. . . . . . . . . . "21150165"^^ . . . . . "#FFF380"@en . . "4.1"^^ . . . . . . "left"@en . . . "right"@en . "Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has been close to exponential between 1992 and 2018. During this period of time, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, evolved from a niche market of small-scale applications to a mainstream electricity source. When solar PV systems were first recognized as a promising renewable energy technology, subsidy programs, such as feed-in tariffs, were implemented by a number of governments in order to provide economic incentives for investments. For several years, growth was mainly driven by Japan and pioneering European countries. As a consequence, cost of solar declined significantly due to experience curve effects like improvements in technology and economies of scale. Several national programs were instrumental in increasing PV deployment, such as the Energiewende in Germany, the Million Solar Roofs project in the United States, and China's 2011 five-year-plan for energy production. Since then, deployment of photovoltaics has gained momentum on a worldwide scale, increasingly competing with conventional energy sources. In the early 21st century a market for utility-scale plants emerged to complement rooftop and other distributed applications. By 2015, some 30 countries had reached grid parity. Since the 1950s, when the first solar cells were commercially manufactured, there has been a succession of countries leading the world as the largest producer of electricity from solar photovoltaics. First it was the United States, then Japan, followed by Germany, and currently China. By the end of 2018, global cumulative installed PV capacity reached about 512 gigawatts (GW), of which about 180 GW (35%) were utility-scale plants.Solar power supplied about 3% of global electricity demand in 2019.In 2018, solar PV contributed between 7% and 8% to the annual domestic consumption in Italy, Greece, Germany, and Chile. The largest penetration of solar power in electricity production is found in Honduras (14%). Solar PV contribution to electricity in Australia is edging towards 11%, while in the United Kingdom and Spain it is close to 4%. China and India moved above the world average of 2.55%, while, in descending order, the United States, South Korea, France and South Africa are below the world's average. Projections for photovoltaic growth are difficult and burdened with many uncertainties. Official agencies, such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) have consistently increased their estimates for decades, while still falling far short of projecting actual deployment in every forecast. Bloomberg NEF projects global solar installations to grow in 2019, adding another 125\u2013141 GW resulting in a total capacity of 637\u2013653 GW by the end of the year. By 2050, the IEA foresees solar PV to reach 4.7 terawatts (4,674 GW) in its high-renewable scenario, of which more than half will be deployed in China and India, making solar power the world's largest source of electricity."@en . . "#666666"@en . "Chart|pie chart\n | radius = 100\n | slices = \n \n ( 103,000: 2018 : #990033)\n ( 95,000: 2017 : red)\n ( 76,600: 2016 : orange)\n ( 50,909: 2015 : #CCA300)\n ( 40,134: 2014 : #ffcc00)\n ( 38,352: 2013 : #FFE47A)\n ( 30,011 : 2012 : #FFEFAD)\n ( 30,133 : 2011 : #E8E8E8 )\n ( 17,151 : 2010 : #cfcfcf)\n ( 7,340 : 2009 : #aaa)\n ( 6,661 : 2008 : #999)\n ( 9,183 : before : #666)\n | units suffix = _MW\n | percent = true"@en . . . . "El crecimiento mundial de la energ\u00EDa solar fotovoltaica ha seguido una curva exponencial durante m\u00E1s de dos d\u00E9cadas. Durante este periodo de tiempo, ha evolucionado desde un nicho de mercado basado en aplicaciones de peque\u00F1a escala hasta convertirse en una fuente convencional de electricidad. Cuando los sistemas fotovoltaicos se reconocieron por primera vez como una tecnolog\u00EDa de energ\u00EDa renovable prometedora, se comenzaron a implementar programas de subvenciones en diferentes pa\u00EDses para proporcionar incentivos econ\u00F3micos a las inversiones. Durante varios a\u00F1os, el crecimiento fue principalmente conducido por Jap\u00F3n y varios pa\u00EDses europeos pioneros como Alemania. Como consecuencia, el coste de la energ\u00EDa solar fotovoltaica ha declinado significativamente debido a las mejoras en tecnolog\u00EDa y econom\u00EDas de escala, sobre todo cuando la producci\u00F3n de m\u00F3dulos y c\u00E9lulas solares empez\u00F3 a dispararse en China.\u200B Desde entonces, el despliegue de la fotovoltaica se est\u00E1 produciendo a cada vez mayor escala, particularmente en Asia pero tambi\u00E9n en Am\u00E9rica del Norte y otras regiones, donde la energ\u00EDa solar est\u00E1 compitiendo cada vez m\u00E1s con fuentes de energ\u00EDa convencional, al alcanzarse la paridad de red en aproximadamente 30 pa\u00EDses.\u200B"@es . . . . . "7.56"^^ . . . . . . . . "vertical"@en . . . . . . . "#00FF00"@en . "Annual PV deployment as a %-share of global total capacity ."@en . . "11.72"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Rest of the World"@en . . "Crecimiento de la energ\u00EDa solar fotovoltaica"@es . . . . . . . "'''Number of countries with PV"@en . . "Pertumbuhan fotovoltaik di seluruh dunia mendekati pertumbuhan eksponensial antara tahun 1992 dan 2018. Selama periode waktu ini, fotovoltaik (PV), juga dikenal sebagai PV surya, berkembang dari pasar khusus aplikasi skala kecil menjadi utama. Ketika pertama kali diakui sebagai teknologi energi terbarukan yang menjanjikan, program subsidi, seperti , dilaksanakan oleh sejumlah pemerintah untuk memberikan insentif ekonomi untuk investasi. Selama beberapa tahun, pertumbuhan terutama didorong oleh Jepang dan negara-negara Eropa perintis. Sebagai akibatnya, biaya tenaga surya menurun secara signifikan karena seperti peningkatan teknologi dan skala ekonomi. Beberapa program nasional berperan dalam meningkatkan penyebaran PV, seperti Energiewende di Jerman, proyek di Amerika Serikat, dan renc"@in . 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"Global PV market by technology in 2021."@en . . . . "2.49"^^ . "Source: GTM Research, Q2 2017"@en . . . . "Pertumbuhan fotovoltaik"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "center"@en . . . "pink"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "#33CCFF"@en . . "#800000"@en . . . . "3.48"^^ . . . "Growth of photovoltaics"@en . "9.23"^^ . "3.29"^^ . "\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . "2.24"^^ . . . "#00CC00"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . "Chart\n| width = 220\n| height = 200\n| xAxisAngle = -40\n| x = 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013\n| yAxisMax = 1\n| yAxisMin = 0\n| yAxisFormat = %\n| y = .65, , .56, , .50, .50, .48, .60, .61, .64, .70, .73, .61, .71, .49, .52, .52, .57, .65, .58, .63\n| showSymbols ="@en . . . . "Pertumbuhan fotovoltaik di seluruh dunia mendekati pertumbuhan eksponensial antara tahun 1992 dan 2018. Selama periode waktu ini, fotovoltaik (PV), juga dikenal sebagai PV surya, berkembang dari pasar khusus aplikasi skala kecil menjadi utama. Ketika pertama kali diakui sebagai teknologi energi terbarukan yang menjanjikan, program subsidi, seperti , dilaksanakan oleh sejumlah pemerintah untuk memberikan insentif ekonomi untuk investasi. Selama beberapa tahun, pertumbuhan terutama didorong oleh Jepang dan negara-negara Eropa perintis. Sebagai akibatnya, biaya tenaga surya menurun secara signifikan karena seperti peningkatan teknologi dan skala ekonomi. Beberapa program nasional berperan dalam meningkatkan penyebaran PV, seperti Energiewende di Jerman, proyek di Amerika Serikat, dan rencana lima tahun China tahun 2011 untuk produksi energi. Sejak itu, penyebaran fotovoltaik telah mendapatkan momentum dalam skala dunia, semakin bersaing dengan sumber . Pada awal abad ke-21 pasar untuk muncul untuk melengkapi aplikasi atap dan lainnya. Pada 2015, sekitar 30 negara telah mencapai .:9 Secara historis, adalah pemimpin fotovoltaik yang dipasang selama bertahun-tahun, dan total mencapai 77 megawatt pada tahun 1996 \u2014 lebih banyak daripada negara lain mana pun di dunia saat itu. Dari akhir 1990-an, Jepang adalah pemimpin dunia dalam produksi tenaga surya hingga 2005, ketika Jerman memimpin dan pada 2016 memiliki kapasitas lebih dari 40 gigawatt. Pada 2015, melampaui Jerman untuk menjadi produsen kekuatan fotovoltaik terbesar di dunia, dan pada 2017 menjadi negara pertama yang melampaui 100 GW kapasitas terpasang. Pada akhir 2018, kapasitas PV terpasang secara kumulatif global mencapai sekitar 512 gigawatt (GW), di mana sekitar 180 GW (c. 35%) adalah pembangkit skala utilitas. Ini mewakili pertumbuhan 27% dari 2017. Ini cukup untuk memasok sekitar 3% dari permintaan listrik global. Pada 2018, PV surya berkontribusi antara 7% dan 8% untuk konsumsi domestik tahunan di , , Jerman, dan Chili. Penetrasi tenaga surya terbesar dalam produksi listrik ditemukan di (14%). Kontribusi PV surya untuk listrik di Australia merosot ke 7%, sementara di dan hampir 4%. China dan bergerak di atas rata-rata dunia 2,55%, sementara, secara berurutan, , Korea Selatan, , dan berada di bawah rata-rata dunia.:76 Proyeksi untuk pertumbuhan fotovoltaik sulit dan terbebani dengan banyaknya ketidakpastian. Lembaga resmi, seperti Badan Energi Internasional (IEA) secara konsisten meningkatkan perkiraan mereka selama bertahun-tahun, tetapi masih jauh dari penyebaran yang sebenarnya. Bloomberg NEF memproyeksikan instalasi surya global akan tumbuh pada tahun 2019, menambah 125-141 GW menghasilkan total kapasitas 637-653 GW pada akhir tahun. Pada tahun 2050, IEA memperkirakan PV surya akan mencapai 4,7 terawatt (4.674 GW) dalam skenario yang terbarukan tinggi, yang lebih dari setengahnya akan digunakan di Cina dan India, menjadikan tenaga surya sebagai sumber listrik terbesar di dunia."@in . . . "1121720492"^^ . . "6.22"^^ . 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"Historical and projected global demand for solar PV ."@en . "Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has been close to exponential between 1992 and 2018. During this period of time, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, evolved from a niche market of small-scale applications to a mainstream electricity source. Since the 1950s, when the first solar cells were commercially manufactured, there has been a succession of countries leading the world as the largest producer of electricity from solar photovoltaics. First it was the United States, then Japan, followed by Germany, and currently China."@en . . . . "2.08"^^ . . "Price history of silicon PV cells since 1977.svg"@en . . . . . . . "Solar-pv-prices-vs-cumulative-capacity.png"@en . . . . . "yellow"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "0.1"^^ . . . . . "#3366CC"@en . . "1.9"^^ . "555"^^ . . . "bottom"@en . . "250"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Price decline of c-Si solar cells"@en . . "gold"@en . "Global annual installed capacity since 2002, in megawatts ."@en . . . . . . . "Le d\u00E9veloppement de l'\u00E9nergie solaire photovolta\u00EFque conna\u00EEt une croissance exponentielle depuis plus de 20 ans \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9chelle mondiale. \u00C0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1990, l'\u00E9nergie solaire photovolta\u00EFque a \u00E9volu\u00E9 d'un simple march\u00E9 de niche vers une source de production d'\u00E9lectricit\u00E9 \u00E0 \u00E9chelle industrielle. Durant sa phase initiale de d\u00E9veloppement, l'\u00E9nergie des panneaux photovolta\u00EFques, reconnue en tant que source d'\u00E9nergie renouvelable prometteuse a b\u00E9n\u00E9fici\u00E9 de subventions, notamment sous la forme de , afin d'attirer les investissements."@fr . "Chart\n |bar-chart\n |width= 330\n |height= 220\n |stack= 1 \n |group 1= 2.5 : 6.0 : 7.1 : 16.2 : 29.3 : 29.8 : 37.3 : 39.7 : 50.3 : 77.8 : 81.1: 84.5 : 91.0 : 96.7 : 104.2 : 112.5\n |group names = \n |hide group legends = 1\n |units suffix = _GW\n |x legends = 2007 : : 2009 : : 2011 : : 2013 : : 2015 : : 2017 : : 2019 : : 2021 :"@en . . . "#de2821"@en . . "220"^^ . "forestgreen"@en . . . "82"^^ . . "Chart\n | bar-chart\n | width = 590\n | height = 300\n | stack = 1\n | group 1 = 454 : 566 : 1088 : 1389 : 1547 : 2524 : 6661 : 7340 : 17151 : 30133: 30011 : 38352 : 40134 : 50909 : 76600 : 95000 : 108500 : 115000 : 133210 : 135503 : 0\n | group 2 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 228000\n | colors = #ffcc00 : #990033\n | group names = annual deployment : 2022 estimate\n | hide group legends =1\n | units suffix = _MW\n | x legends = 2002 : : : : 2006 : : : : 2010 : : : : 2014 : : : : 2018 : : : : 2022"@en . . "Utilization rate of solar PV module production capacity in % since 1993"@en . . "2.6"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "#808000"@en . . . . "39.16"^^ . . . "4.35"^^ . . . "13"^^ . . . . . "#008000"@en . "Le d\u00E9veloppement de l'\u00E9nergie solaire photovolta\u00EFque conna\u00EEt une croissance exponentielle depuis plus de 20 ans \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9chelle mondiale. \u00C0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1990, l'\u00E9nergie solaire photovolta\u00EFque a \u00E9volu\u00E9 d'un simple march\u00E9 de niche vers une source de production d'\u00E9lectricit\u00E9 \u00E0 \u00E9chelle industrielle. Durant sa phase initiale de d\u00E9veloppement, l'\u00E9nergie des panneaux photovolta\u00EFques, reconnue en tant que source d'\u00E9nergie renouvelable prometteuse a b\u00E9n\u00E9fici\u00E9 de subventions, notamment sous la forme de , afin d'attirer les investissements."@fr . . "Swanson's law \u2013 the PV learning curve"@en . . . . . "#4fc1cf"@en . . . . . . . "Growing number of solar gigawatt-markets"@en . . . . . "156741"^^ . . . . . "El crecimiento mundial de la energ\u00EDa solar fotovoltaica ha seguido una curva exponencial durante m\u00E1s de dos d\u00E9cadas. Durante este periodo de tiempo, ha evolucionado desde un nicho de mercado basado en aplicaciones de peque\u00F1a escala hasta convertirse en una fuente convencional de electricidad."@es . . . . . . . . . . . "Added PV capacity by country in 2019"@en . . "#54C571"@en . . "capacities in the gigawatt-scale'''\n Chart\n | width=200\n | height=200\n | xAxisTitle = Year\n | xAxisAngle = -70\n | type=stackedrect\n | y3 = 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2\n | y2 = 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 12\n | y1 = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 29 , 29 , 31\n | colors = #F5B800 , #FF0F4B , #990000\n | x = 2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021"@en . . . . "Chronologie de l'\u00E9nergie solaire photovolta\u00EFque"@fr . . "300"^^ . . . "#3300a6"@en . . . . . "right"@en . . "0.8"^^ . . . . . . . "3.76"^^ . . . . . "280"^^ . "#850AFF"@en .