. . "History of Genoa"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Genova fu per circa otto secoli capitale dell'omonima Repubblica, che comprendeva la quasi totalit\u00E0 della Liguria, la Corsica (poi ceduta alla Francia nel 1768), parte dell'oltregiogo piemontese e l'isola di Capraia. Per circa cinque secoli fiorirono in tutto il bacino Mediterraneo i possedimenti genovesi, ora con carattere di empori o basi commerciali, ora come vere e proprie colonie, dipendenti direttamente dalla Repubblica, dal Banco di San Giorgio o da privati cittadini."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "D\u011Bjiny Janova"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0412 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u044B\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0433\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043A\u0440\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043D\u044B \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439. \u0412\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u041F\u0443\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D \u041B\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0435 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430. \u0412 209 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D. \u0440\u044B\u0431\u0430\u0446\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u041A\u0430\u0440\u0444\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0430."@ru . . . . . . "Genova fu per circa otto secoli capitale dell'omonima Repubblica, che comprendeva la quasi totalit\u00E0 della Liguria, la Corsica (poi ceduta alla Francia nel 1768), parte dell'oltregiogo piemontese e l'isola di Capraia. Per circa cinque secoli fiorirono in tutto il bacino Mediterraneo i possedimenti genovesi, ora con carattere di empori o basi commerciali, ora come vere e proprie colonie, dipendenti direttamente dalla Repubblica, dal Banco di San Giorgio o da privati cittadini."@it . . "34930"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Storia di Genova"@it . . "Tento \u010Dl\u00E1nek pojedn\u00E1v\u00E1 o d\u011Bjin\u00E1ch Janova, od jeho po\u010D\u00E1tk\u016F po za\u010Dlen\u011Bn\u00ED do Sardinsk\u00E9ho kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED roku 1815. Oblast Janova byla os\u00EDdlena ji\u017E n\u011Bkolik tis\u00EDc let p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00EDm letopo\u010Dtem, \u017Eili zde nap\u0159\u00EDklad F\u00E9ni\u010Dan\u00E9, \u0158ekov\u00E9 a Etruskov\u00E9. V antice se - u\u017E jako mal\u00E9 m\u011Bste\u010Dko - stal sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e. Po p\u00E1du Z\u00E1pado\u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e profitoval z v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED pot\u0159eby n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED dopravy. Vl\u00E1dli mu postupn\u011B Ostrog\u00F3ti, Byzantsk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e, Langobardi a Karlovci, a\u017E se v 11. stolet\u00ED stal suver\u00E9nn\u00EDm m\u011Bstsk\u00FDm st\u00E1tem, pouze form\u00E1ln\u011B pod\u0159\u00EDzen\u00FDm Svat\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1092019056"^^ . . . . . . "Genoa, Italy, has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Genoa, Italy, has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean."@en . . . "7377978"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Tento \u010Dl\u00E1nek pojedn\u00E1v\u00E1 o d\u011Bjin\u00E1ch Janova, od jeho po\u010D\u00E1tk\u016F po za\u010Dlen\u011Bn\u00ED do Sardinsk\u00E9ho kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED roku 1815. Oblast Janova byla os\u00EDdlena ji\u017E n\u011Bkolik tis\u00EDc let p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00EDm letopo\u010Dtem, \u017Eili zde nap\u0159\u00EDklad F\u00E9ni\u010Dan\u00E9, \u0158ekov\u00E9 a Etruskov\u00E9. V antice se - u\u017E jako mal\u00E9 m\u011Bste\u010Dko - stal sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e. Po p\u00E1du Z\u00E1pado\u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e profitoval z v\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED pot\u0159eby n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED dopravy. Vl\u00E1dli mu postupn\u011B Ostrog\u00F3ti, Byzantsk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e, Langobardi a Karlovci, a\u017E se v 11. stolet\u00ED stal suver\u00E9nn\u00EDm m\u011Bstsk\u00FDm st\u00E1tem, pouze form\u00E1ln\u011B pod\u0159\u00EDzen\u00FDm Svat\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9. V pr\u016Fb\u011Bhu 11. a 12. stolet\u00ED upevnila nov\u00E1 republika svou nadvl\u00E1du nad Ligurii\u00ED a z\u00EDskala i prvn\u00ED kolonie, nejd\u016Fle\u017Eit\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED byly Korsika a \u010D\u00E1st Sardinie. Toto obdob\u00ED tak\u00E9 charakterizuj\u00ED \u010Detn\u00E9 v\u00E1lky mezi Janovem a Pisou. Rozs\u00E1hl\u00FD obchod s v\u00FDchodn\u00EDm St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00EDm umo\u017Enil m\u011Bstu v\u00FDrazn\u011B zbohatnout, objevily se ale i prvn\u00ED intern\u00ED probl\u00E9my, kter\u00E9 budou m\u011Bsto tr\u00E1pit a\u017E do 16. stolet\u00ED a v\u00FDznamn\u011B p\u0159isp\u011Bj\u00ED k jeho postupn\u00E9mu \u00FApadku. Tyto konflikty za\u010Daly hlavn\u011B v d\u016Fsledku spor\u016F mezi c\u00EDsa\u0159em Svat\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9 a pape\u017Eem, kdy se Janovan\u00E9, podobn\u011B jako v jin\u00FDch severoitalsk\u00FDch m\u011Bstech, rozd\u011Blili na dv\u011B frakce z\u00E1pas\u00EDc\u00ED o moc. Republika se v\u00FDrazn\u011B pod\u00EDlela na k\u0159\u00ED\u017Eov\u00FDch v\u00FDprav\u00E1ch, za co\u017E byla odm\u011Bn\u011Bna obchodn\u00EDmi privilegii ve vznikl\u00FDch st\u00E1tech, v\u00FDznamn\u011B ale obchodovala i s muslimy a Byzanc\u00ED. Ve 13. a prvn\u00ED t\u0159etin\u011B 14. stolet\u00ED za\u017Eil Janov obdob\u00ED sv\u00E9ho nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDho rozmachu. Krom Pisy v tomto obdob\u00ED z\u00E1pasil i s Ben\u00E1tkami, hlavn\u011B kv\u016Fli kontrole nad v\u00FDchodn\u00EDmi trhy. Velkou ranou byl pro Janov postupn\u00FD \u00FApadek k\u0159i\u017E\u00E1ck\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F, dok\u00E1zal se v\u0161ak p\u0159eorientovat na obchod s tam\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmi muslimsk\u00FDmi vl\u00E1dci a zajistit si rozs\u00E1hl\u00E1 obchodn\u00ED privilegia v Byzanci. Naproti Konstantinopoli zalo\u017Eil svou obchodn\u00ED kolonii Pera a z\u00EDskal d\u016Fle\u017Eitou kolonii na Krymu - m\u011Bsto Kaffa a okol\u00ED. P\u0159ese v\u0161echny \u00FAsp\u011Bchy ji\u017E republika trp\u011Bla probl\u00E9my, kter\u00E9 p\u0159inesou jej\u00ED \u00FApadek - mohutn\u00E9 zadlu\u017Een\u00ED nutn\u00E9 k financov\u00E1n\u00ED \u010Dast\u00FDch v\u00E1lek a hlavn\u011B vnit\u0159n\u00ED konflikty, zp\u016Fsobuj\u00EDc\u00ED \u010Dast\u00E9 vzpoury a zm\u011Bny vl\u00E1dy. Na po\u010D\u00E1tku \u010Dtrn\u00E1ct\u00E9ho stolet\u00ED se ob\u010Dan\u00E9 sna\u017Eili zajistit po\u0159\u00E1dek p\u0159ed\u00E1n\u00EDm vl\u00E1dy nad m\u011Bstem ciz\u00EDm vl\u00E1dc\u016Fm, tento krok byl ale zcela ne\u00FAsp\u011B\u0161n\u00FD a zlat\u00E9 obdob\u00ED skon\u010Dilo ni\u010Divou ob\u010Danskou v\u00E1lkou v letech 1316 a\u017E 1331. Po skon\u010Den\u00ED ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 v\u00E1lky spory mezi guelfy a ghibelliny u\u017E zesl\u00E1bly a p\u0159\u00ED\u0161t\u00ED, nem\u00E9n\u011B \u010Dast\u00E9 a ni\u010Div\u00E9 nepokoje budou zp\u016Fsobovat hlavn\u011B konflikty mezi urozen\u00FDmi a neurozen\u00FDmi ob\u010Dany. V roce 1348 zas\u00E1hla m\u011Bsto \u010Dern\u00E1 smrt, z kter\u00E9 se ji\u017E nikdy zcela nevzpamatovalo. V n\u00E1sleduj\u00EDc\u00EDch stolet\u00EDch do\u0161lo k dal\u0161\u00EDm experiment\u016Fm s ciz\u00ED vl\u00E1dou, vl\u00E1dnut\u00EDm lidu a vl\u00E1dnut\u00EDm \u0161lechty, \u017E\u00E1dn\u00E9 z nich ale nedok\u00E1zalo zajistit trvaj\u00EDc\u00ED m\u00EDr uvnit\u0159 m\u011Bsta. Dal\u0161\u00ED konflikty s Ben\u00E1tkami a Mil\u00E1nem, ztr\u00E1ta v\u00FDchodn\u00EDch koloni\u00ED v d\u016Fsledku roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00E1n\u00ED Osmansk\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e a konkurence ze strany z\u00E1padoevropsk\u00FDch zem\u00ED vedly k pomal\u00E9mu \u00FApadku, a\u017E bylo roku 1522 m\u011Bsto poprv\u00E9 za n\u011Bkolik stolet\u00ED dobyto a vydrancov\u00E1no vojsky \u0161pan\u011Blsk\u00E9ho kr\u00E1le. V roce 1528 byla zru\u0161ena politick\u00E1 pr\u00E1va neurozen\u00FDch ob\u010Dan\u016F a z republiky se stala d\u011Bdi\u010Dn\u00E1 oligarchie. M\u011Bsto se ocitlo ve sf\u00E9\u0159e vlivu \u0160pan\u011Blska, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E zprvu profitovalo z jeho koloni\u00E1ln\u00EDch \u00FAsp\u011Bch\u016F, n\u00E1sledn\u011B ale upadalo v reakci na \u0161pan\u011Blsk\u00E9 krize a bankroty. V roce 1768 musel Janov odprodat Francii Korsiku. Roku 1797 ho obsadila Napoleonsk\u00E1 Francie. Dle rozhodnut\u00ED V\u00EDde\u0148sk\u00E9ho kongresu byl roku 1815 p\u0159ipojen k Sardinsk\u00E9mu kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED, v r\u00E1mci n\u011Bho\u017E se n\u00E1sledn\u011B roku 1861 stal sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED sjednocen\u00E9 It\u00E1lie."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0413\u0435\u043D\u0443\u0438"@ru . .