. . . . . . . . "\u5E93\u4ED1\u89C4\u8303\uFF08Coulomb gauge\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u6A2A\u573A\u6761\u4EF6\uFF0C\u5B9A\u4E49\u4E3A \u3002 \u6807\u91CF\u52BF\u03C6\u548C\u77E2\u91CF\u52BFA\u5BF9\u7535\u78C1\u573A\u7684\u786E\u5B9A\u4E0D\u662F\u552F\u4E00\u7684\uFF0C\u6709\u53EF\u80FD\u5BF9\u5B83\u4EEC\u5F15\u8FDB\u9002\u5F53\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6761\u4EF6\u3002 \u5728\u5E93\u4ED1\u89C4\u8303\u4E0B\uFF0C\u65F6\u53D8\u7535\u78C1\u573A\u60C5\u5F62\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6807\u91CF\u52BF\u03C6\u7531\u65B9\u7A0B\u786E\u5B9A\u3002\u8FD9\u662F\u77AC\u65F6\u7684\u5E93\u4ED1\u52BF\u65B9\u7A0B\uFF0C\u5E93\u4ED1\u89C4\u8303\u7684\u540D\u79F0\u7531\u6B64\u800C\u5F97\u3002 \u5728\u63A8\u5BFC\u78C1\u77E2\u52BF\u65F6\u5019\u53EF\u4EE5\u501F\u52A9\u6765\u5F97\u5230 \u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5E93\u4ED1\u89C4\u8303\uFF08Coulomb gauge\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u79CD\u6A2A\u573A\u6761\u4EF6\uFF0C\u5B9A\u4E49\u4E3A \u3002 \u6807\u91CF\u52BF\u03C6\u548C\u77E2\u91CF\u52BFA\u5BF9\u7535\u78C1\u573A\u7684\u786E\u5B9A\u4E0D\u662F\u552F\u4E00\u7684\uFF0C\u6709\u53EF\u80FD\u5BF9\u5B83\u4EEC\u5F15\u8FDB\u9002\u5F53\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6761\u4EF6\u3002 \u5728\u5E93\u4ED1\u89C4\u8303\u4E0B\uFF0C\u65F6\u53D8\u7535\u78C1\u573A\u60C5\u5F62\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6807\u91CF\u52BF\u03C6\u7531\u65B9\u7A0B\u786E\u5B9A\u3002\u8FD9\u662F\u77AC\u65F6\u7684\u5E93\u4ED1\u52BF\u65B9\u7A0B\uFF0C\u5E93\u4ED1\u89C4\u8303\u7684\u540D\u79F0\u7531\u6B64\u800C\u5F97\u3002 \u5728\u63A8\u5BFC\u78C1\u77E2\u52BF\u65F6\u5019\u53EF\u4EE5\u501F\u52A9\u6765\u5F97\u5230 \u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043B\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447. \u041D\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044B\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043A. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u041A\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u041B\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0438."@ru . . . . "In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing or ignoring these unphysical degrees of freedom."@en . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0301\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0301\u043B\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0432\u044B\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0438\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447. \u041D\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u044F \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0443\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044B\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043A. \u041D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u041A\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u041B\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0438."@ru . . "\u041A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0443"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . "Fixa\u00E7\u00E3o de gauge"@pt . . . . . . . . . "\u898F\u7BC4\u56FA\u5B9A"@zh . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0430"@ru . . . . "1114324842"^^ . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0301\u043B\u0443 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B \u0435\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0433\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447. \u041D\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u0454 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u041D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0431\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041A\u0443\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041B\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0430, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0439 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0456 \u043A\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F."@uk . . "In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing or ignoring these unphysical degrees of freedom. Although the unphysical axes in the space of detailed configurations are a fundamental property of the physical model, there is no special set of directions \"perpendicular\" to them. Hence there is an enormous amount of freedom involved in taking a \"cross section\" representing each physical configuration by a particular detailed configuration (or even a weighted distribution of them). Judicious gauge fixing can simplify calculations immensely, but becomes progressively harder as the physical model becomes more realistic; its application to quantum field theory is fraught with complications related to renormalization, especially when the computation is continued to higher orders. Historically, the search for logically consistent and computationally tractable gauge fixing procedures, and efforts to demonstrate their equivalence in the face of a bewildering variety of technical difficulties, has been a major driver of mathematical physics from the late nineteenth century to the present."@en . . . . . . . . . . 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"28122"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Gauge fixing"@en . "Na f\u00EDsica de teorias de gauge, fixa\u00E7\u00E3o de gauge ou fixa\u00E7\u00E3o de calibre (tamb\u00E9m chamada escolha de um gauge) denota um procedimento matem\u00E1tico para a c\u00F3pia com graus de liberdade redundantes em campos vari\u00E1veis. Por defini\u00E7\u00E3o, uma teoria de gauge representa fisicamente cada configura\u00E7\u00E3o distinta do sistema como uma classe equivalente de configura\u00E7\u00F5es de detalhadas. Qualquer duas configura\u00E7\u00F5es detalhadas na mesma classe equivalente s\u00E3o relacionadas por uma transforma\u00E7\u00E3o de gauge, equivalente a uma transforma\u00E7\u00E3o de simetria ao longo dos eixos geom\u00E9tricos (n\u00E3o f\u00EDsicos) no espa\u00E7o de configura\u00E7\u00E3o. A maioria das predi\u00E7\u00F5es f\u00EDsicas quantitativas de uma teoria de gauge podem somente ser obtidas sob uma coerente supress\u00E3o ou ignorando estes graus de liberdade n\u00E3o f\u00EDsicos."@pt . . . . . "2000736"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Na f\u00EDsica de teorias de gauge, fixa\u00E7\u00E3o de gauge ou fixa\u00E7\u00E3o de calibre (tamb\u00E9m chamada escolha de um gauge) denota um procedimento matem\u00E1tico para a c\u00F3pia com graus de liberdade redundantes em campos vari\u00E1veis. Por defini\u00E7\u00E3o, uma teoria de gauge representa fisicamente cada configura\u00E7\u00E3o distinta do sistema como uma classe equivalente de configura\u00E7\u00F5es de detalhadas. Qualquer duas configura\u00E7\u00F5es detalhadas na mesma classe equivalente s\u00E3o relacionadas por uma transforma\u00E7\u00E3o de gauge, equivalente a uma transforma\u00E7\u00E3o de simetria ao longo dos eixos geom\u00E9tricos (n\u00E3o f\u00EDsicos) no espa\u00E7o de configura\u00E7\u00E3o. A maioria das predi\u00E7\u00F5es f\u00EDsicas quantitativas de uma teoria de gauge podem somente ser obtidas sob uma coerente supress\u00E3o ou ignorando estes graus de liberdade n\u00E3o f\u00EDsicos. Embora os eixos n\u00E3o f\u00EDsicos no espa\u00E7o de configura\u00E7\u00F5es detalhadas sejam uma propriedade fundamental do modelo f\u00EDsico, n\u00E3o existe um conjunto especial de dire\u00E7\u00F5es \"perpendiculares\" a eles. Desde que existe uma enorme quantidade de liberdade envolvida na tomada de uma \"se\u00E7\u00E3o transversal\" representando cada configura\u00E7\u00E3o f\u00EDsica por uma configura\u00E7\u00E3o detalhada particular (ou mesmo de uma distribui\u00E7\u00E3o ponderada delas). Arbitr\u00E1rias fixa\u00E7\u00F5es de gauge podem simplificar c\u00E1lculos imensamente, mas tornam-se progressivamente mais dif\u00EDceis \u00E0 medida que o modelo se torna mais realista; sua aplica\u00E7\u00E3o na teoria qu\u00E2ntica de campos \u00E9 trabalhosa com complica\u00E7\u00F5es relacionadas \u00E0 renormaliza\u00E7\u00E3o, especialmente quando a computa\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 continuada a mais altas ordens. Historicamente, a busca por procedimentos de fixa\u00E7\u00E3o de gauge logicamente consistentes e trat\u00E1veis computacionalmente, e esfor\u00E7os para demonstrar sua equival\u00EAncia em face de uma confusa variedade de dificuldades t\u00E9cnicas, tem sido um principal condutor da f\u00EDsica matem\u00E1tica do s\u00E9culo XIX ao presente."@pt . . .