vetenskap, protovetenskap, men som likv\u00E4l iakttar regler och standard f\u00F6r god vetenskaplig metod, och det j\u00E4mf\u00F6relsevis fria och spekulativa t\u00E4nkandet kan ibland vara av stort v\u00E4rde f\u00F6r vetenskapen som helhet. Marginalvetenskap befinner sig, per definition, i utkanten av en redan godtagen disciplin."@sv . . . 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"Okrajov\u00E1 v\u011Bda"@cs . "Grenzwissenschaft"@de . . . "Ci\u00EAncia marginal"@pt . 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"Fringe science, literalmente ci\u00EAncia marginal, \u00E9 um termo empregado em epistemologia da ci\u00EAncia para denotar uma linha de reflex\u00E3o que se afasta significativamente das principais teorias do campo de estudo em que deseja situar-se, e que \u00E9 considerada question\u00E1vel pelas principais correntes desse campo. Mais especificamente, pode referir-se a uma aplica\u00E7\u00E3o question\u00E1vel de um m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico reconhecido, ou ao emprego de um m\u00E9todo cuja validade cient\u00EDfica \u00E9 question\u00E1vel."@pt . . "La scienza di confine (dall'inglese fringe science) \u00E8 per sua stessa definizione, quella serie di controverse teorie o discutibili ricerche scientifiche che si pongono ai confini della corrente principale delle discipline accademiche convenzionalmente riconosciute. Quella di \"scienza di confine\" \u00E8 una frase utilizzata per descrivere qualsiasi ricerca scientifica all'interno di un campo di studio ben definito e istituzionalizzato che si allontana significativamente dalle teorie accettate dalla corrente principale (in inglese mainstream) di quei ricercatori, o che sono eterodosse rispetto a teorie ortodosse che sono alla base o comuni a molte altre discipline scientifiche."@it . . . "Scienza di confine"@it . . . . . . "\u5883\u754C\u79D1\u5B66"@ja . . . . . . . "Okrajov\u00E1 v\u011Bda ozna\u010Duje my\u0161lenky, kter\u00E9 jsou vysoce spekulativn\u00ED nebo se op\u00EDraj\u00ED o p\u0159edpoklady, kter\u00E9 ji\u017E byly vyvr\u00E1ceny. Okrajov\u00E9 v\u011Bdeck\u00E9 teorie jsou \u010Dasto rozv\u00EDjeny osobami, kter\u00E9 nemaj\u00ED tradi\u010Dn\u00ED akademick\u00E9 v\u011Bdeck\u00E9 vzd\u011Bl\u00E1n\u00ED, nebo v\u00FDzkumn\u00EDky mimo hlavn\u00ED proud oboru. \u0160irok\u00E1 ve\u0159ejnost m\u00E1 pot\u00ED\u017Ee rozli\u0161ovat mezi v\u011Bdou a jej\u00EDmi napodobeninami a v n\u011Bkter\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpadech je \u201Etouha v\u011B\u0159it nebo v\u0161eobecn\u00E1 ned\u016Fv\u011Bra k odborn\u00EDk\u016Fm velmi siln\u00FDm podn\u011Btem k p\u0159ij\u00EDm\u00E1n\u00ED pseudov\u011Bdeck\u00FDch tvrzen\u00ED\u201C."@cs . "La ciencia marginal, tambi\u00E9n llamada ciencia l\u00EDmite o ciencia fringe, es un t\u00E9rmino que se refiere a ideas cuyos atributos incluyen ser altamente especulativas o basarse en premisas ya refutadas.\u200B Las teor\u00EDas cient\u00EDficas marginales suelen ser propuestas por personas que no tienen una formaci\u00F3n acad\u00E9mica tradicional en ciencias, o por investigadores ajenos a la disciplina dominante.\u200B\u200B El p\u00FAblico en general tiene dificultades para distinguir entre la ciencia y sus imitadores,\u200B y en algunos casos un \"anhelo de creer o una sospecha generalizada de los expertos es un incentivo muy potente para aceptar las afirmaciones pseudocient\u00EDficas\".\u200B El t\u00E9rmino \"ciencia marginal\" abarca desde las hip\u00F3tesis novedosas que pueden probarse mediante el m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico hasta las hip\u00F3tesis salvajes ad hoc y el mumbo jumbo. Esto ha dado lugar a una tendencia a desestimar toda la ciencia marginal como el dominio de los pseudocient\u00EDficos, los aficionados y los chiflados.\u200B Un concepto que en su d\u00EDa fue aceptado por la comunidad cient\u00EDfica dominante puede convertirse en ciencia marginal debido a una evaluaci\u00F3n posterior de las investigaciones anteriores.\u200B Por ejemplo, la teor\u00EDa de la infecci\u00F3n focal, que sosten\u00EDa que las infecciones focales de las am\u00EDgdalas o los dientes son una causa primaria de las enfermedades sist\u00E9micas se consider\u00F3 en su d\u00EDa un hecho m\u00E9dico. Desde entonces se ha descartado por falta de pruebas."@es . . . "Okrajov\u00E1 v\u011Bda ozna\u010Duje my\u0161lenky, kter\u00E9 jsou vysoce spekulativn\u00ED nebo se op\u00EDraj\u00ED o p\u0159edpoklady, kter\u00E9 ji\u017E byly vyvr\u00E1ceny. Okrajov\u00E9 v\u011Bdeck\u00E9 teorie jsou \u010Dasto rozv\u00EDjeny osobami, kter\u00E9 nemaj\u00ED tradi\u010Dn\u00ED akademick\u00E9 v\u011Bdeck\u00E9 vzd\u011Bl\u00E1n\u00ED, nebo v\u00FDzkumn\u00EDky mimo hlavn\u00ED proud oboru. \u0160irok\u00E1 ve\u0159ejnost m\u00E1 pot\u00ED\u017Ee rozli\u0161ovat mezi v\u011Bdou a jej\u00EDmi napodobeninami a v n\u011Bkter\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpadech je \u201Etouha v\u011B\u0159it nebo v\u0161eobecn\u00E1 ned\u016Fv\u011Bra k odborn\u00EDk\u016Fm velmi siln\u00FDm podn\u011Btem k p\u0159ij\u00EDm\u00E1n\u00ED pseudov\u011Bdeck\u00FDch tvrzen\u00ED\u201C. Pojem \u201Eokrajov\u00E1 v\u011Bda\u201C zahrnuje v\u0161e od nov\u00FDch hypot\u00E9z, kter\u00E9 lze ov\u011B\u0159it v\u011Bdeckou metodou, a\u017E po divok\u00E9 a nesmysly. To m\u00E1 za n\u00E1sledek tendenci odm\u00EDtat v\u0161echny okrajov\u00E9 v\u011Bdy jako dom\u00E9nu pseudov\u011Bdc\u016F, kon\u00ED\u010Dk\u00E1\u0159\u016F a podiv\u00EDn\u016F. Koncept, kter\u00FD byl kdysi akceptov\u00E1n hlavn\u00EDm proudem v\u011Bdeck\u00E9 komunity, se m\u016F\u017Ee st\u00E1t okrajovou v\u011Bdou kv\u016Fli pozd\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmu vyhodnocen\u00ED p\u0159edchoz\u00EDho v\u00FDzkumu. Nap\u0159\u00EDklad teorie fok\u00E1ln\u00ED infekce, podle n\u00ED\u017E jsou fok\u00E1ln\u00ED infekce mandl\u00ED nebo zub\u016F prim\u00E1rn\u00ED p\u0159\u00ED\u010Dinou syst\u00E9mov\u00E9ho onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED, byla kdysi pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za l\u00E9ka\u0159sk\u00FD fakt. Od t\u00E9 doby byla pro nedostatek d\u016Fkaz\u016F zavr\u017Eena."@cs . "Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. Fringe science theories are often advanced by persons who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline. The general public has difficulty distinguishing between science and its imitators, and in some cases a \"yearning to believe or a generalized suspicion of experts is a very potent incentive to accepting pseudoscientific claims\"."@en . "Ciencia marginal"@es . . . . . "La scienza di confine (dall'inglese fringe science) \u00E8 per sua stessa definizione, quella serie di controverse teorie o discutibili ricerche scientifiche che si pongono ai confini della corrente principale delle discipline accademiche convenzionalmente riconosciute. Quella di \"scienza di confine\" \u00E8 una frase utilizzata per descrivere qualsiasi ricerca scientifica all'interno di un campo di studio ben definito e istituzionalizzato che si allontana significativamente dalle teorie accettate dalla corrente principale (in inglese mainstream) di quei ricercatori, o che sono eterodosse rispetto a teorie ortodosse che sono alla base o comuni a molte altre discipline scientifiche. Mentre esiste qualche esempio di ricercatori appartenenti alla corrente principale della scienza che propugnano idee alquanto eccentriche all'interno della propria disciplina di competenza (ad esempio James Dewey Watson, uno dei due biochimici scopritori della molecola del DNA, che sosteneva la possibilit\u00E0 che la molecola fosse stata diffusa nell'universo grazie a sonde interplanetarie extraterrestri e che non fosse il semplice prodotto dell'evoluzione sulla Terra; oppure il biochimico Peter Duesberg che sostiene che il virus HIV non sia la causa dell'AIDS), molte tra le \"idee scientifiche di confine\" sono postulate da individui che non appartengono affatto all'ambito della scienza, oppure da scienziati che lentamente si sono collocati al di fuori della corrente principale delle proprie discipline. Un altro uso del termine \u00E8 nella descrizione di campi del sapere che non possono essere (sia per la mancanza di evidenza o di riproducibilit\u00E0 scientifica), riconosciute come \"scienza in buona fede\", anche se a questi campi di ricerca si attribuisce piuttosto il termine di pseudoscienza."@it . . . . . "Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. Fringe science theories are often advanced by persons who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline. The general public has difficulty distinguishing between science and its imitators, and in some cases a \"yearning to believe or a generalized suspicion of experts is a very potent incentive to accepting pseudoscientific claims\". The term \"fringe science\" covers everything from novel hypotheses which can be tested by means of the scientific method to wild ad hoc hypotheses and mumbo jumbo. This has resulted in a tendency to dismiss all fringe science as the domain of pseudoscientists, hobbyists, and quacks. A concept that was once accepted by the mainstream scientific community may become fringe science because of a later evaluation of previous research. For example, focal infection theory, which held that focal infections of the tonsils or teeth are a primary cause of systemic disease, was once considered to be medical fact. It has since been dismissed because of lack of evidence."@en . "\u8FB9\u7F18\u79D1\u5B66\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Afringe science\uFF09\u6307\u4EE3\u4E00\u4E9B\u5177\u6709\u9AD8\u5EA6\u81C6\u6E2C\u6027\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u89C0\u9EDE\uFF0C\u6216\u8005\u4F9D\u8CF4\u65BC\u4E00\u4E9B\u5DF2\u88AB\u5426\u5B9A\u7684\u524D\u63D0\u3002\u8FB9\u7F18\u79D1\u5B66\u7406\u8BBA\u901A\u5E38\u7531\u6CA1\u6709\u4F20\u7EDF\u5B66\u672F\u80CC\u666F\u7684\u4EBA\u6216\u4E3B\u6D41\u5B66\u79D1\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u4EBA\u5458\u63D0\u51FA \u3002\u516C\u773E\u5927\u591A\u5F88\u96E3\u5340\u5206\u79D1\u5B78\u89C0\u9EDE\u548C\u5176\u4EFF\u5192\u8005\uFF0C\u5728\u67D0\u4E9B\u60C5\u51B5\u4E0B\uFF0C\u201C\u5BF9\u4E13\u5BB6\u89C0\u9EDE\u7684\u6E34\u671B\u6216\u666E\u904D\u8CEA\u7591\u662F\u63A5\u53D7\u4F2A\u79D1\u5B66\u4E3B\u5F20\u7684\u975E\u5E38\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8BF1\u56E0\u201D\u3002 \u300C\u908A\u7DE3\u79D1\u5B78\u300D\u4E00\u8A5E\u6DB5\u84CB\u7BC4\u570D\u5F88\u5EE3\uFF0C\u65E2\u5305\u62EC\u53EF\u4EE5\u901A\u904E\u79D1\u5B78\u65B9\u6CD5\u6AA2\u9A57\u7684\u65B0\u7A4E\u5047\u8AAA\uFF0C\u53C8\u5305\u62EC\u53EF\u80FD\u5C6C\u65BC\u507D\u79D1\u5B78\u7BC4\u7587\u7684\u7279\u8A2D\u5047\u8A2D\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u8A72\u8853\u8A9E\u5E38\u5E38\u548C\u79D1\u5984\u6216\u8005\u507D\u79D1\u5B78\u7814\u7A76\u4EBA\u58EB\u76F8\u95DC\u806F\u3002 \u53E6\u4E00\u65B9\u9762\uFF0C\u66FE\u7D93\u88AB\u79D1\u5B78\u5171\u540C\u9AD4\u63A5\u53D7\u7684\u4E3B\u6D41\u89C0\u9EDE\u53EF\u80FD\u6703\u96A8\u8457\u66F4\u65B0\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u7D50\u679C\u88AB\u53D6\u4EE3\uFF0C\u5F9E\u800C\u6210\u70BA\u908A\u7DE3\u79D1\u5B78 \u3002\u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u8A8D\u70BA\u6241\u6843\u4F53\u6216\u7259\u9F7F\u7684\u5C40\u90E8\u611F\u67D3\u662F\u5168\u8EAB\u6027\u75BE\u75C5\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u539F\u56E0\uFF0C\u4E26\u66FE\u88AB\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u91AB\u5B78\u4E8B\u5BE6\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u5728\u4E4B\u5F8C\u7684\u6B72\u6708\u56E0\u70BA\u7F3A\u4E4F\u8B49\u64DA\u800C\u88AB\u5EE2\u68C4\u3002"@zh . . . . "\uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559(\u908A\uB450\uB9AC\u79D1\u5B66, fringe science)\uC740 \uC8FC\uB958 \uBC0F \uACFC\uB294 \uB3D9\uB5A8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uBA70, \uC774\uAC83\uC740 \uC8FC\uB958 \uD559\uBB38 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \u201C\uBE44\uC8FC\uB958\u201D\uB85C \uBD84\uB958\uB41C\uB2E4.\uC8FC\uB958 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC740, (Protoscience)\uC5D0 \uBC18\uB300\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uACFC \uB9C8\uCC2C\uAC00\uC9C0\uB85C, \uC804\uD615\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBE44\uC8FC\uB958 \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uCD94\uB860\uC801\uC774\uAC70\uB098(\uD655\uC2E4\uCE58 \uC54A\uAC70\uB098) \uB610\uB294 \uAC70\uC138\uAC8C \uBC18\uBC1C\uD574\uC57C \uD558\uB294 \uB300\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uC5EC\uAE34\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uB294 \uC0C8\uB86D\uAC8C \uBD80\uC0C1\uD558\uB294 \uD0C0\uB2F9\uC131 \uC788\uB294(\uC2E4\uD589 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C) \uACFC\uD559\uC774\uB2E4. \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC804\uBB38\uBD84\uC57C \uC9C0\uC2DD \uB0B4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC774\uB2E8\uC544\uC801 \uC544\uC774\uB514\uC5B4\uB97C \uC9C0\uC9C0\uD558\uB294 \uC8FC\uB958 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC788\uAE30\uB294 \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559 \uC774\uB860\uACFC \uC544\uC774\uB514\uC5B4\uB294 \uC804\uD1B5\uC801\uC778 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uACFC\uD559\uBC30\uACBD\uC774 \uC5C6\uAC70\uB098 \uB610\uB294 \uC8FC\uB958\uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uC790\uB4E4\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uAC1C\uC778\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC885\uC885 \uBC1C\uC804\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uACFC\uD559\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB97C \uD1B5\uD2C0\uC5B4 \uBCFC \uB54C, \uACFC\uD559\uC740 \uC885\uC885 \uD559\uC81C\uAC04\uC758 \uB2E4\uBB38\uD654\uC801 \uC0C1\uD638\uC791\uC6A9\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uBC1C\uC804\uD55C \uAC83\uC744 \uC54C \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. Friedlander\uB294 \uC8FC\uB958\uACFC\uD559(mainstream science)\uC774 \u201C\uC1E0\uD1F4\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uAE30 \uC704\uD574\uC11C\uB294\u201D \uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559\uC774 \uD544\uC218\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC874\uC7AC\uD574\uC57C \uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC81C\uC548\uD55C\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uC774\uC720\uB294 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uAC01\uAC01\uC758 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uBE44\uC8FC\uB958 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uACFC \uD2B9\uC815 \uBE44\uC8FC\uB958 \uBC1C\uACAC\uB4E4\uC744 \uB098\uC911\uC5D0 \uAC00\uC11C\uB294 \uC218\uC6A9\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uBC94\uC704\uC5D0 \uD3EC\uD568\uB418\uB294 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C (\uBB3C\uB860, \u201C\uADF8\uB807\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uACBD\uC6B0\uB3C4 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC\u201D) \uD3C9\uAC00\uD560 \uAC83\uC774 \uBD84\uBA85\uD558\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC77C\uBC18\uB300\uC911\uC740 \u201C\uACFC\uD559\uACFC \uACFC\uD559\uC758 \uBAA8\uBC29\u201D\uC744 \uAD6C\uBD84\uD558\uAE30 \uC5B4\uB824\uC6B8 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uBA87\uBA87\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0, \u201C\uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB97C \uBBFF\uACE0\uC790 \uD558\uB294 \uC5F4\uB9DD \uB610\uB294 \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC77C\uBC18\uD654\uB41C \uC758\uD639\uC740 \uC758\uC0AC\uACFC\uD559\uC801(pseudoscientific) \uC8FC\uC7A5\uB4E4\uC744 \uC218\uC6A9\uD558\uB294\uB370 \uC788\uC5B4 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uD6A8\uACFC\uC801\uC778 \uC790\uADF9\uC774 \uB41C\uB2E4\u201D. \u2018\uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559\u2019\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uC2E4\uC81C\uB85C \uC758\uC0AC\uACFC\uD559(pseudosciences)\uC778 \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uBB18\uC0AC\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574\uC11C, \uB610\uB294 \uACFC\uD559\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB9AC\uAE30\uB294 \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC804\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC5C4\uACA9\uD568\uC774\uB098 \uC2E4\uD589 \uAC00\uB2A5\uC131\uC774 \uBD80\uC871\uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uBB18\uC0AC\uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0\uCC98\uB7FC \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uB290\uC2A8\uD558\uAC8C(\uB9C9\uC5F0\uD558\uAC8C) \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uACFC\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC9C4\uC2E4\uC131(scientific integrity)\uC774 \uBD80\uC871\uD55C \uD0D0\uAD6C\uD589\uC704\uB97C \uBB18\uC0AC\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5B4\uB0B8 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB4E4\uB85C\uB294 (pathological science), \uC0AC\uC774\uBE44 \uACFC\uD559, \uCE74\uACE0 \uCEEC\uD2B8 \uACFC\uD559 \uB4F1\uC774 \uC788\uB294\uB370, \uD2B9\uD788 (junk science)\uC774\uB77C\uB294 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB294 \uACFC\uC81C \uC9C0\uD5A5\uC801(agenda-oriented) \uACFC\uD559\uC744 \uBB18\uC0AC\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uC815\uCE58\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC8FC\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC815\uD655\uD55C \uC758\uBBF8\uC758 \uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559\uC774\uB780 \uC704\uC758 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB4E4\uACFC \uB2EC\uB9AC, \uBB3C\uB860 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB17C\uB780\uC774 \uC788\uAE30\uB294 \uD574\uB3C4 \uC5B4\uB290 \uC815\uB3C4 \uACFC\uD559\uC801 \uC5C4\uACA9\uD568, \uD0C0\uB2F9\uC131(\uC2E4\uD589 \uAC00\uB2A5\uC131) \uBC0F \uC9C4\uC2E4\uC131\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A8\uB2E4. \uBCC0\uB450\uB9AC \uACFC\uD559\uC740 \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uB610\uD55C \uC758\uC2EC\uC2A4\uB7EC\uC6B4 \uACFC\uD559(questionable science)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB9AC\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . .