. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La storia dell'Afghanistan, il suo sviluppo politico interno, le relazioni internazionali e persino la sua esistenza come stato indipendente sono stati largamente determinati dalla sua collocazione geografica al crocevia dell'Asia centrale, occidentale e meridionale. Nei secoli, onde di popoli migratori hanno attraversato la regione - descritta dallo storico Arnold Toynbee come un \"carosello del mondo antico\" - lasciandosi dietro un mosaico di gruppi etnici e linguistici. Nei tempi moderni, cos\u00EC come nell'antichit\u00E0, immensi eserciti hanno attraversato questa regione dell'Asia, stabilendo temporaneamente il potere locale e spesso dominando l'antico Afghanistan. Gran parte della storia dell'Afghanistan trascorse come parte dei pi\u00F9 ampi avvenimenti che si svolsero nell'intero . Le popolazioni iraniche che arrivarono in Afghanistan hanno lasciato in eredit\u00E0 le loro lingue (pasthu, dari, ecc.), come pure distinti tratti culturali che molti studiosi e storici come Sir Olaf Caroe, autore di The Pathans, descrive come distintamente iranici: \"C'\u00E8 in effetti un senso per cui tutto l'altopiano dal Tigri all'Indo \u00E8 un unico paese. Lo spirito della Persia vi ha soffiato sopra, portando una consapevolezza di avere un unico bagaglio culturale, un'unica cultura, un unico modo di esprimersi, un'unit\u00E0 dello spirito percepita fino a Peshawar e a Quetta\". Forse non \u00E8 sorprendente che siano stati il passato iranico e le invasioni islamiche degli Arabi a definire il moderno Afghanistan, mentre il suo passato greco, quello legato ai nomadi dell'Asia centrale e quello buddista e zoroastriano sono scomparsi da lungo tempo. Anche se per due millenni la zona \u00E8 stata teatro di grandi imperi e di fiorenti commerci, i gruppi eterogenei dell'area non furono legati in una singola entit\u00E0 politica fino al regno di , che nel 1747 fond\u00F2 la monarchia che govern\u00F2 il paese fino al 1973. Nel XIX secolo l'Afghanistan si trov\u00F2 in mezzo alla potenza espansiva degli imperi russo e britannico. Nel 1900, Abdur Rahman Khan (l'\"Emiro di Ferro\"), guardando indietro ai suoi venti anni di governo e agli eventi del secolo trascorso, si chiese come il suo paese, che stava \"come una capra tra questi due leoni [la Gran Bretagna e la Russia zarista], o come un chicco di grano in mezzo a due forti macine del mulino, [potesse] resistere in mezzo alle pietre senza essere ridotto in polvere?\" L'Islam ha giocato forse il ruolo chiave nella formazione della societ\u00E0 afghana. Nonostante l'invasione mongola dell'odierno Afghanistan all'inizio del XIII secolo sia stata descritta come pi\u00F9 somigliante \"a qualche brutale cataclisma provocato dalle cieche forze della natura che a un fenomeno della storia umana\", nemmeno un guerriero formidabile come Gengis Khan riusc\u00EC a sradicare la civilt\u00E0 islamica; nel giro di due generazioni i suoi eredi sarebbero diventati musulmani. Un evento spesso non considerato, ma che ciononostante recit\u00F2 un ruolo importante nella storia dell'Afghanistan (e nella politica dei suoi vicini e dell'intera regione fino ai giorni nostri) fu, nel X secolo, l'ascesa di una forte dinastia sunnita - i Ghaznavidi. La loro potenza imped\u00EC l'espansione dall'Iran verso est dello Sciismo, assicurando cos\u00EC che la maggioranza dei musulmani in Afghanistan e nell'Asia meridionale sarebbero stati sunniti. Successivamente potenti dinastie imperiali originarie dell'Afghanistan come i Ghoridi avrebbero continuato a fare dell'Afghanistan una delle principali potenze del Medioevo, come pure un centro culturale che produsse Ferdowsi, Al-Biruni e Khushal Khan Khattak, tra le innumerevoli figure di accademici e letterati."@it . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044E \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B (\u0413\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u043A\u0443\u0448) \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0440\u044F (\u0410\u043C\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044C\u044F) \u0438 \u0418\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u043A\u0435\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0418\u043D\u0434\u0430, \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0435 \u0411\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u044B, \u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430\u0445 (\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439, \u043F\u0443\u0448\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u043F\u0440.). \u0421\u0430\u043C\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D, \u043F\u043E \u043C\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u044B\u0445, \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043A \u0441\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u043B\u043E\u0448\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 (\u0441\u0440. \u0410\u0448\u0432\u0438\u043D\u044B). \u0422\u044E\u0440\u043A\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u044B (\u0443\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043A\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044B) \u043C\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u044E\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044C\u044F. \u041D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0443\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . . "Die Geschichte Afghanistans umfasst die Entwicklungen in Afghanistan von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Der Name Afghanistan wurde 1801 zum ersten Mal im anglo-persischen Friedensvertrag offiziell erw\u00E4hnt. Der seit 1919 unabh\u00E4ngige Staat Afghanistan ging auf ein von Ahmad Schah Durranis 1747 gegr\u00FCndetes Gro\u00DFreich zur\u00FCck. Insbesondere vor den Gr\u00FCndungen der persischen Reiche wird das Gebiet des heutigen Afghanistans als Durchgangsland f\u00FCr Nomaden und Eroberer gesehen."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "120"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Christine"@en . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0406 \u0442\u0438\u0441. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. \u2014 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0410\u0445\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432. 330\u2013329 \u2014 \u0446\u044E \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u041C\u0430\u043A\u0435\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u043C \u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u044E \u0421\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043A\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432. \u0417 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 III \u0441\u0442. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. \u0456 \u0434\u043E 140\u2013139 \u0440\u0440. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043A\u043E-\u0411\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u043C \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041A\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043D (I-IV \u0441\u0442. \u043D. \u0435.). V-VI \u0441\u0442. \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C \u0435\u0444\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0456\u0432."@uk . . . . . "Cet article concerne l\u2019histoire de l'Afghanistan."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4 \uAC74\uAD6D\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uC544\uD504\uAC04\uC871\uC758 \uC544\uD750\uB9C8\uB4DC\uC0E4\uAC00 \uCE78\uB2E4\uD558\uB974\uB97C \uB3C4\uC74D\uC73C\uB85C \uC815\uD558\uACE0 \uC655\uAD6D\uC744 \uC120\uD3EC\uD55C 1747\uB144\uC73C\uB85C \uAC70\uC2AC\uB7EC \uC62C\uB77C\uAC04\uB2E4. \uC544\uD750\uB9C8\uB4DC\uC0E4 \uB2E4\uC74C\uC5D0\uB294 \uADF8\uC758 \uC544\uB4E4 \uD2F0\uBB34\uB974 \uC0E4\uAC00 \uC989\uC704\uD558\uACE0 \uCE74\uBD88\uC744 \uC218\uB3C4\uB85C \uC815\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB4A4 \uBC14\uB77C\uD06C\uC790\uC774\uC871\uC740 \uB3C4\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uBB34\uD558\uB9C8\uB4DC\uAC00 \uC655\uC704\uC5D0 \uC62C\uB790\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 1838\uB144\uC5D0 \uC815\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uCE74\uBD88\uC758 \uC544\uBBF8\uB974(\uC655)\uB77C\uACE0 \uCE6D\uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uC774\uC5D0 \uAD6C\uC655\uAD6D(\u820A\u738B\u570B)\uC2DC\uB300\uC758 \uBC14\uB77C\uD06C\uC790\uC774 \uC655\uC870\uAC00 \uC131\uB9BD\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 19\uC138\uAE30\uBD80\uD130 \uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4\uC740 \uC601\uAD6D\uACFC \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uD56D\uC7C1\uC758 \uB300\uC0C1\uC774 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uB0A8\uD558\uC815\uCC45\uC5D0 \uC704\uD611\uC744 \uB290\uB080 \uC601\uAD6D\uC740 \uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4\uC744 \uC790\uAD6D\uC758 \uC138\uB825\uD558\uC5D0 \uB450\uB824\uACE0 \uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uC81C1\uCC28(1838\u223C1842), \uC81C2\uCC28(1878\u223C1880) \uC544\uD504\uAC04\uC804\uC7C1\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF30\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uACB0\uACFC \uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4 \uC601\uD1A0\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uAC00 \uC778\uB3C4\uC5D0 \uD560\uC591\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, 1893\uB144 \uC544\uBE0C\uB3C4\uB974 \uB77C\uD750\uB9CC \uCE78 \uB54C \uC778\uB3C4\uC640\uC758 \uAD6D\uACBD\uC120\uC774 \uD655\uC815\uB418\uACE0 1901\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uC5F0\uAE08\uC744 \uBC1B\uAE30\uB85C \uD558\uACE0 \uC678\uAD50\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uB3C4\uC5D0 \uC77C\uC784\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1905\uB144 \uD558\uBE44\uBE0C\uC54C\uB77C\uAC00 \uC774 \uC870\uC57D\uC744 \uBE44\uC900\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4\uC740 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uBCF4\uD638\uAD6D\uC774 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4.1919\uB144 \uD558\uBE44\uBE0C\uC54C\uB77C\uAC00 \uBC18(\u53CD)\uC601\uAD6D\uC8FC\uC758\uC790\uC758 \uC190\uC5D0 \uC554\uC0B4\uB41C \uD6C4 \uAC19\uC740 \uD574 \uD6C4\uACC4\uC790\uAC00 \uB41C \uC544\uB9CC\uC54C\uB77C\uB294 \uBC18\uC601\uAD6D\uC801 \uC758\uACAC\uC5D0 \uB3D9\uAC10\uD558\uC5EC \uC778\uB3C4 \uC815\uBD80\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uC801\uB300\uD589\uC704\uB97C \uCDE8\uD588\uC73C\uB098(\uC81C3\uCC28 \uC544\uD504\uAC04\uC804\uC7C1) \uC2B9\uD328\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uACE0 8\uC6D4\uC5D0 \uB77C\uC648\uD540\uB514 \uD654\uD3C9\uC870\uC57D\uC774 \uB9FA\uC5B4\uC84C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC870\uC57D\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uB3C4 \uC815\uBD80\uB85C\uBD80\uD130\uC758 \uC5F0\uAE08\uC774 \uD3D0\uC9C0\uB418\uACE0 \uC678\uAD50\uC9C0\uB3C4\uAD8C \uD3D0\uC9C0\uAC00 \uC57D\uC815\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC774 \uC815\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uC2B9\uC778\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC544\uB9C8\uB20C\uB77C \uCE78\uC740 \uAD6D\uB0B4 \uD1B5\uC77C\uACFC \uC11C\uC591\uBB38\uD654 \uB3C4\uC785\uC5D0 \uD798\uC37C\uC73C\uB098 \uBCF4\uC218\uC138\uB825\uC758 \uBC18\uB300\uB85C \uD1F4\uC704\uD55C \uB4A4 \uB9DD\uBA85\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uB4A4\uB97C \uC774\uC5B4 \uD5CC\uBC95\uC744 \uC81C\uC815\uD558\uACE0 \uC758\uD68C\uB97C \uC5F0 \uB098\uB514\uB974\uD55C\uAE4C\uC9C0 33\uB144 \uC554\uC0B4\uB2F9\uD558\uC790 \uADF8\uC758 \uC544\uB4E4 \uC790\uD788\uB974 \uC0E4\uAC00 19\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uB85C \uC989\uC704\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uD6C4 \uC624\uB7AB\uB3D9\uC548 \uC655\uC704\uB97C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uC600\uC73C\uB098, 1973\uB144 7\uC6D4 \uAD6D\uC655\uC758 \uC678\uC720\uC911\uC5D0 \uCFE0\uB370\uD0C0\uAC00 \uC77C\uC5B4\uB098 \uBAA8\uD558\uB9C8\uB4DC \uB2E4\uC6B0\uB4DC \uCE78 \uC804(\u524D) \uCD1D\uB9AC\uAC00 \uC2E4\uAD8C\uC744 \uC950\uACE0 \uACF5\uD654\uC81C\uB97C \uC120\uC5B8\uD558\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Dit artikel beschrijft de geschiedenis van Afghanistan."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "N\u00F6lle-Karimi"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Geschichte Afghanistans"@de . . . . . . . . "Geschiedenis van Afghanistan"@nl . . . . . . . "\u0399\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03C6\u03B3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AC\u03BD"@el . . . . . . "Historia Afganistanu si\u0119ga jeszcze epoki staro\u017Cytnej, kiedy to jego tereny wchodzi\u0142y w sk\u0142ad rozlicznych mocarstw swoich czas\u00F3w, tak\u017Ce jako ich g\u0142\u00F3wne o\u015Brodki. Powstanie wsp\u00F3\u0142czesnego pa\u0144stwa zwi\u0105zane jest z dzia\u0142alno\u015Bci\u0105 szacha/chana Ahmeda Abdali (1722\u20131772)."@pl . . . . "\uC544\uD504\uAC00\uB2C8\uC2A4\uD0C4\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430"@ru . . . . . . . . . . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443"@uk . "August 2021"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria do Afeganist\u00E3o"@pt . . . . "\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u5386\u53F2"@zh . . "\u30A2\u30D5\u30AC\u30CB\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1121424232"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0623\u0641\u063A\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646"@ar . . . . . . "left"@en . . . . . "2019-11-02"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La situaci\u00F3 geogr\u00E0fica de l'Afganistan l'ha convertit en lloc de trobada d'imperis i civilitzacions, aix\u00ED com en encreuament d'importants rutes comercials com la Ruta de la Seda. Aquest fet, aix\u00ED com l'estructura tribal, fa dif\u00EDcil la definici\u00F3 de l'Afganistan com Estat al llarg de la Hist\u00F2ria."@ca . . . . . "13813"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Histoire de l'Afghanistan"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "King Amanullah Khan.jpg"@en . . . . . . . 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"Afghanistans historia"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A2\u30D5\u30AC\u30CB\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3067\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u592E\u30A2\u30B8\u30A2\u306B\u4F4D\u7F6E\u3059\u308B\u30A2\u30D5\u30AC\u30CB\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u6982\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Cet article concerne l\u2019histoire de l'Afghanistan."@fr . . 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"yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1nu"@cs . . . . . . . . "Dit artikel beschrijft de geschiedenis van Afghanistan."@nl . . . . . . "Die Geschichte Afghanistans umfasst die Entwicklungen in Afghanistan von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Der Name Afghanistan wurde 1801 zum ersten Mal im anglo-persischen Friedensvertrag offiziell erw\u00E4hnt. Der seit 1919 unabh\u00E4ngige Staat Afghanistan ging auf ein von Ahmad Schah Durranis 1747 gegr\u00FCndetes Gro\u00DFreich zur\u00FCck. Insbesondere vor den Gr\u00FCndungen der persischen Reiche wird das Gebiet des heutigen Afghanistans als Durchgangsland f\u00FCr Nomaden und Eroberer gesehen."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2020"^^ . . . . "La situaci\u00F3 geogr\u00E0fica de l'Afganistan l'ha convertit en lloc de trobada d'imperis i civilitzacions, aix\u00ED com en encreuament d'importants rutes comercials com la Ruta de la Seda. Aquest fet, aix\u00ED com l'estructura tribal, fa dif\u00EDcil la definici\u00F3 de l'Afganistan com Estat al llarg de la Hist\u00F2ria."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . "Afghanistans historia kan sp\u00E5ras mycket l\u00E5ngt tillbaka i tiden. Redan 9000\u20136000 f.Kr bedrevs det jordbruk och boskapssk\u00F6tsel i omr\u00E5det och p\u00E5 4000-talet fanns d\u00E4r en storartad stadskultur. Genom sitt l\u00E4ge mellan Syd-, V\u00E4st och Centralasien har omr\u00E5det varit viktigt f\u00F6r handeln och mottagit kulturella influenser fr\u00E5n m\u00E5nga h\u00E5ll. Omr\u00E5det har m\u00E5nga g\u00E5nger invaderats av stormakter och mera tillf\u00E4lliga er\u00F6vrare men ocks\u00E5 varit centrum f\u00F6r riken som varit mycket st\u00F6rre \u00E4n det nuvarande Afghanistan. Landet Afghanistan som vi k\u00E4nner det grundades \u00E5r 1747, var under en del av 1800-talet brittiskt protektorat och blev sj\u00E4lvst\u00E4ndigt \u00E5r 1919. \u00C5r 1979 invaderades landet av Sovjetunionen till st\u00F6d f\u00F6r en svag kommunistisk regering. Sedan dess har det st\u00E4ndigt p\u00E5g\u00E5tt krig mot invasionstrupper och mellan "@sv . . . . . . . . . . "The history of Afghanistan as a state began in 1823 as the Emirate of Afghanistan after the exile of the Sadozai monarchy to Herat. The Sadozai monarchy ruled the Afghan Durrani Empire, considered the founding state of modern Afghanistan. The written recorded history of the land presently constituting Afghanistan can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire, although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE. Bactria dates back to 2500 BCE. The Indus Valley civilisation stretched up to large parts of Afghanistan in the north. Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived at what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire during the Battle of G"@en . . "Storia dell'Afghanistan"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "King Amanullah Khan, and a photo of Habibullah Kalakani and his followers, who rose against the King"@en . . . . . . . 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"\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u5386\u53F2\u7684\u6587\u5B57\u8A18\u8F09\u53EF\u4EE5\u8FFD\u6EAF\u81F3\u7D04\u516C\u5143\u524D500\u5E74\u7684\u963F\u5951\u7F8E\u5C3C\u5FB7\u738B\u671D\uFF0C\u800C\u8003\u53E4\u8B49\u64DA\u986F\u793A\u516C\u5143\u524D3000\u5E74\u81F32000\u5E74\u9593\u5DF2\u6709\u57CE\u93AE\u6587\u5316\u51FA\u73FE\u3002\u4E9E\u6B77\u5C71\u5927\u5927\u5E1D\u53CA\u5176\u99AC\u5176\u9813\u8ECD\u968A\u5728\u516C\u5143\u524D330\u5E74\u5F81\u670D\u6CE2\u65AF\u5E1D\u570B\u5F8C\uFF0C\u5F81\u670D\u4E86\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u3002\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u66FE\u662F\u4E0D\u5C11\u5F37\u5927\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u9996\u90FD\u6240\u5728\u5730\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u5927\u590F\u3001\u8CB4\u971C\u5E1D\u570B\u3001\u3001\u5580\u5E03\u723E-\u590F\u5E0C\u738B\u671D\u3001\u85A9\u6CD5\u723E\u738B\u671D\u3001\u85A9\u66FC\u738B\u671D\u3001\u52A0\u8332\u5C3C\u738B\u570B\u3001\u53E4\u723E\u738B\u671D\u3001\u5361\u723E\u63D0\u5FB7\u738B\u671D\u3001\u5E16\u6728\u5152\u5E1D\u570B\u3001\u8499\u5140\u5152\u5E1D\u570B\u3001\u6F22\u9054\u57FA\u738B\u671D\u548C\u675C\u862D\u5C3C\u738B\u671D\u3002\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u4F4D\u65BC\u8A31\u591A\u79FB\u6C11\u548C\u8CBF\u6613\u8DEF\u7DDA\u4E0A\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u88AB\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u4E2D\u4E9A\u7ED5\u9053\u300D\uFF0C\u90A3\u4E9B\u8DEF\u7DDA\u5F9E\u5169\u6CB3\u6D41\u57DF\u7D93\u4F0A\u6717\u9AD8\u539F\uFF0C\u5F9E\u5370\u5EA6\u6CB3\u6D41\u57DF\u901A\u904E\u8208\u90FD\u5EAB\u4EC0\u5C71\u8108\uFF0C\u5F9E\u9060\u6771\u5230\u5854\u91CC\u6728\u76C6\u5730\u548C\u5F9E\u6BD7\u9130\u7684\u6B50\u4E9E\u8349\u539F\u3002 \u4E2D\u4E9E\u4EBA\u88AB\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u5F9E\u516C\u5143\u524D20\u4E16\u7D00\u62B5\u9054\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\uFF0C\u653E\u68C4\u539F\u672C\u7684\u8A9E\u8A00\u4E26\u7D44\u6210\u65B0\u7684\u666E\u4EC0\u5716\u8A9E\u548C\u9054\u5229\u8A9E \u3002\u4E2D\u6771\u5730\u5340\u5F71\u97FF\u4E86\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u6587\u5316\uFF0C\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u3001\u7946\u6559\u3001\u99AC\u5176\u9813\u548C\u4F5B\u6559\u90FD\u5728\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u6D88\u5931\u4E86\u3002\u6709\u70BA\u7684\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u4F7F\u4E2D\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u963F\u5BCC\u6C57\u4E0D\u4F46\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u8ECD\u4E8B\u5F37\u570B\uFF0C\u9084\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u6587\u5316\u5F37\u570B\uFF0C\u7522\u751F\u8A31\u591A\u8457\u540D\u5B78\u8005\u5982\u4F0A\u672C\u00B7\u897F\u90A3\u548C\u6BD4\u9B6F\u5C3C\u7B49\u6A19\u8A8C\u6027\u4EBA\u7269\u3002"@zh . "come on now"@en . . . "Habibull\u0101h Kalak\u0101ni with his followers.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Afganist\u00E1n ha estado condicionada por su situaci\u00F3n geogr\u00E1fica. Ha sido un lugar de encuentro de imperios y civilizaciones, as\u00ED como en cruce de importantes entre polos comerciales como la Ruta de la Seda. Este hecho, as\u00ED como su estructura tribal, hace dif\u00EDcil la definici\u00F3n de Afganist\u00E1n como Estado a lo largo de la historia. En este contexto, este territorio recibi\u00F3 tres denominaciones principales en su evoluci\u00F3n: Ariana (asentamiento de tribus arias en el II milenio a. C.), Khuras\u00E1n (Medioevo) y Afganist\u00E1n en la Edad Moderna\u200B."@es . . "\u30A2\u30D5\u30AC\u30CB\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3067\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u592E\u30A2\u30B8\u30A2\u306B\u4F4D\u7F6E\u3059\u308B\u30A2\u30D5\u30AC\u30CB\u30B9\u30BF\u30F3\u306E\u6B74\u53F2\u3092\u6982\u8AAC\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Afganist\u00E1n ha estado condicionada por su situaci\u00F3n geogr\u00E1fica. Ha sido un lugar de encuentro de imperios y civilizaciones, as\u00ED como en cruce de importantes entre polos comerciales como la Ruta de la Seda. Este hecho, as\u00ED como su estructura tribal, hace dif\u00EDcil la definici\u00F3n de Afganist\u00E1n como Estado a lo largo de la historia. En este contexto, este territorio recibi\u00F3 tres denominaciones principales en su evoluci\u00F3n: Ariana (asentamiento de tribus arias en el II milenio a. C.), Khuras\u00E1n (Medioevo) y Afganist\u00E1n en la Edad Moderna\u200B."@es . . . . "Doklady lidsk\u00E9 \u010Dinnosti na \u00FAzem\u00ED, kde se dnes nach\u00E1z\u00ED st\u00E1t Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1n, jsou datov\u00E1ny a\u017E do doby p\u0159ed 50 000 lety. Prvn\u00ED m\u011Bstsk\u00E9 civilizace se na afgh\u00E1nsk\u00E9m \u00FAzem\u00ED za\u010Daly rozv\u00EDjet kolem roku 3000 p\u0159. n. l., ve stalet\u00EDch kolem p\u0159elomu letopo\u010Dtu afgh\u00E1nsk\u00E9mu \u00FAzem\u00ED vl\u00E1dly st\u0159edoasijsk\u00E9 i indick\u00E9 dynastie jako byli Ku\u0161\u00E1ni \u010Di Maurjov\u00E9. V 7. stolet\u00ED Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1n dobyli muslimov\u00E9 a od t\u00E9 doby byl isl\u00E1m v Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1nu p\u0159eva\u017Euj\u00EDc\u00EDm n\u00E1bo\u017Eenstv\u00EDm. Koncem st\u0159edov\u011Bku bylo \u00FAzem\u00ED dobyto Mongoly, z\u00E1klady modern\u00EDho Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1nu polo\u017Eil v polovin\u011B 18. stolet\u00ED Ahmad \u0160\u00E1h Durr\u00E1n\u00ED."@cs . "La storia dell'Afghanistan, il suo sviluppo politico interno, le relazioni internazionali e persino la sua esistenza come stato indipendente sono stati largamente determinati dalla sua collocazione geografica al crocevia dell'Asia centrale, occidentale e meridionale. Nei secoli, onde di popoli migratori hanno attraversato la regione - descritta dallo storico Arnold Toynbee come un \"carosello del mondo antico\" - lasciandosi dietro un mosaico di gruppi etnici e linguistici. Nei tempi moderni, cos\u00EC come nell'antichit\u00E0, immensi eserciti hanno attraversato questa regione dell'Asia, stabilendo temporaneamente il potere locale e spesso dominando l'antico Afghanistan."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Doklady lidsk\u00E9 \u010Dinnosti na \u00FAzem\u00ED, kde se dnes nach\u00E1z\u00ED st\u00E1t Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1n, jsou datov\u00E1ny a\u017E do doby p\u0159ed 50 000 lety. Prvn\u00ED m\u011Bstsk\u00E9 civilizace se na afgh\u00E1nsk\u00E9m \u00FAzem\u00ED za\u010Daly rozv\u00EDjet kolem roku 3000 p\u0159. n. l., ve stalet\u00EDch kolem p\u0159elomu letopo\u010Dtu afgh\u00E1nsk\u00E9mu \u00FAzem\u00ED vl\u00E1dly st\u0159edoasijsk\u00E9 i indick\u00E9 dynastie jako byli Ku\u0161\u00E1ni \u010Di Maurjov\u00E9. V 7. stolet\u00ED Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1n dobyli muslimov\u00E9 a od t\u00E9 doby byl isl\u00E1m v Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1nu p\u0159eva\u017Euj\u00EDc\u00EDm n\u00E1bo\u017Eenstv\u00EDm. Koncem st\u0159edov\u011Bku bylo \u00FAzem\u00ED dobyto Mongoly, z\u00E1klady modern\u00EDho Afgh\u00E1nist\u00E1nu polo\u017Eil v polovin\u011B 18. stolet\u00ED Ahmad \u0160\u00E1h Durr\u00E1n\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The history of Afghanistan as a state began in 1823 as the Emirate of Afghanistan after the exile of the Sadozai monarchy to Herat. The Sadozai monarchy ruled the Afghan Durrani Empire, considered the founding state of modern Afghanistan. The written recorded history of the land presently constituting Afghanistan can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire, although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE. Bactria dates back to 2500 BCE. The Indus Valley civilisation stretched up to large parts of Afghanistan in the north. Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived at what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire during the Battle of Gaugamela. Since then, many empires have established capitals in Afghanistan, including the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Indo-Sassanids, Kabul Shahi, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Kartids, Timurids, Hotakis and Durranis. Afghanistan (meaning \"land of the Afghans\" or \"Afghan land\") has been a strategically important location throughout history. The land served as \" a center of the ancient Silk Road in central Asia, a gateway to Indian subcontinent, connecting China to western Asia and Europe, which carried trade from the Mediterranean to China\". Sitting on many trade and migration routes, Afghanistan may be called the 'Central Asian roundabout' since routes converge from the Middle East, from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush, from the Far East via the Tarim Basin, and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe. The Iranian languages were developed by one branch of these people; the Pashto language spoken today in Afghanistan by the ethnic Pashtuns, is one of the Eastern Iranian languages. Elena E. Kuz'mina argues that the tents of Iranic-speaking nomads of Afghanistan developed from the light surface houses of the Eurasian steppe belt in the Bronze Age. Mirwais Hotak, followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghanistan's tribes such as Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks and Turkmens under one banner and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century CE. Afghanistan is inhabited by many and diverse peoples: the Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others."@en . . . . "Historia de Afganist\u00E1n"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Historia Afganistanu"@pl . "History of Afghanistan"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F2ria de l'Afganistan"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "178560"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Afghanistan until 1747"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0406 \u0442\u0438\u0441. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. \u2014 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0410\u0445\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432. 330\u2013329 \u2014 \u0446\u044E \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u041C\u0430\u043A\u0435\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u043C \u0432\u043E\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u044E \u0421\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043A\u0456\u0434\u0456\u0432. \u0417 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438 III \u0441\u0442. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. \u0456 \u0434\u043E 140\u2013139 \u0440\u0440. \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u0435. \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043A\u043E-\u0411\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u043C \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041A\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043D (I-IV \u0441\u0442. \u043D. \u0435.). V-VI \u0441\u0442. \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C \u0435\u0444\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0456\u0432."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Afghanistans historia kan sp\u00E5ras mycket l\u00E5ngt tillbaka i tiden. Redan 9000\u20136000 f.Kr bedrevs det jordbruk och boskapssk\u00F6tsel i omr\u00E5det och p\u00E5 4000-talet fanns d\u00E4r en storartad stadskultur. Genom sitt l\u00E4ge mellan Syd-, V\u00E4st och Centralasien har omr\u00E5det varit viktigt f\u00F6r handeln och mottagit kulturella influenser fr\u00E5n m\u00E5nga h\u00E5ll. Omr\u00E5det har m\u00E5nga g\u00E5nger invaderats av stormakter och mera tillf\u00E4lliga er\u00F6vrare men ocks\u00E5 varit centrum f\u00F6r riken som varit mycket st\u00F6rre \u00E4n det nuvarande Afghanistan. Landet Afghanistan som vi k\u00E4nner det grundades \u00E5r 1747, var under en del av 1800-talet brittiskt protektorat och blev sj\u00E4lvst\u00E4ndigt \u00E5r 1919. \u00C5r 1979 invaderades landet av Sovjetunionen till st\u00F6d f\u00F6r en svag kommunistisk regering. Sedan dess har det st\u00E4ndigt p\u00E5g\u00E5tt krig mot invasionstrupper och mellan inhemska styrkor, och 2001\u20132021 hade USA stora milit\u00E4ra styrkor i landet. Sedan de dragits tillbaka v\u00E5ren 2021 tog terroristorganisationen Taliban makten \u00F6ver hela landet i augusti 2021."@sv . "A hist\u00F3ria do Afeganist\u00E3o \u00E9 marcada pela miscigena\u00E7\u00E3o e pelo confluir da influ\u00EAncia de diversos povos e civiliza\u00E7\u00F5es asi\u00E1ticas, devido \u00E0 sua posi\u00E7\u00E3o geogr\u00E1fica, numa zona de transi\u00E7\u00E3o e de movimentos migrat\u00F3rios. De 2 000 a.C. a 1 500 a.C. (aproximadamente), a regi\u00E3o j\u00E1 servia de passagem para tribos indo-europeias que se dirigiam para o Penjabe atrav\u00E9s dos desfiladeiros do Indocuche. Do s\u00E9culo VI a.C. ao s\u00E9culo IV a.C. tornou-se parte do Imp\u00E9rio Aquem\u00EAnida e subdividido nas prov\u00EDncias de Drangiana, \u00C1ria e Arac\u00F3sia."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria do Afeganist\u00E3o \u00E9 marcada pela miscigena\u00E7\u00E3o e pelo confluir da influ\u00EAncia de diversos povos e civiliza\u00E7\u00F5es asi\u00E1ticas, devido \u00E0 sua posi\u00E7\u00E3o geogr\u00E1fica, numa zona de transi\u00E7\u00E3o e de movimentos migrat\u00F3rios. De 2 000 a.C. a 1 500 a.C. (aproximadamente), a regi\u00E3o j\u00E1 servia de passagem para tribos indo-europeias que se dirigiam para o Penjabe atrav\u00E9s dos desfiladeiros do Indocuche. Do s\u00E9culo VI a.C. ao s\u00E9culo IV a.C. tornou-se parte do Imp\u00E9rio Aquem\u00EAnida e subdividido nas prov\u00EDncias de Drangiana, \u00C1ria e Arac\u00F3sia."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia Afganistanu si\u0119ga jeszcze epoki staro\u017Cytnej, kiedy to jego tereny wchodzi\u0142y w sk\u0142ad rozlicznych mocarstw swoich czas\u00F3w, tak\u017Ce jako ich g\u0142\u00F3wne o\u015Brodki. Powstanie wsp\u00F3\u0142czesnego pa\u0144stwa zwi\u0105zane jest z dzia\u0142alno\u015Bci\u0105 szacha/chana Ahmeda Abdali (1722\u20131772)."@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "InternetArchiveBot"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "November 2017"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .