. . . "30176398"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u063A\u0648\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u063A \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062F (9 \u062F\u064A\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1814 - 27 \u0623\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628\u0631 1854) \u0637\u0628\u064A\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0632\u0645\u064A\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u0623\u062B\u0628\u062A \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062C\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1844 \u0628\u062D\u062B\u064B\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062A\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649\u060C \u0648\u062E\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629. \u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0621\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1836\u060C \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062F \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u063A\u0627\u064A\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u064A\u0645\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064A \u0644\u0646\u062F\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u062A\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u064A\u0646\u062C\u0632 \u0644\u0646\u062F\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062F \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u064A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "78369"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird (* 1815; \u2020 27. Oktober 1854 in London) war ein Praktischer Arzt, der als Erster eine Krankenhausstation leitete, in welcher galvanischer Gleichstrom in der Behandlung von Krankheiten am Menschen eingesetzt wurde. Bird wurde 1815 in England geboren und verstarb 1854 in London, vermutlich an den Folgen einer rheumatischen Herzerkrankung. Bird war Sch\u00FCler des Guy\u2019s Hospital in London und wurde dort 1836 als Lehrer f\u00FCr Philosophie eingestellt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit verfasste Bird ein Werk \u00FCber Naturwissenschaften, das zu seinen Lebzeiten insgesamt in vier Ausgaben erschien. Bird begann in London als Praktischer Arzt zu arbeiten, war aber wirtschaftlich nicht sehr erfolgreich. 1838 wurde Bird in der Finsbury Krankenanstalt, London, als Arzt angestellt, wo er bis 1843 blieb, bis er zum Assistenzarzt im Guy\u2019s Hospital im Jahr 1843 ernannt wurde. Seine Lehr- und Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Galvanotherapie begann Bird 1847. 1849 publizierte er erstmals zu diesem Thema (Bird, G., 1849, Lectures on Electricity and Galvanism in Their Physiological and Therapeutic Relations, London). Bird errichtete anhand seiner Erfahrungen eine Indikationsliste zur therapeutischen Anwendung des galvanischen Stromes, die sp\u00E4ter von anderen \u00C4rzten wie Robert Remak 1858 erweitert wurde."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird (1814\u20131854) adalah seorang dokter medis berkebangsaan Inggris dan seorang mahasiswa di Royal College of Physicians of London. Ia mengajar di Guy's Hospital, sebuah rumah sakit di pusat kota London, dan menerbitkan buku ilmu pengetahuan yang populer bagi mahasiswa kedokteran. Ia mengembangkan minat dalam kimia mulai dari usia muda, dan walaupun melalui belajar otodidak, namun cukup maju untuk memberikan ceramah kepada teman-temannya sesama murid di sekolah. Ia kemudian menerapkan pengetahuan ini untuk dunia medis dan menjadi penyumbang besar pada bidang endapan kemih. Ia adalah orang pertama yang menggambarkan , suatu kondisi yang menyebabkan jenis tertentu dari batu ginjal."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird (9 December 1814 \u2013 27 October 1854) was a British medical doctor and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He became a great authority on kidney diseases and published a comprehensive paper on urinary deposits in 1844. He was also notable for his work in related sciences, especially the medical uses of electricity and electrochemistry. From 1836, he lectured at Guy's Hospital, a well-known teaching hospital in London and now part of King's College London, and published a popular textbook on science for medical students called Elements of Natural Philosophy. Having developed an interest in chemistry while still a child, largely through self-study, Bird was far enough advanced to deliver lectures to his fellow pupils at school. He later applied this knowledge to medicine and did much research on the chemistry of urine and of kidney stones. In 1842, he was the first to describe oxaluria, a condition which leads to the formation of a particular kind of stone. Bird, who was a member of the London Electrical Society, was innovative in the field of the medical use of electricity, designing much of his own equipment. In his time, electrical treatment had acquired a bad name in the medical profession through its widespread use by quack practitioners. Bird made efforts to oppose this quackery, and was instrumental in bringing medical electrotherapy into the mainstream. He was quick to adopt new instruments of all kinds; he invented a new variant of the Daniell cell in 1837 and made important discoveries in electrometallurgy with it. He was not only innovative in the electrical field, but he also designed a flexible stethoscope, and in 1840 published the first description of such an instrument. A devout Christian, Bird believed Bible study and prayer were just as important to medical students as their academic studies. He endeavoured to promote Christianity among medical students and encouraged other professionals to do likewise. To this end, Bird was responsible for the founding of the , although it did not become active until after his death. Bird had lifelong poor health and died at the age of 39."@en . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird fue un m\u00E9dico brit\u00E1nico, miembro del Royal College of Physicians, la Sociedad Linneana de Londres y la Royal Society. Considerado una gran autoridad en enfermedades renales, public\u00F3 un influyente texto sobre dep\u00F3sitos urinarios en 1844. Tambi\u00E9n fue notable su trabajo en ciencias afines, especialmente los usos m\u00E9dicos de la electricidad y la electroqu\u00EDmica. Desde 1836, trabaj\u00F3 en el Guy's Hospital, un conocido hospital de ense\u00F1anza en Londres y public\u00F3 un libro de texto popular sobre ciencia para estudiantes de medicina titulado Elements of Natural Philosophy."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird"@fr . . . "Golding Bird (9 December 1814 \u2013 27 October 1854) was a British medical doctor and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He became a great authority on kidney diseases and published a comprehensive paper on urinary deposits in 1844. He was also notable for his work in related sciences, especially the medical uses of electricity and electrochemistry. From 1836, he lectured at Guy's Hospital, a well-known teaching hospital in London and now part of King's College London, and published a popular textbook on science for medical students called Elements of Natural Philosophy."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird (1814\u20131854) adalah seorang dokter medis berkebangsaan Inggris dan seorang mahasiswa di Royal College of Physicians of London. Ia mengajar di Guy's Hospital, sebuah rumah sakit di pusat kota London, dan menerbitkan buku ilmu pengetahuan yang populer bagi mahasiswa kedokteran. Ia mengembangkan minat dalam kimia mulai dari usia muda, dan walaupun melalui belajar otodidak, namun cukup maju untuk memberikan ceramah kepada teman-temannya sesama murid di sekolah. Ia kemudian menerapkan pengetahuan ini untuk dunia medis dan menjadi penyumbang besar pada bidang endapan kemih. Ia adalah orang pertama yang menggambarkan , suatu kondisi yang menyebabkan jenis tertentu dari batu ginjal. \n* l \n* \n* s"@in . "Golding Bird fue un m\u00E9dico brit\u00E1nico, miembro del Royal College of Physicians, la Sociedad Linneana de Londres y la Royal Society. Considerado una gran autoridad en enfermedades renales, public\u00F3 un influyente texto sobre dep\u00F3sitos urinarios en 1844. Tambi\u00E9n fue notable su trabajo en ciencias afines, especialmente los usos m\u00E9dicos de la electricidad y la electroqu\u00EDmica. Desde 1836, trabaj\u00F3 en el Guy's Hospital, un conocido hospital de ense\u00F1anza en Londres y public\u00F3 un libro de texto popular sobre ciencia para estudiantes de medicina titulado Elements of Natural Philosophy. Despu\u00E9s de haber desarrollado un inter\u00E9s por la qu\u00EDmica ya de ni\u00F1o, en gran medida a trav\u00E9s del autoaprendizaje, Bird avanz\u00F3 lo suficiente como para ofrecer conferencias a sus colegas alumnos en la escuela. Posteriormente, aplic\u00F3 este conocimiento a la medicina y realiz\u00F3 muchas investigaciones sobre la qu\u00EDmica de la orina y de la piedras del ri\u00F1\u00F3n. En 1842, fue el primero en describir la oxaluria, una condici\u00F3n que conduce a la formaci\u00F3n de un tipo particular de piedra. Bird fue un innovador en el campo de la utilizaci\u00F3n m\u00E9dica de la electricidad, dise\u00F1ando gran parte de su propio equipo. En su tiempo, el tratamiento el\u00E9ctrico ten\u00EDa mala reputaci\u00F3n en la profesi\u00F3n m\u00E9dica debido a su uso generalizado por practicantes sin cualificaci\u00F3n. Bird ese opuso a esos charlatanes y su influencia fue fundamental para recuperar la electroterapia en la pr\u00E1ctica m\u00E9dica profesional. Adopt\u00F3 nuevos instrumentos de todo tipo; invent\u00F3 la pila Daniell de una sola celda en 1837 y realiz\u00F3 importantes descubrimientos en electrometalurgia con ella. No s\u00F3lo fue innovador en el campo el\u00E9ctrico, tambi\u00E9n dise\u00F1\u00F3 un estetoscopio flexible y en 1840 public\u00F3 la primera descripci\u00F3n de ese instrumento. Cristiano devoto, Bird cre\u00EDa que la oraci\u00F3n y el estudio de la Biblia eran tan importantes para los estudiantes de medicina como sus estudios acad\u00E9micos. Se esfuerz\u00F3 por promover el cristianismo entre los estudiantes de medicina y alent\u00F3 a otros profesionales a hacer lo mismo. Con este fin, Bird fue responsable de la fundaci\u00F3n de la , que empez\u00F3 a ser activa despu\u00E9s de su muerte. Bird ten\u00EDa una mala salud permanente y muri\u00F3 a la temprana edad de 39 a\u00F1os."@es . . . . . . . . "1102518952"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird (* 1815; \u2020 27. Oktober 1854 in London) war ein Praktischer Arzt, der als Erster eine Krankenhausstation leitete, in welcher galvanischer Gleichstrom in der Behandlung von Krankheiten am Menschen eingesetzt wurde."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Golding Bird"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird, n\u00E9 le 9 d\u00E9cembre 1814 \u00E0 Downham et mort le 27 octobre 1854, est un m\u00E9decin britannique membre du Coll\u00E8ge royal de m\u00E9decine. Sp\u00E9cialiste des maladies du rein, il est \u00E9galement connu pour son travail sur les utilisations m\u00E9dicales de l'\u00E9lectricit\u00E9 et de l'\u00E9lectrochimie. Son travail le plus connu est Elements of Natural Philosophy."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Golding Bird, n\u00E9 le 9 d\u00E9cembre 1814 \u00E0 Downham et mort le 27 octobre 1854, est un m\u00E9decin britannique membre du Coll\u00E8ge royal de m\u00E9decine. Sp\u00E9cialiste des maladies du rein, il est \u00E9galement connu pour son travail sur les utilisations m\u00E9dicales de l'\u00E9lectricit\u00E9 et de l'\u00E9lectrochimie. Son travail le plus connu est Elements of Natural Philosophy."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u063A\u0648\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u063A \u0628\u064A\u0631\u062F"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .