. "Hard and soft science"@en . . . . . . . "\u6587\u7406\u5206\u79D1"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . "\u6587\u7CFB\u3068\u7406\u7CFB"@ja . . . "1114306928"^^ . . . "\u6587\u7406\u5206\u79D1\u662F\u5728\u90E8\u5206\u6771\u4E9E\u56FD\u5BB6\u548C\u5730\u533A\u5B9E\u884C\u7684\u6559\u80B2\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u5373\u5C06\u6559\u5B66\u8BFE\u7A0B\u5206\u4E3A\u6587\u79D1(Art Stream)\u548C\u7406\u79D1(Science Stream)\u8BA9\u5B66\u751F\u9009\u62E9\u540E\u8FDB\u884C\u5206\u522B\u6559\u80B2\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . "Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms used to compare scientific fields on the basis of perceived methodological rigor, exactitude, and objectivity. Roughly speaking, the formal sciences & natural sciences are considered \"hard\", whereas the social sciences are usually described as \"soft\". Precise definitions vary, but features often cited as characteristic of hard science include producing testable predictions, performing controlled experiments, relying on quantifiable data and mathematical models, a high degree of accuracy and objectivity, higher levels of consensus, faster progression of the field, greater explanatory success, cumulativeness, replicability, and generally applying a purer form of the scientific method. A closely related idea (originating in the nineteenth century with Auguste Comte) is that scientific disciplines can be arranged into a hierarchy of hard to soft on the basis of factors such as rigor, \"development\", and whether they are basic or applied. Philosophers and historians of science have questioned the relationship between these characteristics and perceived hardness or softness. The more \"developed\" hard sciences do not necessarily have a greater degree of consensus or selectivity in accepting new results. Commonly cited methodological differences are also not a reliable indicator. For example, social sciences such as psychology and sociology use mathematical models extensively, but are usually considered soft sciences. However, there are some measurable differences between hard and soft sciences. For example, hard sciences make more extensive use of graphs, and soft sciences are more prone to a rapid turnover of buzzwords. The metaphor has been criticised for unduly stigmatizing soft sciences, creating an unwarranted imbalance in the public perception, funding, and recognition of different fields."@en . "18664"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms used to compare scientific fields on the basis of perceived methodological rigor, exactitude, and objectivity. Roughly speaking, the formal sciences & natural sciences are considered \"hard\", whereas the social sciences are usually described as \"soft\". The metaphor has been criticised for unduly stigmatizing soft sciences, creating an unwarranted imbalance in the public perception, funding, and recognition of different fields."@en . . . "17097555"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ciencia dura y ciencia blanda son t\u00E9rminos construidos de forma un tanto coloquial, no utilizados institucionalmente por su car\u00E1cter problem\u00E1tico (no existen facultades ni licenciaturas de ciencias duras o de ciencias blandas), pero de uso epistemol\u00F3gico muy extendido para comparar campos de investigaci\u00F3n cient\u00EDfica o acad\u00E9mica, designando como duros los que se quieren marcar como m\u00E1s cient\u00EDficos en el sentido de rigurosos y exactos, m\u00E1s capaces de producir predicciones y caracterizados como experimentales, emp\u00EDricos, cuantificables y basados en datos y un m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico enfocado a la objetividad;\u200B mientras que los designados como blandos quedan marcados con los rasgos opuestos. Diferentes aproximaciones al m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico pueden distinguirse por c\u00F3mo consideran la diferencia entre los t\u00E9rminos ciencia dura y ciencia blanda. Este es un asunto clave para la filosof\u00EDa de la ciencia, que no siempre permite la posibilidad de marcar una diferencia clara entre ambos t\u00E9rminos; y para los y la sociolog\u00EDa de la ciencia, que estudia las percepciones impl\u00EDcitas de la investigaci\u00F3n y metodolog\u00EDa.\u200B Las ciencias naturales y las ciencias f\u00EDsicas se suelen incluir en el campo de las duras, mientras que las ciencias sociales o ciencias humanas se suelen incluir en el campo de las blandas,\u200B cuando no se niega directamente su condici\u00F3n cient\u00EDfica, no necesariamente de forma peyorativa\u200B (como ocurre cuando un colega o rival denuncia a un cient\u00EDfico del propio campo por ser poco riguroso, o cuando un cient\u00EDfico procedente de un campo denuncia la escasa condici\u00F3n cient\u00EDfica de un campo diferente al suyo), sino muy habitualmente como fruto de una diferente valoraci\u00F3n o consideraci\u00F3n, que a menudo surge de entre algunos de los propios cultivadores de un campo concreto de conocimiento que no son partidarios de considerar cient\u00EDfica su actividad (por considerar tal cosa limitante o inadecuada) considerando m\u00E1s adecuado incluirla en el concepto de humanidades opuesto al de ciencias (v\u00E9ase Historia#Historia como ciencia). La oposici\u00F3n de ciencias y letras es el aspecto m\u00E1s visible del denominado debate de las dos culturas. No conviene confundir el t\u00E9rmino ciencia blanda con el pensamiento d\u00E9bil, concepto filos\u00F3fico ligado a la denominada posmodernidad."@es . . . . . . "Ciencias duras y blandas"@es . . . . . "Ciencia dura y ciencia blanda son t\u00E9rminos construidos de forma un tanto coloquial, no utilizados institucionalmente por su car\u00E1cter problem\u00E1tico (no existen facultades ni licenciaturas de ciencias duras o de ciencias blandas), pero de uso epistemol\u00F3gico muy extendido para comparar campos de investigaci\u00F3n cient\u00EDfica o acad\u00E9mica, designando como duros los que se quieren marcar como m\u00E1s cient\u00EDficos en el sentido de rigurosos y exactos, m\u00E1s capaces de producir predicciones y caracterizados como experimentales, emp\u00EDricos, cuantificables y basados en datos y un m\u00E9todo cient\u00EDfico enfocado a la objetividad;\u200B mientras que los designados como blandos quedan marcados con los rasgos opuestos."@es . "\u6587\u7406\u5206\u79D1\u662F\u5728\u90E8\u5206\u6771\u4E9E\u56FD\u5BB6\u548C\u5730\u533A\u5B9E\u884C\u7684\u6559\u80B2\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u5373\u5C06\u6559\u5B66\u8BFE\u7A0B\u5206\u4E3A\u6587\u79D1(Art Stream)\u548C\u7406\u79D1(Science Stream)\u8BA9\u5B66\u751F\u9009\u62E9\u540E\u8FDB\u884C\u5206\u522B\u6559\u80B2\u3002"@zh . "\u6587\u7CFB\u3068\u7406\u7CFB\uFF08\u3076\u3093\u3051\u3044\u3068\u308A\u3051\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5B66\u554F\u5206\u91CE\u3001\u4EBA\u7269\u3001\u6027\u683C\u306A\u3069\u306E\u5927\u307E\u304B\u306A\u5206\u985E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u6587\u79D1\u7CFB\uFF08\u3076\u3093\u304B\u3051\u3044\uFF09\u3001\u7406\u79D1\u7CFB\uFF08\u308A\u304B\u3051\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u4E21\u8005\u3092\u5408\u308F\u305B\u3066\u6587\u7406\uFF08\u3076\u3093\u308A\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002 \u6587\u7CFB\u3068\u7406\u7CFB\u306E\u533A\u5225\u306F\u65E5\u672C\u56FA\u6709\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u304C\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u3092\u6B27\u7C73\u306F\u591A\u304F\u306E\u5927\u5B66\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7406\u7CFB\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u306A\u3069\u5DEE\u7570\u306F\u3042\u308B\u3002\u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u7406\u7CFB\u5B66\u554F\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3092STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3073\u3001\u7406\u7CFB\u5B66\u90E8\u5352\u3092\u7406\u7CFB\u5B66\u58EB\uFF08BS,BSc,Bachelor of Science\uFF09 \u3001\u6587\u7CFB\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3092\u4EBA\u6587\u793E\u4F1A\u5B66\uFF08Humanities and Social science\uFF1DHSS\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3073\u3001\u6587\u7CFB\u5B66\u90E8\u5352\u3092\u6587\u7CFB\u5B66\u58EB\uFF08BA,Bachelor of Arts\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3076\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u6587\u7CFB\u3068\u7406\u7CFB\uFF08\u3076\u3093\u3051\u3044\u3068\u308A\u3051\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5B66\u554F\u5206\u91CE\u3001\u4EBA\u7269\u3001\u6027\u683C\u306A\u3069\u306E\u5927\u307E\u304B\u306A\u5206\u985E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u308C\u305E\u308C\u6587\u79D1\u7CFB\uFF08\u3076\u3093\u304B\u3051\u3044\uFF09\u3001\u7406\u79D1\u7CFB\uFF08\u308A\u304B\u3051\u3044\uFF09\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u4E21\u8005\u3092\u5408\u308F\u305B\u3066\u6587\u7406\uFF08\u3076\u3093\u308A\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002 \u6587\u7CFB\u3068\u7406\u7CFB\u306E\u533A\u5225\u306F\u65E5\u672C\u56FA\u6709\u3067\u306F\u306A\u3044\u304C\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u3092\u6B27\u7C73\u306F\u591A\u304F\u306E\u5927\u5B66\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7406\u7CFB\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u306A\u3069\u5DEE\u7570\u306F\u3042\u308B\u3002\u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u7406\u7CFB\u5B66\u554F\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3092STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3073\u3001\u7406\u7CFB\u5B66\u90E8\u5352\u3092\u7406\u7CFB\u5B66\u58EB\uFF08BS,BSc,Bachelor of Science\uFF09 \u3001\u6587\u7CFB\u306E\u7DCF\u79F0\u3092\u4EBA\u6587\u793E\u4F1A\u5B66\uFF08Humanities and Social science\uFF1DHSS\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3073\u3001\u6587\u7CFB\u5B66\u90E8\u5352\u3092\u6587\u7CFB\u5B66\u58EB\uFF08BA,Bachelor of Arts\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3076\u3002"@ja .