. . . . . . . "L'historiographie du massacre de Nankin est la repr\u00E9sentation des \u00E9v\u00E8nements du massacre de Nankin (en 1937) dans diff\u00E9rents langues et contextes culturels, depuis les ann\u00E9es suivant les \u00E9v\u00E8nements. Cette historiographie est disparate et parfois contest\u00E9e, menant \u00E0 des conflits de sentiments et int\u00E9r\u00EAts nationalistes chinois et japonais.Les points de vue r\u00E9visionnistes du massacre de Nankin au Japon ont souvent caus\u00E9 des tensions internationales et nationalistes. L'historiographie en langue japonaise sur le sujet varie des rapports nationalistes-r\u00E9visionnistes qui nient compl\u00E8tement la culpabilit\u00E9 pour crimes de guerre de l'arm\u00E9e imp\u00E9riale japonaise, jusqu'aux critiques du militarisme qui pr\u00E9f\u00E8rent centrer le r\u00E9cit sur les comptes-rendus des survivants chinois des \u00E9v\u00E8nements. Bien que les vues des r\u00E9visionnistes japonais, souvent utilis\u00E9es \u00E0 des fins de politique int\u00E9rieure, ont \u00E9t\u00E9 controvers\u00E9es, en particulier en Chine, les ouvrages en langues japonaise pr\u00E9sentent n\u00E9anmoins des recherches souvent sujettes \u00E0 caution \u00E0 l'ext\u00E9rieur du Japon.."@fr . "\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\uFF08\u65E5\u6587\uFF1A\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u3001\u5357\u4EAC\u8650\u6BBA\u4E8B\u4EF6\uFF09\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u4FB5\u534E\u6218\u4E89\u521D\u671F\u65E5\u672C\u519B\u961F\u5728\u4E2D\u534E\u6C11\u56FD\u9996\u90FD\u5357\u4EAC\u72AF\u4E0B\u7684\u5927\u898F\u6A21\u5C60\u6BBA\u3001\u5F37\u59E6\u4EE5\u53CA\u7EB5\u706B\u3001\u62A2\u52AB\u7B49\u6218\u4E89\u7F6A\u884C\u4E0E\u53CD\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7F6A\u884C\u3002\u4E2D\u65E5\u53CC\u65B9\u5BF9\u8BE5\u4E8B\u4EF6\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9047\u5BB3\u4EBA\u6570\u53CA\u635F\u5BB3\u72B6\u51B5\u4E00\u76F4\u5B58\u6709\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u8BE5\u4E8B\u4EF6\u4E5F\u6210\u4E3A\u5F71\u54CD\u5F53\u4ECA\u4E2D\u65E5\u5173\u7CFB\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u91CD\u8981\u5386\u53F2\u9057\u7559\u95EE\u9898\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u5386\u53F2\u5B66\u754C\u666E\u904D\u8BA4\u53EF\u8FDC\u4E1C\u56FD\u9645\u519B\u4E8B\u6CD5\u5EAD\u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u4FDD\u536B\u6218\u4E4B\u540E\uFF0C\u5360\u9886\u5357\u4EAC\u57CE\u7684\u5927\u65E5\u672C\u5E1D\u56FD\u9646\u519B\u5728\u57CE\u5185\u53CA\u5468\u8FB9200\u91CC\u57CE\u9547\u53CA\u6751\u843D\u5B9E\u65BD\u66B4\u529B\u7684\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0E\u8303\u56F4\u3002\u7136\u800C\u8FC7\u53BB\u534A\u4E2A\u591A\u4E16\u7EAA\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u5374\u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u7684\u771F\u5B9E\u6027\uFF08\u5305\u62EC\u6027\u8D28\u3001\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7B49\uFF09\u5B58\u6709\u8F83\u5927\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002 \u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u9047\u96BE\u8005\u4EBA\u6570\u7684\u7EDF\u8BA1\u504F\u5DEE\u8F83\u5927\u3002\u8BB8\u591A\u4E2D\u570B\u5386\u53F2\u5B66\u8005\u5C06\u201C30\u4E07\u6B7B\u8005\u201D\u89C6\u4E3A\u5BF9\u9047\u96BE\u603B\u4EBA\u6570\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u6BD4\u8F83\u51C6\u786E\u7684\u4F30\u8BA1\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u672C\uFF0C\u5426\u5B9A\u8BBA\u8005\u53CA\u53F3\u7FFC\u652F\u6301\u8005\u5219\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u5B9E\u9645\u6B7B\u4EA1\u4EBA\u6570\u663E\u8457\u4F4E\u4E8E30\u4E07\u7684\u6570\u5B57\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u4E8B\u4EF6\u7EAF\u5C5E\u865A\u6784\u6216\u4E2D\u570B\u4EBA\u6240\u505A\u3002"@zh . "25268"^^ . "1108105989"^^ . . . "22156167"^^ . . "\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u8AD6\u4E89\u53F2"@ja . "\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u8AD6\u4E89\u53F2\uFF08\u30CA\u30F3\u30AD\u30F3 \u3058\u3051\u3093\u308D\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3057\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u8AD6\u4E89\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u89E3\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u65E5\u4E2D\u653F\u5E9C\u306E\u5BFE\u5FDC\u306A\u3069\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u89E3\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . "\u5173\u4E8E\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u7684\u4E89\u8BBA"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historiographie du massacre de Nankin"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre"@en . . . . "The Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre is the representation of the events of the Nanjing Massacre as history, in various languages and cultural contexts, in the years since these events took place. This historiography is disparate and sometimes contested, owing to conflicting currents of Chinese and Japanese nationalist sentiment and national interest, as well as the fog of war."@en . . "L'historiographie du massacre de Nankin est la repr\u00E9sentation des \u00E9v\u00E8nements du massacre de Nankin (en 1937) dans diff\u00E9rents langues et contextes culturels, depuis les ann\u00E9es suivant les \u00E9v\u00E8nements. Cette historiographie est disparate et parfois contest\u00E9e, menant \u00E0 des conflits de sentiments et int\u00E9r\u00EAts nationalistes chinois et japonais.Les points de vue r\u00E9visionnistes du massacre de Nankin au Japon ont souvent caus\u00E9 des tensions internationales et nationalistes. L'historiographie en langue japonaise sur le sujet varie des rapports nationalistes-r\u00E9visionnistes qui nient compl\u00E8tement la culpabilit\u00E9 pour crimes de guerre de l'arm\u00E9e imp\u00E9riale japonaise, jusqu'aux critiques du militarisme qui pr\u00E9f\u00E8rent centrer le r\u00E9cit sur les comptes-rendus des survivants chinois des \u00E9v\u00E8nements. Bien que les "@fr . . . . . "\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u8AD6\u4E89\u53F2\uFF08\u30CA\u30F3\u30AD\u30F3 \u3058\u3051\u3093\u308D\u3093\u305D\u3046\u3057\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u8AD6\u4E89\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u89E3\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u65E5\u4E2D\u653F\u5E9C\u306E\u5BFE\u5FDC\u306A\u3069\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u89E3\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "The Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre is the representation of the events of the Nanjing Massacre as history, in various languages and cultural contexts, in the years since these events took place. This historiography is disparate and sometimes contested, owing to conflicting currents of Chinese and Japanese nationalist sentiment and national interest, as well as the fog of war. Japanese-language historiography on the subject has ranged from nationalist-revisionist accounts which completely deny Imperial Japanese culpability in war crimes, to leftist critics of militarism who prefer to center the narrative on the accounts of Chinese survivors of the events. Although Japanese revisionist accounts, which have sometimes arisen in the context of Japanese domestic politics, have been controversial, particularly in China, the Japanese-language historiographical material regarding the massacre has featured much diverse and sophisticated research. In contrast to the Japanese research that have been ongoing since the late 1950s, Chinese-language research has for a long time been hindered by the limitations on free speech in mainland China, much of the secondary material merely parroting the government line of the day, making it difficult to describe the situation as a \"debate\". While mainly written by non-academic lay authors, revisionist works of the Nanjing Massacre in Japan have been increasingly vocal in the past years and have caused international disputes and stoked nationalist tensions. Despite many failed attempts for a collaboration, Japan and China have been unable to agree upon the death toll of the massacre, and the debate remains a cornerstone of the current instability in the far east Asian geopolitics."@en . . . . . . . . "\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\uFF08\u65E5\u6587\uFF1A\u5357\u4EAC\u4E8B\u4EF6\u3001\u5357\u4EAC\u8650\u6BBA\u4E8B\u4EF6\uFF09\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u4FB5\u534E\u6218\u4E89\u521D\u671F\u65E5\u672C\u519B\u961F\u5728\u4E2D\u534E\u6C11\u56FD\u9996\u90FD\u5357\u4EAC\u72AF\u4E0B\u7684\u5927\u898F\u6A21\u5C60\u6BBA\u3001\u5F37\u59E6\u4EE5\u53CA\u7EB5\u706B\u3001\u62A2\u52AB\u7B49\u6218\u4E89\u7F6A\u884C\u4E0E\u53CD\u4EBA\u7C7B\u7F6A\u884C\u3002\u4E2D\u65E5\u53CC\u65B9\u5BF9\u8BE5\u4E8B\u4EF6\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9047\u5BB3\u4EBA\u6570\u53CA\u635F\u5BB3\u72B6\u51B5\u4E00\u76F4\u5B58\u6709\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u8BE5\u4E8B\u4EF6\u4E5F\u6210\u4E3A\u5F71\u54CD\u5F53\u4ECA\u4E2D\u65E5\u5173\u7CFB\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u91CD\u8981\u5386\u53F2\u9057\u7559\u95EE\u9898\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u5386\u53F2\u5B66\u754C\u666E\u904D\u8BA4\u53EF\u8FDC\u4E1C\u56FD\u9645\u519B\u4E8B\u6CD5\u5EAD\u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u4FDD\u536B\u6218\u4E4B\u540E\uFF0C\u5360\u9886\u5357\u4EAC\u57CE\u7684\u5927\u65E5\u672C\u5E1D\u56FD\u9646\u519B\u5728\u57CE\u5185\u53CA\u5468\u8FB9200\u91CC\u57CE\u9547\u53CA\u6751\u843D\u5B9E\u65BD\u66B4\u529B\u7684\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0E\u8303\u56F4\u3002\u7136\u800C\u8FC7\u53BB\u534A\u4E2A\u591A\u4E16\u7EAA\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u5374\u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u7684\u771F\u5B9E\u6027\uFF08\u5305\u62EC\u6027\u8D28\u3001\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7B49\uFF09\u5B58\u6709\u8F83\u5927\u4E89\u8BAE\u3002 \u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u9047\u96BE\u8005\u4EBA\u6570\u7684\u7EDF\u8BA1\u504F\u5DEE\u8F83\u5927\u3002\u8BB8\u591A\u4E2D\u570B\u5386\u53F2\u5B66\u8005\u5C06\u201C30\u4E07\u6B7B\u8005\u201D\u89C6\u4E3A\u5BF9\u9047\u96BE\u603B\u4EBA\u6570\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u6BD4\u8F83\u51C6\u786E\u7684\u4F30\u8BA1\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u672C\uFF0C\u5426\u5B9A\u8BBA\u8005\u53CA\u53F3\u7FFC\u652F\u6301\u8005\u5219\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u5B9E\u9645\u6B7B\u4EA1\u4EBA\u6570\u663E\u8457\u4F4E\u4E8E30\u4E07\u7684\u6570\u5B57\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u4E8B\u4EF6\u7EAF\u5C5E\u865A\u6784\u6216\u4E2D\u570B\u4EBA\u6240\u505A\u3002 \u4F46\u540C\u65F6\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u672C\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u516C\u4F17\u5BF9\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u6709\u4E0D\u540C\u610F\u89C1\uFF0C\u4F46\u4EC5\u6709\u5F88\u5C11\u6570\u7684\u4EBA\u5B8C\u5168\u5426\u8BA4\u66B4\u884C\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u3002\u6570\u5341\u5E74\u6765\uFF0C\u4E00\u4E9B\u65E5\u672C\u8BB0\u8005\u53CA\u5B66\u8005\uFF08\u5982\u6D1E\u5BCC\u96C4\u53CA\u672C\u591A\u52DD\u4E00\uFF09\u5728\u6279\u9A73\u4FEE\u6B63\u4E3B\u4E49\u8005\u7684\u5386\u53F2\u7814\u7A76\u65B9\u9762\u505A\u51FA\u4E86\u5DE8\u5927\u52AA\u529B\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u7531\u4E8E\u65E5\u672C\u5426\u8BA4\u5357\u4EAC\u5927\u5C60\u6740\u7684\u4E3E\u52A8\u5F80\u5F80\u88AB\u4E2D\u570B\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u5176\u5728\u53D8\u76F8\u5426\u8BA4\u4E8C\u6218\u65F6\u671F\u72AF\u4E0B\u7684\u7F6A\u884C\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u8FD9\u7C7B\u4E89\u8BBA\u5F80\u5F80\u6FC0\u8D77\u4E2D\u570B\u5BF9\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u53CD\u611F\uFF0C\u5E76\u9020\u6210\u65E5\u672C\u4E0E\u5176\u4E2D\u56FD\u5173\u7CFB\u7D27\u5F20\u3002\u5305\u62EC\u4E1C\u4E2D\u91CE\u4FEE\u9053\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5426\u5B9A\u4E3B\u4E49\u8005\u8A00\u8BBA\uFF0C\u5F15\u53D1\u4E86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u4E89\u8BAE\uFF0C\u5E76\u5728\u56FD\u9645\u5A92\u4F53\uFF08\u4E3B\u8981\u662F\u4E2D\u56FD\u53CA\u97D3\u570B\uFF09\u4EA7\u751F\u53CD\u54CD\uFF0C\u540C\u65F6\u5F71\u54CD\u4E86\u65E5\u672C\u53CA\u90BB\u56FD\u7684\u5173\u7CFB\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u5386\u53F2\u6559\u79D1\u4E66\u5BF9\u5357\u4EAC\u5386\u53F2\u4E8B\u4EF6\u7684\u63CF\u5BEB\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5BF9\u4E2D\u65E5\u5173\u7CFB\u9020\u6210\u4E86\u8D1F\u9762\u5F71\u54CD\u3002"@zh . . . . . .