. . . . "Texas kan med sanning s\u00E4ga att sex olika flaggor vajat \u00F6ver delstaten, den franska, den spanska, den mexikanska, den f\u00F6r Republiken Texas, den amerikanska och den f\u00F6r Amerikas konfedererade stater. Namnet kommer fr\u00E5n -ordet \"Tejas\", vilket spanjorerna anv\u00E4nde f\u00F6r omr\u00E5det vid kusten, stavat Texas. De engelskspr\u00E5kiga uttalade det \"Teksas\" baserat p\u00E5 stavningen."@sv . . . . "Cet article r\u00E9sume les faits saillants de l'histoire de l'\u00C9tat am\u00E9ricain du Texas. Le Texas est un \u00C9tat du Sud des \u00C9tats-Unis, le plus vaste du pays (696 241 km2) apr\u00E8s l'Alaska et le deuxi\u00E8me le plus peupl\u00E9 derri\u00E8re la Californie avec 25,1 millions d'habitants."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El territori de l'actual estat de Texas fou poblat per tribus \u00EDndies que parlaven lleng\u00FCes caddo (caddos, eyeish i wichita) al nord, molt influ\u00EFts culturalment pels mexicans, pels comanxes (a l'est), de parla utoasteca i culturalment semblants a les tribus de les planures; i al sud els tonkawa, atakapa, chitimacha, natchez i tunica, culturalment similar als asteques. I a la zona fronterera amb M\u00E8xic, els apatxe Lipan i mescalero, pobles depredadors."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria do Texas, como parte dos Estados Unidos, come\u00E7a em 1845, mas a ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o da regi\u00E3o data do Per\u00EDodo Paleol\u00EDtico Superior, cerca de 10.000 a.C. Sua hist\u00F3ria foi formada em volta dos seis pa\u00EDses independentes que realizaram sua coloniza\u00E7\u00E3o: Espanha, Fran\u00E7a, M\u00E9xico, a Rep\u00FAblica do Texas, os Estados Confederados da Am\u00E9rica e os Estados Unidos."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "Historia de Texas"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Evrop\u0161t\u00ED objevitel\u00E9 poprv\u00E9 p\u0159i\u0161li na \u00FAzem\u00ED dne\u0161n\u00EDho st\u00E1tu Texas v roce 1519. V tom \u010Dase tam pob\u00FDvaly r\u016Fzn\u00E9 indi\u00E1nsk\u00E9 kmeny. V letech 1519 a\u017E 1848 si \u0161est st\u00E1t\u016F \u010Dinilo n\u00E1rok na \u00FAzem\u00ED Texasu: \u0160pan\u011Blsko, Francie, Mexiko, Texask\u00E1 republika, Spojen\u00E9 st\u00E1ty a v letech 1861\u20131865 Konfederovan\u00E9 st\u00E1ty americk\u00E9. Expedice Barona La Salle u z\u00E1livu Matagorda Bay, obraz Theodore Gudina z roku 1844"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le testimonianze scritte della storia del Texas ebbero inizio nel 1519, quando Alonso \u00C1lvarez de Pineda esplor\u00F2 il nord della costa del golfo. Durante il periodo che va dal 1519 al 1865, il Texas sub\u00EC la dominazione, intera o solo parziale di sei nazioni: Spagna, Francia, Messico, Repubblica del Texas, Stati Uniti d'America e Stati Confederati d'America."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0431\u044B\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u044B\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0422\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0432 1519 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u043A \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043B\u044B\u043C \u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043C \u043F\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0451\u043D \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 10 000 \u043B\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u0441 1519 \u043F\u043E 1848 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0422\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D: \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u0418\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u041C\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0438\u043A\u0430, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0441, \u0421\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044B \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044B \u0410\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0432 1861\u20141865 \u0433\u0433."@ru . . . "Teksas jako kolonia hiszpa\u0144ska podlega\u0142 hiszpa\u0144skiemu gubernatorowi mianowanemu przez Madryt. \n* 1691\u20131692 \u2013 \n* 1694\u20131715 \u2013 \n* 1716\u20131719 \u2013 \n* 1719\u20131722 \u2013 \n* 1723\u20131726 \u2013 \n* 1727\u20131730 \u2013 \n* 1730\u20131734 \u2013 \n* 1734\u20131736 \u2013 \n* 1736\u20131737 \u2013 \n* 1737 \u2013 \n* 1737\u20131740 \u2013 \n* 1741\u20131743 \u2013 \n* 1743\u20131744 \u2013 \n* 1744\u20131748 \u2013 \n* 1748\u20131750 \u2013 \n* 1751\u20131759 \u2013 \n* 1759\u20131767 \u2013 \n* 1767\u20131770 \u2013 \n* 1770\u20131778 \u2013 \n* 1778\u20131786 \u2013 \n* 1787\u20131790 \u2013 \n* 1790\u20131799 \u2013 \n* 1799\u20131805 \u2013 \n* 1805\u20131808 \u2013 \n* 1809\u20131813 \u2013 \u0179r\u00F3d\u0142o:"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El territori de l'actual estat de Texas fou poblat per tribus \u00EDndies que parlaven lleng\u00FCes caddo (caddos, eyeish i wichita) al nord, molt influ\u00EFts culturalment pels mexicans, pels comanxes (a l'est), de parla utoasteca i culturalment semblants a les tribus de les planures; i al sud els tonkawa, atakapa, chitimacha, natchez i tunica, culturalment similar als asteques. I a la zona fronterera amb M\u00E8xic, els apatxe Lipan i mescalero, pobles depredadors. El primer europeu a arribar al territori fou l'espanyol Alonso \u00C1lvarez de Pineda el 1519, qui explor\u00E0 la zona costanera. El 1528 \u00C1lvaro N\u00FA\u00F1ez Cabeza de Vaca i els supervivents de l'expedici\u00F3 de P\u00E1nfilo de Narv\u00E1ez convisqueren amb els indis de la regi\u00F3. Els espanyols, que havien conquerit l'Imperi Asteca, enviaren m\u00E9s expedicions a la zona per tal d'incorporar-la al seu imperi: V\u00E1zquez de Coronado el 1541, Espejo el 1583, Casta\u00F1o de Sosa el 1590, O\u00F1ate el 1601 i Hernando Mart\u00EDn i Diego del Castillo el 1650. La Nueva Filipinas (Nova Filipines) era una de les divisions administratives del virregnat de la Nova Espanya que es correspon a l'actual estatunidenc de Texas. Malgrat aix\u00F2, la zona no va estar plenament dominada fins a la fundaci\u00F3 de la primera ciutat important, El Paso, el 1682. A m\u00E9s, els francesos enviaren l'expedici\u00F3 de Ren\u00E9 Robert Cavelier de La Salle el 1685, fundant Fort Saint Louis. Com a resposta, el 1690 els espanyols fundaren la missi\u00F3 de San Francisco de los Tejas, vora el riu Nueces, i establiren un governador per al territori. Tot i aix\u00ED, el 1721 nom\u00E9s hi havia com a establiments importants sis missions i dues fortificacions, inclosa la de San Antonio, fundada el 1718. Per\u00F2 quan la Compra de Louisiana el 1806, alguns nord-americans comen\u00E7aren a establir-se a Texas. Els l\u00EDmits amb els EUA quedaren establits als marges del riu . El 1821 M\u00E8xic es va independitzar d'Espanya, i Texas en formaria part. El 1822 Moses Austin i el seu fill Stephen Fuller Austin i unes 300 fam\u00EDlies ianquis s'establiren a Texas en uns 200.000 acres comprats als mexicans als marges del Colorado i Brazos. El 1835 ja hi havia 20.000 anglosaxons a Texas, dels quals 8.000 eren del grup d'Austin, que es dedicaven al conreu de cot\u00F3 i a la cria d'ovelles i vaques, ra\u00F3 per la qual hi porten esclaus negres. Un grup d'ells, encap\u00E7alats per Samuel Houston, Stephen Austin, i James Bowie van iniciar la Revoluci\u00F3 texana i proclamaren la independ\u00E8ncia de la Rep\u00FAblica de Texas en oposici\u00F3 al dictador mexic\u00E0 Antonio L\u00F3pez de Santa Anna, qui havia pres mesures econ\u00F2miques restrictives contra els conreadors de cot\u00F3. ser\u00E0 el president inter\u00ED i Sam Houston el cap militar. El 23 de febrer del 1836 un 183 texans d'origen estatunidenc es van tancar a l'antiga missi\u00F3 d'El Alamo (San Antonio), dirigits per William Travis, i James Bowie. Foren massacrats per les tropes mexicanes el 3 de mar\u00E7 en la Batalla d'El \u00C1lamo. Nogensmenys, Sam Houston va aconseguir refor\u00E7os i va massacrar les tropes mexicanes als marges del riu San Jacinto el 21 d'abril del 1836, tot capturant el general Antonio L\u00F3pez de Santa Anna. Sam Houston ser\u00E0 el primer president de la Rep\u00FAblica de Texas del 1836 al 1840, i establiren la capital a la ciutat de Houston. El 1838 el va substituir com a president fins al 1841, quan va tornar Sam Houston com a president. La vida financera de la rep\u00FAblica fou cr\u00EDtica i pat\u00ED nombrosos atacs mexicans i dels indis. El 1845 es va incorporar a la Uni\u00F3 dels EUA. L'annexi\u00F3 de Texas i la disputa de l'\u00E0rea entre els rius Grande i Nueces provoc\u00E0 una guerra amb els mexicans. Les tropes de Winfield Scott i Zachary Taylor enva\u00EFren M\u00E8xic, i Scott captur\u00E0 Ciutat de M\u00E8xic el 14 de setembre del 1847. Pel Tractat de Guadalupe-Hidalgo, signat el 2 de febrer del 1848, M\u00E8xic renunci\u00E0 a Texas i tamb\u00E9 ced\u00ED els actuals estats de Nou M\u00E8xic, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Calif\u00F2rnia, i oest de Colorado. Texas es va unir als Estats Confederats d'Am\u00E8rica el 28 de gener del 1861. Uns 50.000 texans van lluitar en la Guerra civil americana, que va arru\u00EFnar el pa\u00EDs. El Governador Sam Houston s'opos\u00E0 fermament a la secessi\u00F3, i es va negar a jurar-ne lleialtat, ra\u00F3 per la qual fou destitu\u00EFt. Durant la guerra s'hagueren de defensar dels atacs dels indis i dels mexicans, i d'algunes canoneres de la Uni\u00F3. Les tropes federals es van fer fortes a la costa fins a l'\u00FAltima batalla de palmito Hill, el 12 de maig del 1865. Cap al 1870 Texas fou readmesa a la Uni\u00F3, i el 1873 es va inaugurar el ferrocarril Missouri-Kansa-Texas. Durant les tres \u00FAltimes d\u00E8cades del segle XIX es va desenvolupar econ\u00F2micament i social. El 1875 els comanxes foren obligats a establir-se a una reserva a Oklahoma. Onades d'immigrants s'establiren a les ciutats, s'obriren granges a les \u00E0rees centrals i la ramaderia industrial ocup\u00E0 les planures. S'increment\u00E0 el ferrocarril i els vaixells. Des del 1901 a Spindletop (Beaumont) es van obrir els primers camps de petroli i es formaren grans companyies, de manera que vers el 1931 esdev\u00E9 el major productor de petroli de la Uni\u00F3. Va patir de valent la Gran Depressi\u00F3 i durant la Segona Guerra Mundial uns 750.000 texans hi lluitaren com a soldats. En la Primera Guerra Mundial 209.203 texans en van enllistar com a soldats. El 1950 fou abolida la segregaci\u00F3 racial a les escoles, i el 1963 hi fou assassinat el president John F. Kennedy (a Dallas). John B. Connally, que aleshores era governador de Texas i que acompanyava Kennedy en el mateix cotxe, fou ferit greument, per\u00F2 sobrevisqu\u00E9 i continu\u00E0 exercint com a governador fins al 1969. El 1976 es va restaurar la pena de mort, de manera que entre el 1976 i el 1997 es van executar 116 condemnats. Cada any hi ha 2.100 assassinats i 135.000 delictes violents. El 1993 les tropes federals assaltaren un ranxo a Waco on els seguidors de David Koresh, cap de la secta dels davidians, s'havien atrinxerat, provocant 80 morts. A finals dels vuitanta es va establir a les muntanyes Davis , procedent de Missouri. Organitza el moviment (RTM), amb una p\u00E0gina web i que reclama als EUA 93.000 milions de d\u00F2lars al govern federal com a reparaci\u00F3 de guerra, i afirma que quan Texas sigui independent vendran el capitoli a l'Uruguai. El 1995 el RTM es converteix en mil\u00EDcies i deman\u00E0 la dimissi\u00F3 del governador George W. Bush i el tancament de les oficines federals. El gener del 1996 dirigents del RTM proclamen la independ\u00E8ncia a les escales del congr\u00E9s. L'escalada augment\u00E0 el 28 d'abril del 1997, quan Richard Mac Laren des de Fort Davis segrest\u00E0 dos civils i fer\u00ED un agent de policia, en protesta per la detenci\u00F3 de Bob Scheidt, cap de seguretat del RTM. L'endem\u00E0 foren setjats pel FBI. Els ostatges foren alliberats, per\u00F2 hi ha una dotzena de tancats i la policia det\u00E9 set homes armats que anaven a refor\u00E7ar-los. El 30 d'abril arribaren a un acord per alliberar Scheidt a canvi d'exposar davant un jutge federal llurs tesis independentistes. Per\u00F2 el 3 de maig Richard Mac Laren, Evelyn Mac Laren i tres m\u00E9s foren detinguts. Richard Keeyes aconsegueix escapar i Mike Matson fou mort per la policia."@ca . . . "\u30C6\u30AD\u30B5\u30B9\u5DDE\u306E\u6B74\u53F2"@ja . . "\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0422\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0441\u0430"@ru . . . . "D\u011Bjiny Texasu"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of Texas"@en . "2050354"^^ . . . . . . . . "La historia del territorio de Texas que forma parte de los Estados Unidos comenz\u00F3 en 1845, aunque el asentamiento humano en la regi\u00F3n data de finales del periodo Paleol\u00EDtico Superior, alrededor del a\u00F1o 10.000 a. C. Texas, nombre del territorio cuyo origen es el idioma espa\u00F1ol,\u200B ha sido parte de seis pa\u00EDses independientes: Espa\u00F1a, Francia, M\u00E9xico, la Rep\u00FAblica de Texas, los Estados Confederados de Am\u00E9rica y los Estados Unidos. Desde la d\u00E9cada de 1820, inmigrantes estadounidenses y europeos comenzaron llegar al \u00E1rea; unidos por algunos texanos hispanos, se sublevaron contra M\u00E9xico en 1836, alcanzando la independencia. Despu\u00E9s de una d\u00E9cada como pa\u00EDs independiente, Texas se integr\u00F3 a la Uni\u00F3n (los Estados Unidos) en 1845. La frontera oeste del estado se caracteriz\u00F3 por una ganader\u00EDa vacuna a gran escala y cultivo de algod\u00F3n. En el siglo XX creci\u00F3 r\u00E1pidamente, convirti\u00E9ndose en el segundo estado m\u00E1s poblado en 1994, y volvi\u00E9ndose muy diversificado econ\u00F3micamente, con una creciente base en alta tecnolog\u00EDa. El estado ha sido moldeado por las interacciones de las culturas sure\u00F1a, tejana de evidente car\u00E1cter hisp\u00E1nico, amerindia, afroamericana y tejana alemana.\u200B"@es . "La historia del territorio de Texas que forma parte de los Estados Unidos comenz\u00F3 en 1845, aunque el asentamiento humano en la regi\u00F3n data de finales del periodo Paleol\u00EDtico Superior, alrededor del a\u00F1o 10.000 a. C. Texas, nombre del territorio cuyo origen es el idioma espa\u00F1ol,\u200B ha sido parte de seis pa\u00EDses independientes: Espa\u00F1a, Francia, M\u00E9xico, la Rep\u00FAblica de Texas, los Estados Confederados de Am\u00E9rica y los Estados Unidos. Desde la d\u00E9cada de 1820, inmigrantes estadounidenses y europeos comenzaron llegar al \u00E1rea; unidos por algunos texanos hispanos, se sublevaron contra M\u00E9xico en 1836, alcanzando la independencia. Despu\u00E9s de una d\u00E9cada como pa\u00EDs independiente, Texas se integr\u00F3 a la Uni\u00F3n (los Estados Unidos) en 1845. La frontera oeste del estado se caracteriz\u00F3 por una ganader\u00EDa vacuna a "@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F2ria de Texas"@ca . . "\uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uB85C \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 1845\uB144\uBD80\uD130 \uC2DC\uC791\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uB78C\uC774 \uC0B4\uC558\uB358 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uD6C4\uAE30 \uAD6C\uC11D\uAE30 \uC2DC\uB300\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uAC70\uC2AC\uB7EC \uC62C\uB77C\uAC04\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uC2A4\uD398\uC778, \uD504\uB791\uC2A4, \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54, \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D, \uB0A8\uBD80 \uB3D9\uB9F9, \uBBF8\uAD6D, 6 \uAC1C\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uC8FC\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uB85C \uD615\uC131\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. 1820\uB144\uB300\uBD80\uD130 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC774\uBBFC\uC774 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uC640 \uC810\uCC28 \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54 \uC778\uC744 \uC0C1\uD68C\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1836\uB144, \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uC758 \uD788\uC2A4\uD328\uB2C9 \uD14C\uD558\uB178\uB4E4\uACFC \uD568\uAED8 \uADF8\uB4E4\uC740 \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3C5\uB9BD \uD22C\uC7C1\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54 \uAD70\uC744 \uBB3C\uB9AC\uCCE4\uB2E4. \uB3C5\uB9BD \uAD6D\uAC00\uB85C 10\uB144 \uD6C4 \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uB294 1845\uB144 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uACFC \uD569\uBCD1\uD588\uB2E4. \uC11C\uBD80 \uAC1C\uCC99\uC790\uC758 \uC8FC\uB294 \uB300\uADDC\uBAA8 \uAC00\uCD95\uC744 \uBC29\uBAA9\uACFC \uBAA9\uD654 \uB18D\uC5C5\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4 \uD2B9\uC9D5\uC774 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. 20\uC138\uAE30 \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uAE09\uACA9\uD788 \uC131\uC7A5\uD588\uACE0, 1994\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uB450 \uBC88\uC9F8 \uC778\uAD6C\uC758 \uD070 \uC8FC\uC774\uBA70, \uD558\uC774\uD14C\uD06C \uC0B0\uC5C5\uC744 \uAE30\uBC18\uC73C\uB85C \uACBD\uC81C\uB294 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB2E4\uAC01\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4 \uC8FC\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uB0A8\uBD80 \uD14C\uD558\uB178, \uC544\uD504\uB9AC\uCE74\uACC4 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC778, \uB3C5\uC77C\uACC4 \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4 \uC0AC\uB78C \uAC01\uAC01\uC758 \uBB38\uD654 \uAD50\uB958\uC5D0\uC11C \uD615\uC131\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Storia del Texas"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The recorded history of Texas begins with the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadors in the region of North America now known as Texas in 1519, who found the region occupied by numerous Native American tribes. The name Texas derives from t\u00E1ysha\u02BC, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means \"friends\" or \"allies.\" Native Americans' ancestors had been in what is now Texas, more than 10,000 years ago as evidenced by the discovery of the remains of prehistoric Leanderthal Lady. During the period of recorded history from 1519 AD to 1848, all or parts of Texas were claimed by five countries: France, Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, and the United States of America, as well as the Confederacy during the Civil War. The first European base was established in 1680, along the upper Rio Grande river, near modern El Paso, with the exiled Spaniards and Native Americans from the Isleta Pueblo during the Pueblo Revolt, also known as Pop\u00E9's Rebellion, from today's northern New Mexico. In 1685, Ren\u00E9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643\u20131687), established a French colony at Fort Saint Louis, after sailing down and exploring the Mississippi River from New France (modern Canada) and the Great Lakes. He planted this early French presence at Fort Saint Louis near Matagorda Bay, along the Gulf of Mexico coast (near modern Inez, Texas), even before the establishment of New Orleans on the lower Mississippi River. The colony was killed off by Native Americans after three years, but Spanish authorities felt pressed to establish settlements to keep their claim to the land. Several Roman Catholic missions were established in East Texas; they were abandoned in 1691. Twenty years later, concerned with the continued French presence in neighboring Louisiana, Spanish authorities again tried to colonize Texas. Over the next 110 years, Spain established numerous villages, presidios, and missions in the province. A small number of Spanish settlers arrived, in addition to missionaries and soldiers. Spain signed agreements with colonists from the United States, bordering the province to the northeast ever since their Louisiana Purchase from the Emperor Napoleon I and his French Empire (France) in 1803. When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, Mexican Texas was part of the new nation. To encourage settlement, Mexican authorities allowed organized immigration from the United States, and by 1834, over 30,000 Anglos lived in Texas, compared to 7,800 Mexicans. After Santa Anna's dissolution of the Constitution of 1824 and his political shift to the right, issues such as lack of access to courts, the militarization of the region's government (e.g., response to Saltillo-Monclova problem), and self-defense issues resulting in the confrontation in Gonzales, turned public sentiment in Mexican and Anglo Texans towards revolution. Santa Anna's invasion of the territory after putting down the rebellion in Zacatecas provoked conflict in 1836, and between 1835 and 1836, the Texian forces fought and won the Texas Revolution. Although not recognized as such by Mexico, Texas declared itself an independent nation, the Republic of Texas. Attracted by the rich lands for cotton plantations and ranching, tens of thousands of immigrants arrived from the U.S. and from Germany as well. In 1845, Texas joined the United States, becoming the 28th state, when the United States annexed it. Only after the conclusion of the Mexican\u2013American War, with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, did Mexico recognize Texan independence. Texas declared its secession from the United States in 1861 to join the Confederate States of America. Only a few battles of the American Civil War were fought in Texas; most Texas regiments served in the east. When the war ended, enslaved African Americans were freed after ratification of the Emancipation Proclamation. Texas was subject to Reconstruction after the Civil War was over. Later on, White Democrats gained political dominance and passed laws in the late 19th century creating second-class status for blacks in a Jim Crow system of segregation which included disenfranchising them from voting in 1901 through passage of a poll tax. Black residents were excluded from the formal political system until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s. In early Texas statehood, things such as cotton, ranching, and farming dominated the economy, along with railroad construction. After 1870, railroads were a major factor in the development of new cities away from rivers and waterways. Toward the end of the 19th century, timber became an important industry in Texas as well. In 1901, a petroleum discovery at Spindletop Hill, near Beaumont, was developed as the most productive oil well the world had ever seen. The wave of oil speculation and discovery that followed came to be known as the \"Texas Oil Boom\", permanently transforming and enriching the economy of Texas. Agriculture and ranching gave way to a service-oriented society after the economic boom years of World War II. Segregation would end in the 1960s due to federal legislation. Politically, Texas changed from virtually a one-party Democratic state achieved following disenfranchisement policies, to a highly contested political scene, until the early 1970s when it shifted to becoming solidly Republican. The population of Texas continued to grow rapidly throughout the 20th century, becoming the second-largest state in population in 1994. Also during the 20th century, the state continued to become economically highly diversified, with a growing economic base in new technologies in the 21st century."@en . "Historio de Teksaso"@eo . . . . . . . "Le testimonianze scritte della storia del Texas ebbero inizio nel 1519, quando Alonso \u00C1lvarez de Pineda esplor\u00F2 il nord della costa del golfo. Durante il periodo che va dal 1519 al 1865, il Texas sub\u00EC la dominazione, intera o solo parziale di sei nazioni: Spagna, Francia, Messico, Repubblica del Texas, Stati Uniti d'America e Stati Confederati d'America. Anche se \u00C1lvarez de Pineda rivendic\u00F2 l'area dell'attuale Texas in nome della Spagna nel 1519, il primo insediamento europeo non fu stabilito fino al 1682, quando Ren\u00E9 Robert Cavelier de La Salle fond\u00F2 per errore una colonia francese, Fort Saint Louis, vicino alla baia di Matagorda invece che alla foce del fiume Mississippi. La colonia fu di breve durata, ma la sua presenza motiv\u00F2 le autorit\u00E0 spagnole ad iniziare le attivit\u00E0 di insediamento. Diverse missioni furono fondate nel Texas orientale, abbandonate poi nel 1691. Venti anni pi\u00F9 tardi, preoccupati per la presenza francese nella vicina Louisiana, le autorit\u00E0 spagnole tentarono nuovamente di colonizzare lo Stato. Nel corso dei 110 anni seguenti, questa nazione europea fond\u00F2 numerosi villaggi, presidi e missioni nella regione. I coloni subivano frequenti incursioni da parte di alcune trib\u00F9 indigene, tra cui Apache Lipan, Comanche e Karankawa, mentre i confini del territorio erano oggetto di controversie con Francia e Stati Uniti, che sostenevano di essere i legittimi proprietari del Texas. Quando la guerra d'indipendenza del Messico fin\u00EC nel 1821, il Texas divenne una parte del Messico, che aveva appena ottenuto l'indipendenza. Per incoraggiare il popolamento le autorit\u00E0 messicane consentirono l'immigrazione dagli Stati Uniti e nel 1834 si stim\u00F2 che oltre 30.000 anglosassoni vivevano qui, rispetto a solo 7.800 messicani. In parte in risposta alla trasformazione del governo messicano da un modello federalista a un governo centralizzato, i coloni residenti in questa regione diedero inizio alla cosiddetta rivoluzione texana nel mese di ottobre 1835. Il conflitto termin\u00F2 nell'aprile del 1836, quando il presidente messicano Antonio L\u00F3pez de Santa Anna venne catturato dopo la battaglia di San Jacinto. Nei nove anni successivi il Texas si autogovern\u00F2 come una nazione indipendente, la Repubblica del Texas. Nel 1845 entr\u00F2 a far parte degli Stati Uniti, divenendo il 28\u00BA Stato. Determinato a mantenere la schiavit\u00F9, nel 1861 il Texas dichiar\u00F2 la propria secessione dagli USA per unirsi agli Stati Confederati d'America. Numerose battaglie della guerra di secessione americana furono combattute qui, ma la maggior parte dei reggimenti operarono in altre parti del Paese. Quando la guerra fin\u00EC nel 1865, lo Stato sub\u00EC una notevole ricostruzione post-bellica durata fino agli anni 1870. Sino alla fine del XIX secolo le maggiori attivit\u00E0 furono la produzione di cotone e l'allevamento di bestiame. Nel 1901 fu scoperto il petrolio e il conseguente Oil Boom trasform\u00F2 in modo permanente l'economia del Texas, che inizi\u00F2 il primo significativo sviluppo dopo la guerra civile. Essa continu\u00F2 a crescere rapidamente, facendo divenire lo Stato il secondo pi\u00F9 popolato nel 1994 e uno dei pi\u00F9 diversificati dal punto di vista economico, con un crescente sviluppo nel settore dell'alta tecnologia."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The recorded history of Texas begins with the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadors in the region of North America now known as Texas in 1519, who found the region occupied by numerous Native American tribes. The name Texas derives from t\u00E1ysha\u02BC, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means \"friends\" or \"allies.\" Native Americans' ancestors had been in what is now Texas, more than 10,000 years ago as evidenced by the discovery of the remains of prehistoric Leanderthal Lady. During the period of recorded history from 1519 AD to 1848, all or parts of Texas were claimed by five countries: France, Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, and the United States of America, as well as the Confederacy during the Civil War."@en . "Histoire du Texas"@fr . . . . . "\uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uC8FC\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria do Texas"@pt . . . . . . . . . "Texas kan med sanning s\u00E4ga att sex olika flaggor vajat \u00F6ver delstaten, den franska, den spanska, den mexikanska, den f\u00F6r Republiken Texas, den amerikanska och den f\u00F6r Amerikas konfedererade stater. Namnet kommer fr\u00E5n -ordet \"Tejas\", vilket spanjorerna anv\u00E4nde f\u00F6r omr\u00E5det vid kusten, stavat Texas. De engelskspr\u00E5kiga uttalade det \"Teksas\" baserat p\u00E5 stavningen."@sv . . . . . . "Teksas jako kolonia hiszpa\u0144ska podlega\u0142 hiszpa\u0144skiemu gubernatorowi mianowanemu przez Madryt. \n* 1691\u20131692 \u2013 \n* 1694\u20131715 \u2013 \n* 1716\u20131719 \u2013 \n* 1719\u20131722 \u2013 \n* 1723\u20131726 \u2013 \n* 1727\u20131730 \u2013 \n* 1730\u20131734 \u2013 \n* 1734\u20131736 \u2013 \n* 1736\u20131737 \u2013 \n* 1737 \u2013 \n* 1737\u20131740 \u2013 \n* 1741\u20131743 \u2013 \n* 1743\u20131744 \u2013 \n* 1744\u20131748 \u2013 \n* 1748\u20131750 \u2013 \n* 1751\u20131759 \u2013 \n* 1759\u20131767 \u2013 \n* 1767\u20131770 \u2013 \n* 1770\u20131778 \u2013 \n* 1778\u20131786 \u2013 \n* 1787\u20131790 \u2013 \n* 1790\u20131799 \u2013 \n* 1799\u20131805 \u2013 \n* 1805\u20131808 \u2013 \n* 1809\u20131813 \u2013 \u0179r\u00F3d\u0142o:"@pl . . . . . . . . "Evrop\u0161t\u00ED objevitel\u00E9 poprv\u00E9 p\u0159i\u0161li na \u00FAzem\u00ED dne\u0161n\u00EDho st\u00E1tu Texas v roce 1519. V tom \u010Dase tam pob\u00FDvaly r\u016Fzn\u00E9 indi\u00E1nsk\u00E9 kmeny. V letech 1519 a\u017E 1848 si \u0161est st\u00E1t\u016F \u010Dinilo n\u00E1rok na \u00FAzem\u00ED Texasu: \u0160pan\u011Blsko, Francie, Mexiko, Texask\u00E1 republika, Spojen\u00E9 st\u00E1ty a v letech 1861\u20131865 Konfederovan\u00E9 st\u00E1ty americk\u00E9. Expedice Barona La Salle u z\u00E1livu Matagorda Bay, obraz Theodore Gudina z roku 1844"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uB85C \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 1845\uB144\uBD80\uD130 \uC2DC\uC791\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uB78C\uC774 \uC0B4\uC558\uB358 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uD6C4\uAE30 \uAD6C\uC11D\uAE30 \uC2DC\uB300\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uAC70\uC2AC\uB7EC \uC62C\uB77C\uAC04\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB294 \uC2A4\uD398\uC778, \uD504\uB791\uC2A4, \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54, \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D, \uB0A8\uBD80 \uB3D9\uB9F9, \uBBF8\uAD6D, 6 \uAC1C\uC758 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uC8FC\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uB85C \uD615\uC131\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. 1820\uB144\uB300\uBD80\uD130 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC774\uBBFC\uC774 \uB4E4\uC5B4\uC640 \uC810\uCC28 \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54 \uC778\uC744 \uC0C1\uD68C\uD558\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1836\uB144, \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uC758 \uD788\uC2A4\uD328\uB2C9 \uD14C\uD558\uB178\uB4E4\uACFC \uD568\uAED8 \uADF8\uB4E4\uC740 \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54\uC5D0\uC11C \uB3C5\uB9BD \uD22C\uC7C1\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \uBA55\uC2DC\uCF54 \uAD70\uC744 \uBB3C\uB9AC\uCCE4\uB2E4. \uB3C5\uB9BD \uAD6D\uAC00\uB85C 10\uB144 \uD6C4 \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4\uB294 1845\uB144 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uACFC \uD569\uBCD1\uD588\uB2E4. \uC11C\uBD80 \uAC1C\uCC99\uC790\uC758 \uC8FC\uB294 \uB300\uADDC\uBAA8 \uAC00\uCD95\uC744 \uBC29\uBAA9\uACFC \uBAA9\uD654 \uB18D\uC5C5\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4 \uD2B9\uC9D5\uC774 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. 20\uC138\uAE30 \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uAE09\uACA9\uD788 \uC131\uC7A5\uD588\uACE0, 1994\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uB450 \uBC88\uC9F8 \uC778\uAD6C\uC758 \uD070 \uC8FC\uC774\uBA70, \uD558\uC774\uD14C\uD06C \uC0B0\uC5C5\uC744 \uAE30\uBC18\uC73C\uB85C \uACBD\uC81C\uB294 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB2E4\uAC01\uD654\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4 \uC8FC\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uB0A8\uBD80 \uD14C\uD558\uB178, \uC544\uD504\uB9AC\uCE74\uACC4 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC778, \uB3C5\uC77C\uACC4 \uD14D\uC0AC\uC2A4 \uC0AC\uB78C \uAC01\uAC01\uC758 \uBB38\uD654 \uAD50\uB958\uC5D0\uC11C \uD615\uC131\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria do Texas, como parte dos Estados Unidos, come\u00E7a em 1845, mas a ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o da regi\u00E3o data do Per\u00EDodo Paleol\u00EDtico Superior, cerca de 10.000 a.C. Sua hist\u00F3ria foi formada em volta dos seis pa\u00EDses independentes que realizaram sua coloniza\u00E7\u00E3o: Espanha, Fran\u00E7a, M\u00E9xico, a Rep\u00FAblica do Texas, os Estados Confederados da Am\u00E9rica e os Estados Unidos."@pt . . . . . "1123315075"^^ . . . "Historia Teksasu (1519\u20131846)"@pl . . . . . . "La historio de Teksaso kiel parto de Usono komencis en 1845, sed homa \u0109eesto en tiu regiono dati\u011Das de la fino de la paleolitika periodo, \u0109irka\u016D la jaro 10 000 a.K. La historio de Teksaso estis sinsekve influita de ses sendependaj \u015Dtatoj : Hispanio, Francio, Meksiko, la Respubliko de Teksaso, la Konfederaciitaj \u015Ctatoj de Ameriko kaj finfine Usono. Komence de la 1820-aj jaroj, usonaj kaj e\u016Dropaj elmigruloj ekalvenis al tiu areo : al ili aldoni\u011Dis hispanaj tejanos, kiuj ribelis kontra\u016D Meksiko en 1836 kaj venkis invadantan armeon. Post unu kompleta jardeko kiel sendependa \u015Dtato, Teksaso eniris la Unui\u011Dintajn \u015Ctatojn de Ameriko (Usono) en 1845. Teksaso rapide disvolvi\u011Dis en la 20-a jarcento, tiel fari\u011Dante la dua plej multhoma \u015Dtato en 1994. \u011Cia ekonomio cetere i\u011Dis pli kaj pli diversa, kaj la \u015Dtato hodia\u016D vici\u011Das inter la mondaj pioniroj pri novaj te\u0125nologioj."@eo . . . 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043B\u043E \u043A \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0435. \u041D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0439."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Texas historia"@sv . . "La historio de Teksaso kiel parto de Usono komencis en 1845, sed homa \u0109eesto en tiu regiono dati\u011Das de la fino de la paleolitika periodo, \u0109irka\u016D la jaro 10 000 a.K. La historio de Teksaso estis sinsekve influita de ses sendependaj \u015Dtatoj : Hispanio, Francio, Meksiko, la Respubliko de Teksaso, la Konfederaciitaj \u015Ctatoj de Ameriko kaj finfine Usono. Teksaso rapide disvolvi\u011Dis en la 20-a jarcento, tiel fari\u011Dante la dua plej multhoma \u015Dtato en 1994. \u011Cia ekonomio cetere i\u011Dis pli kaj pli diversa, kaj la \u015Dtato hodia\u016D vici\u011Das inter la mondaj pioniroj pri novaj te\u0125nologioj."@eo . . . . . . "Cet article r\u00E9sume les faits saillants de l'histoire de l'\u00C9tat am\u00E9ricain du Texas. Le Texas est un \u00C9tat du Sud des \u00C9tats-Unis, le plus vaste du pays (696 241 km2) apr\u00E8s l'Alaska et le deuxi\u00E8me le plus peupl\u00E9 derri\u00E8re la Californie avec 25,1 millions d'habitants."@fr . "128518"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .