. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u064A\u064F\u0642\u0635\u062F \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0631\u064A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062C\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u062B\u064A\u0642\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064A\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062F\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0648\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B. \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062B\u0631\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062C\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064A\u0629). \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637\u062A \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064A\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0627\u062F\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062F\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062F\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631\u062A \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064A\u062D\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u064F\u0645\u062F\u062A \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629. \u062A\u0631\u0627\u062C\u0639\u062A \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0645\u0639 \u062A\u0631\u0627\u062C\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0639\u062A\u064F\u0645\u062F\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062B\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629."@ar . . . . . "H\u00E9raldique m\u00E9di\u00E9vale"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "59100573"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "35641"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'h\u00E9raldique m\u00E9di\u00E9vale s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e comme son nom l'indique au Moyen \u00C2ge dans toute l'Europe comme un syst\u00E8me coh\u00E9rent d'identification non seulement des personnes, mais aussi en partie des lign\u00E9es (le blason pouvant \u00EAtre transmis par h\u00E9ritage en traduisant le degr\u00E9 de parent\u00E9) et des collectivit\u00E9s humaines, ce qui en fait un syst\u00E8me embl\u00E9matique unique en un temps o\u00F9 la reconnaissance et l'identification passaient rarement par l'\u00E9crit."@fr . . . . . . . . . . "\u064A\u064F\u0642\u0635\u062F \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0631\u064A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062C\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u062B\u064A\u0642\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064A\u062D\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064A\u0628\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629. \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062F\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0648\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B. \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062B\u0631\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 (\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062C\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064A\u0629). \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062E\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637\u062A \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064A\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0646\u060C \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0627\u062F\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062F\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062F\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'h\u00E9raldique m\u00E9di\u00E9vale s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e comme son nom l'indique au Moyen \u00C2ge dans toute l'Europe comme un syst\u00E8me coh\u00E9rent d'identification non seulement des personnes, mais aussi en partie des lign\u00E9es (le blason pouvant \u00EAtre transmis par h\u00E9ritage en traduisant le degr\u00E9 de parent\u00E9) et des collectivit\u00E9s humaines, ce qui en fait un syst\u00E8me embl\u00E9matique unique en un temps o\u00F9 la reconnaissance et l'identification passaient rarement par l'\u00E9crit. Apparue au XIIe si\u00E8cle au sein de la chevalerie, elle s'est rapidement diffus\u00E9e dans l'ensemble de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 occidentale : nobles, clercs, bourgeois, corporations de m\u00E9tiers et \u00E9galement paysans. L'h\u00E9raldique m\u00E9di\u00E9vale se caract\u00E9rise par des blasonnements simples et facilement visibles (Fig. 1). L'h\u00E9raldique moderne se complexifie \u00E0 partir de 1450 (Fig. 2)"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "Heraldry is the system of visual identification of rank and pedigree which developed in the European High Middle Ages, closely associated with the courtly culture of chivalry, Latin Christianity, the Crusades, feudal aristocracy, and monarchy of the time. Heraldic tradition fully developed in the 13th century, and it flourished and developed further during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Originally limited to nobility, heraldry is adopted by wealthy commoners in the Late Middle Ages (Burgher arms). Specific traditions of Ecclesiastical heraldry also develop in the late medieval period. Coats of arms of noble families, often after their extinction, becomes attached to the territories they used to own, giving rise to municipal coats of arms by the 16th century."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "1109644717"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Heraldry is the system of visual identification of rank and pedigree which developed in the European High Middle Ages, closely associated with the courtly culture of chivalry, Latin Christianity, the Crusades, feudal aristocracy, and monarchy of the time. Heraldic tradition fully developed in the 13th century, and it flourished and developed further during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Originally limited to nobility, heraldry is adopted by wealthy commoners in the Late Middle Ages (Burgher arms). Specific traditions of Ecclesiastical heraldry also develop in the late medieval period. Coats of arms of noble families, often after their extinction, becomes attached to the territories they used to own, giving rise to municipal coats of arms by the 16th century. Western heraldry spread beyond its core territory of Latin Christendom in the 17th century, Western heraldic traditions being adopted in the Russian Empire. With colonialism, the use of heraldry has spread to other continents, e.g. Africa and the Americas. While some concepts associated with heraldry, such as nobility and monarchy, have declined in favour of Republicanism in the 19th to 20th centuries, heraldry as a whole continues to flourish, with the art form today enjoying greater prevalence than ever in countries with strong heraldic traditions. Even elsewhere, elements inherited from heraldic tradition are frequently used in national flags and emblems around the world."@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0639\u064A\u0627\u062A"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of heraldry"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .