. . . "Histoire de la Mauritanie"@fr . "Il nome Mauritania deriva dalle antiche trib\u00F9 berbere dei Mauri e dal loro regno, la Mauretania, che divenne una provincia romana nel 33 d.C. I romani chiamavano con il nome Mauri tutti i popoli nativi del Nord Africa. Dal III al VII secolo d.C. le trib\u00F9 berbere dal Nord Africa migrarono verso l'odierna Mauritania spostando il popolo dei , abitanti originari di quella zona e antenati del popolo Soninke. I Bafours erano essenzialmente agricoltori e furono una delle prime popolazioni del Sahara ad abbandonare il tradizionale stile di vita nomade. Questo popolo migr\u00F2 a Sud a causa del progressivo inaridimento della zona del Sahara. A loro volta trib\u00F9 berbere, arabe ed altri popoli centro-sahariani migrarono verso l'Africa occidentale. Nell'XI secolo la piccola trib\u00F9 dei Bafours si era evoluta in un grande e relativamente ricco impero (impero Sononke), che si estendeva dall'odierno stato del Ghana sino alla Mauritania includendo parte di Senegal e Mali. Allo stesso modo nel Nord Africa gli Arabi avevano conquistato gran parte della sponda sud del Mar Mediterraneo, nonch\u00E9 parte di Spagna, Portogallo e Sicilia. Le popolazioni berbere, seppur influenti, rimasero sostanzialmente senza potere, essendo state conquistate dall'impero Soninke. Nel 1076 monaci guerrieri islamici attaccarono e conquistarono l'antico impero Ghana. Durante i successivi 500 anni gli Arabi, affrontando la fiera resistenza delle popolazioni locali (berbere e non berbere) riuscirono a dominare finalmente la Mauritania. La guerra mauritana dei 30 anni (1644-1674) fu l'ultimo e fallimentare tentativo di respingere gli invasori arabi. All'inizio del XX secolo la zona fu sottoposta alla dominazione francese. Durante il periodo coloniale la popolazione locale rimase nomade, ma molti popoli sedentari, i cui antenati erano stati allontanati dalla Mauritania secoli prima, iniziarono a \"ritornare\" in Mauritania. Nel 1960 il paese divenne indipendente. L'odierna capitale Nouakchott fu fondata dove sorgeva un piccolo villaggio coloniale, Ksar. In quell'anno il 90% della popolazione era ancora nomade. Con l'indipendenza, un gran numero di popoli indigeni (Haalpulaar, Soninke, Wolof) arrivarono in Mauritania, attraversando il fiume Senegal. Istruiti in francese molti di loro divennero funzionari, soldati e amministratori del nuovo stato. Durante il periodo dal 1974 al 1975 , dopo che il Marocco aveva manifestato chiaramente la sua intenzione di occupare il Sahara occidentale, la Mauritania persegu\u00EC politiche contraddittorie. Per compiacere la comunit\u00E0 internazionale, da cui dipendeva la Mauritania per gli aiuti economici, il primo presidente Daddah sostenne una politica di autodeterminazione per la popolazione saharawi. Per compiacere i dominanti mauri della Mauritania, il governo introdusse il concetto di Grande Mauritania, affermando i diritti del paese su tutto il Sahara occidentale. Un terzo orientamento politico, che riconosceva la realt\u00E0 del potere marocchino, richiedeva una spartizione del Sahara occidentale, che port\u00F2 la Mauritania a una lunga e costosa guerriglia con il Polisario. La parte del paese pi\u00F9 vicina alla cultura araba cerc\u00F2 di arabizzare molti aspetti della societ\u00E0, soprattutto lingua e leggi. Si svilupp\u00F2 una frattura tra chi considerava la Mauritania uno stato arabo e chi poneva maggiore importanza sugli aspetti non arabi. Questo disaccordo sulla visione della societ\u00E0 mauritana si estern\u00F2 durante gli \"eventi del 1989\", quando si verificarono episodi di violenza tra le due fazioni. La tensione \u00E8 ancora una delle principali caratteristiche della vita politica mauritana, ma un considerevole numero di persone, di entrambe le parti, \u00E8 favorevole a una societ\u00E0 pi\u00F9 diversa e pluralistica. Il 6 agosto 2008 l'esercito ha effettuato un colpo di Stato, arrestando il Capo dello Stato, il Primo ministro e il Ministro dell'Interno. Il colpo di Stato \u00E8 avvenuto in seguito alla sostituzione di alcuni generali. Attualmente il Capo dello Stato \u00E8 il capo delle guardie presidenziali."@it . 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"Hist\u00F3ria da Maurit\u00E2nia"@pt . . . . . . . . "Die Geschichte Mauretaniens umfasst die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Islamischen Republik Mauretanien von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Die Islamische Republik Mauretanien ist eine ehemalige franz\u00F6sische Kolonie in Westafrika, am Atlantik gelegen. Sie grenzt an die Staaten Algerien, Mali und Senegal sowie an das Territorium der Westsahara (Demokratische Arabische Republik Sahara). Mauretanien liegt am Westrand der Sahara und wird von urspr\u00FCnglich nomadisch lebenden Mauren, einem Mischvolk aus Arabern, Berbern und assimilierten schwarzen Westafrikanern, bewohnt. Die zeitgen\u00F6ssischen Beobachter Mauretaniens haben das Land oft als Br\u00FCcke zwischen Nord- und Westafrika beschrieben. In der Tat haben auch verschiedene Gruppen in Mauretanien starke kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Verbindungen mit ihren Nachbarn in den beiden Regionen (Maghreb und CEDEAO \u2013 Communaut\u00E9 \u00C9conomique des \u00C9tats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) aufrechterhalten, mit denen sie die meiste Zeit \u00FCber in direktem Kontakt standen. Obwohl das Land als geographische Transportbr\u00FCcke f\u00FCr den Gold-, Salz- und Sklavenhandel zwischen den n\u00F6rdlichen und s\u00FCdlichen Grenzen der Sahara diente, markierte es ebenfalls die kulturelle Grenze zwischen den sesshaften Landwirten des subsaharischen Afrika und den arabisch-berberischen Nomaden des Maghrebs. Durch die gesamte Geschichte Mauretaniens war die Wechselbeziehung zwischen den beiden Kulturen voller politischer und sozialer Konflikte, was die mauretanische Politik in der Vergangenheit immer wieder beeintr\u00E4chtigte und sehr wahrscheinlich mittelfristig weiterhin beeinflussen, um nicht zu sagen bestimmen wird. Einzig der Islam, zu dem sich die Gesamtheit der Bev\u00F6lkerung seit dem 9. Jahrhundert bekennt, stellt eine einheitliche Bindung zwischen den verschiedenen Bev\u00F6lkerungsteilen dar."@de . . . . . "La historia de Mauritania se remonta al siglo III. Mauritania debe su nombre al antiguo reino bereber de Mauretania."@es . . . . . "1123081492"^^ . . . . . "\uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uC624\uB79C \uC2DD\uBBFC \uC9C0\uBC30\uB97C \uBC1B\uB358 \uBAA8\uB9AC\uD0C0\uB2C8\uB294 1959\uB144\uC5D0 \uC790\uCE58\uB97C \uC5BB\uACE0, 1\uB144\uC774 \uC9C0\uB09C 1960\uB144 11\uC6D4 28\uC77C\uC5D0 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 1979\uB144\uC5D0\uC11C 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB294 \uC11C\uC0AC\uD558\uB77C \uBB38\uC81C\uB85C \uBAA8\uB85C\uCF54\uC640 \uAC08\uB4F1\uC744 \uACAA\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD55C\uB54C\uB294 \uC804\uC7C1\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uCE58\uB800\uB2E4. 1991\uB144, \uBAA8\uB9AC\uD0C0\uB2C8\uB294 \uD328\uBC30\uB97C \uC778\uC815\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC11C\uC0AC\uD558\uB77C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC601\uC720\uAD8C\uC744 \uD3EC\uAE30\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 1. \n*"@ko . . . . . . . "\u5728\u53E4\u5178\u65F6\u4EE3\uFF0C\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u8FD9\u5757\u9886\u571F\u4F4D\u4E8E\u5229\u6BD4\u4E9A\u7684\u8FB9\u7F18\u30023\u4E16\u7EAA\uFF0C\u67CF\u67CF\u5C14\u4EBA\u79FB\u5165\u6B64\u5730\u3002\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u8FD9\u4E2A\u540D\u5B57\u6E90\u4E8E\u53E4\u4EE3\u67CF\u67CF\u5C14\u4EBA\u738B\u56FD\u548C\u7F57\u9A6C\u7684\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u7701\u3002\u5386\u53F2\u4E0A\u7684\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u4F4D\u4E8E\u73B0\u4EE3\u7684\u5317\u90E8\u3002\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u4E8E7\u2014\u20148\u4E16\u7EAA\u653B\u5360\u9A6C\u683C\u91CC\u5E03\uFF0C\u4F46\u6CA1\u6709\u975E\u5E38\u5F80\u5357\u7684\u4FB5\u5165\u3002\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u7684\u4F0A\u65AF\u5170\u5316\u662F\u4ECE11\u4E16\u7EAA\u5F00\u59CB\u3002\u6B27\u6D32\u6B96\u6C11\u8005\u5BF9\u8FD9\u5730\u533A\u5E76\u6CA1\u6709\u592A\u5927\u5174\u8DA3\uFF0C\u76F4\u5230\u6CD5\u56FD\u56E0\u4E3A\u8FDE\u63A5\u5317\u975E\u548C\u897F\u975E\u7684\u6218\u7565\u539F\u56E0\u800C\u4FB5\u5165\u3002\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u4E8E1904\u5E74\u6210\u4E3A\u6CD5\u5C5E\u897F\u975E\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\u30021960\u5E74\uFF0C\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u7531\u6CD5\u5170\u897F\u5171\u540C\u4F53\u7684\u81EA\u6CBB\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u6210\u4E3A\u72EC\u7ACB\u56FD\u5BB6\u3002"@zh . "L'histoire de la Mauritanie moderne actuelle commence avec la d\u00E9finition et la d\u00E9limitation officielle des fronti\u00E8res du pays en 1904 par la France et l'Espagne, alors puissances coloniales occupantes. Ce trac\u00E9 de fronti\u00E8re n'a pas \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9tabli en fonction des populations et par cons\u00E9quent certaines de ces populations ont \u00E9t\u00E9 divis\u00E9es par ce processus de partition. Le brassage ethnique a toujours exist\u00E9 en Mauritanie et ses premiers habitants \u00E9taient d'origines diverses subsahariennes (Mali, Niger, Ghana, S\u00E9n\u00E9gal). L'histoire de ces peuples est pluri-mill\u00E9naire, mais les traces \u00E9crites sont rares pour les p\u00E9riodes les plus anciennes du pays."@fr . . . . . . . . . . "La historia de Mauritania se remonta al siglo III. Mauritania debe su nombre al antiguo reino bereber de Mauretania."@es . "History of Mauritania"@en . . . . . "19180"^^ . . . . . . . . "\u5728\u53E4\u5178\u65F6\u4EE3\uFF0C\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u8FD9\u5757\u9886\u571F\u4F4D\u4E8E\u5229\u6BD4\u4E9A\u7684\u8FB9\u7F18\u30023\u4E16\u7EAA\uFF0C\u67CF\u67CF\u5C14\u4EBA\u79FB\u5165\u6B64\u5730\u3002\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u8FD9\u4E2A\u540D\u5B57\u6E90\u4E8E\u53E4\u4EE3\u67CF\u67CF\u5C14\u4EBA\u738B\u56FD\u548C\u7F57\u9A6C\u7684\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u7701\u3002\u5386\u53F2\u4E0A\u7684\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u4F4D\u4E8E\u73B0\u4EE3\u7684\u5317\u90E8\u3002\u7A46\u65AF\u6797\u4E8E7\u2014\u20148\u4E16\u7EAA\u653B\u5360\u9A6C\u683C\u91CC\u5E03\uFF0C\u4F46\u6CA1\u6709\u975E\u5E38\u5F80\u5357\u7684\u4FB5\u5165\u3002\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u7684\u4F0A\u65AF\u5170\u5316\u662F\u4ECE11\u4E16\u7EAA\u5F00\u59CB\u3002\u6B27\u6D32\u6B96\u6C11\u8005\u5BF9\u8FD9\u5730\u533A\u5E76\u6CA1\u6709\u592A\u5927\u5174\u8DA3\uFF0C\u76F4\u5230\u6CD5\u56FD\u56E0\u4E3A\u8FDE\u63A5\u5317\u975E\u548C\u897F\u975E\u7684\u6218\u7565\u539F\u56E0\u800C\u4FB5\u5165\u3002\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u4E8E1904\u5E74\u6210\u4E3A\u6CD5\u5C5E\u897F\u975E\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\u30021960\u5E74\uFF0C\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u7531\u6CD5\u5170\u897F\u5171\u540C\u4F53\u7684\u81EA\u6CBB\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u6210\u4E3A\u72EC\u7ACB\u56FD\u5BB6\u3002"@zh . . "\uBAA8\uB9AC\uD0C0\uB2C8\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria de Maurit\u00E0nia \u00E9s la hist\u00F2ria del territori de l'actual estat de Maurit\u00E0nia."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627"@ar . . "Geschichte Mauretaniens"@de . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria de Maurit\u00E0nia \u00E9s la hist\u00F2ria del territori de l'actual estat de Maurit\u00E0nia."@ca . . "Historia de Mauritania"@es . . . . "The original inhabitants of Mauritania were the Bafour, presumably a Mande ethnic group, connected to the contemporary Arabized minor social group of Imraguen (\"fishermen\") on the Atlantic coast. The territory of Mauritania was on the fringe of geographical knowledge of Libya in classical antiquity. Berber immigration took place from about the 3rd century. Mauritania takes its name from the ancient Berber kingdom and later Roman province of Mauretania, and thus ultimately from the Mauri people, even though the respective territories do not overlap, historical Mauritania being considerably further north than modern Mauritania."@en . . . . . "\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u063A\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u062D\u062F\u062B\u062A \u0647\u062C\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064A\u063A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u062D\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B. \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u062C\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0642 \u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0647\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062A\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0627\u062A\u064A\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062D\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063A\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0627. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u062C\u0632\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063A\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1904\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062D\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064A\u0627\u064B \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u063A\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955. \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0644\u062A \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960. \u0623\u062F\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u062E\u0644\u064A \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063A\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979. \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0633\u064A\u062F\u064A \u0623\u062D\u0645\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u064A\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 2005 \u0648\u062D\u0644 \u0645\u062D\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062F\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0629. \u0623\u062F\u062A \u0627\u0646\u062A\u062E\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u062D\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008. \u0627\u0646\u062A\u062E\u0628 \u0632\u0639\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 2005 \u0645\u062D\u0645\u062F \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0639\u0628\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064A\u0632 \u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A \u062D\u062F\u062B \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062D\u0645\u062F \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062A\u062E\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019."@ar . . . . "The original inhabitants of Mauritania were the Bafour, presumably a Mande ethnic group, connected to the contemporary Arabized minor social group of Imraguen (\"fishermen\") on the Atlantic coast. The territory of Mauritania was on the fringe of geographical knowledge of Libya in classical antiquity. Berber immigration took place from about the 3rd century. Mauritania takes its name from the ancient Berber kingdom and later Roman province of Mauretania, and thus ultimately from the Mauri people, even though the respective territories do not overlap, historical Mauritania being considerably further north than modern Mauritania. The Umayyads were the first Arab Muslims to enter Mauritania. During the Islamic conquests, they made incursions into Mauritania and were present in the region by the end of the 7th century. Many Berber tribes in Mauritania fled the arrival of the Arabs to the Gao region in Mali. The European colonial powers of the 19th century had little interest in Mauritania. The French Republic was mostly interested in the territory for strategic reason, as a connection between their possessions in North and in West Africa. Mauritania thus became part of French West Africa in 1904, but colonial control was mostly limited to the coast and the Saharan trade routes, and there were territories nominally within French West Africa which were not reached by European control as late as 1955. In 1960, the Republic of Mauritania became independent of France. The conflict over the former Spanish territory of Western Sahara in 1976 resulted in partial annexation by Mauritania, withdrawn in favour of Morocco in 1979. The long-serving dictator Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya was ousted by the military of Mauritania and replaced by the Military Council for Justice and Democracy in a coup d'\u00E9tat in 2005. A new constitution was passed in 2006. An indecisive election in 2007 triggered another coup in 2008. A leader of the 2005 coup, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, was elected president in 2009. After his ten-year presidency Mohamed Ould Ghazouani's victory in the 2019 Mauritanian presidential election was presented as having been the country's first peaceful transition of power since independence."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u6BDB\u91CC\u5854\u5C3C\u4E9A\u5386\u53F2"@zh . . . "Die Geschichte Mauretaniens umfasst die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Islamischen Republik Mauretanien von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Die Islamische Republik Mauretanien ist eine ehemalige franz\u00F6sische Kolonie in Westafrika, am Atlantik gelegen. Sie grenzt an die Staaten Algerien, Mali und Senegal sowie an das Territorium der Westsahara (Demokratische Arabische Republik Sahara). Mauretanien liegt am Westrand der Sahara und wird von urspr\u00FCnglich nomadisch lebenden Mauren, einem Mischvolk aus Arabern, Berbern und assimilierten schwarzen Westafrikanern, bewohnt."@de . . . . . "L'histoire de la Mauritanie moderne actuelle commence avec la d\u00E9finition et la d\u00E9limitation officielle des fronti\u00E8res du pays en 1904 par la France et l'Espagne, alors puissances coloniales occupantes."@fr . . . . 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\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0432 1904 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0436\u044F \u0456 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043B\u044F\u0445\u0456\u0432, \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0431\u0443\u043B\u0438 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0430 \u0454\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C, \u043D\u0430\u0434 \u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E \u043A\u0456\u043D\u0446\u044F 1955 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u0423 1960 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u041C\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0448\u043D\u044E \u0456\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044E \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432 1976 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043E \u0430\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0457\u0457 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u041C\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0454\u044E, \u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0443 \u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E \u041C\u0430\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043A\u043E \u0432 1979 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u041C\u0430\u0430\u0443\u044F \u0443\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0421\u0456\u0434\u0456 \u0410\u0445\u043C\u0435\u0434 \u0422\u0430\u0439\u044F \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u041C\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0456 \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0456\u044E \u0432 \u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0443 \u0432 2005 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u041D\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0431\u0443\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0430 \u0432 2006 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u041D\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0443\u0447\u0456 \u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0443 2007 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0443 \u0443 2008 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456. \u041B\u0456\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0443 \u0432 2005 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456, \u041C\u043E\u0445\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0435\u0434 \u0443\u043B\u044C\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u0410\u0437\u0456\u0437, \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0432 2009 \u0440\u043E\u0446\u0456."@uk . . . . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u041C\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457"@uk . . "Storia della Mauritania"@it . . . . . . . "Il nome Mauritania deriva dalle antiche trib\u00F9 berbere dei Mauri e dal loro regno, la Mauretania, che divenne una provincia romana nel 33 d.C. I romani chiamavano con il nome Mauri tutti i popoli nativi del Nord Africa. Nel 1076 monaci guerrieri islamici attaccarono e conquistarono l'antico impero Ghana. Durante i successivi 500 anni gli Arabi, affrontando la fiera resistenza delle popolazioni locali (berbere e non berbere) riuscirono a dominare finalmente la Mauritania. La guerra mauritana dei 30 anni (1644-1674) fu l'ultimo e fallimentare tentativo di respingere gli invasori arabi."@it . "25697"^^ . . . . . . "\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u063A\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u062D\u062F\u062B\u062A \u0647\u062C\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064A\u063A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u062D\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B. \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u062C\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0642 \u062F\u062E\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064A\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649."@ar . . . "Hist\u00F2ria de Maurit\u00E0nia"@ca . . . . . . . . . . "\uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC758 \uC624\uB79C \uC2DD\uBBFC \uC9C0\uBC30\uB97C \uBC1B\uB358 \uBAA8\uB9AC\uD0C0\uB2C8\uB294 1959\uB144\uC5D0 \uC790\uCE58\uB97C \uC5BB\uACE0, 1\uB144\uC774 \uC9C0\uB09C 1960\uB144 11\uC6D4 28\uC77C\uC5D0 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 1979\uB144\uC5D0\uC11C 1991\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0\uB294 \uC11C\uC0AC\uD558\uB77C \uBB38\uC81C\uB85C \uBAA8\uB85C\uCF54\uC640 \uAC08\uB4F1\uC744 \uACAA\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD55C\uB54C\uB294 \uC804\uC7C1\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uCE58\uB800\uB2E4. 1991\uB144, \uBAA8\uB9AC\uD0C0\uB2C8\uB294 \uD328\uBC30\uB97C \uC778\uC815\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC11C\uC0AC\uD558\uB77C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC601\uC720\uAD8C\uC744 \uD3EC\uAE30\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. 1. \n*"@ko . .