. . . . . . . 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"La hist\u00F2ria del telescopi com a instrument cient\u00EDfic que ha contribu\u00EFt decisivament a modelar la imatge que avui es t\u00E9 de l'Univers, es va iniciar cap al 1609, quan Galileo Galilei va dirigir per primera vegada les seves ulleres cap al cel. Des de llavors, s'ha produ\u00EFt una s\u00E8rie ininterrompuda de millores en l'instrument, que ha passat de ser un modest dispositiu \u00F2ptic format per dues lents col\u00B7locades en els extrems d'un tub, a convertir-se en sofisticades xarxes informatitzades d'observatoris distribu\u00EFts tant per tot el globus terraq\u00FCi com en naus en \u00F2rbita."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History of the telescope"@en . "La historia del telescopio como instrumento cient\u00EDfico que ha contribuido decisivamente a modelar la imagen que hoy se tiene del Universo, se inici\u00F3 hacia 1609, cuando Galileo Galilei dirigi\u00F3 por primera vez su anteojo hacia el cielo. Desde entonces, se ha producido una serie ininterrumpida de mejoras en el instrumento, que ha pasado de ser un modesto dispositivo \u00F3ptico formado por dos lentes colocadas en los extremos de un tubo, a convertirse en sofisticadas redes informatizadas de observatorios distribuidos tanto por todo el globo terr\u00E1queo como en naves en \u00F3rbita."@es . . . . "InternetArchiveBot"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Harold Dennis"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "26"^^ . "213607"^^ . . . "Taylor"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Le t\u00E9lescope est un instrument optique \u00E0 r\u00E9flexion destin\u00E9 principalement \u00E0 l'observation astronomique. Le math\u00E9maticien et physicien anglais Isaac Newton le mit en pratique en 1666 en utilisant un miroir concave en (en), qui est un alliage de cuivre (2/3) et d'\u00E9tain (1/3), de 2,5 cm de diam\u00E8tre comme r\u00E9flecteur. Il pr\u00E9senta cette invention ainsi que ces r\u00E9sultats \u00E0 la Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 royale d'astronomie en 1671[r\u00E9f. n\u00E9cessaire]. En 1810, l\u2019\u00E9cossais James Gregory fut le premier \u00E0 d\u00E9crire le principe du t\u00E9lescope \u00E0 miroir[\u00E0 v\u00E9rifier]."@fr . . . . . "La hist\u00F2ria del telescopi com a instrument cient\u00EDfic que ha contribu\u00EFt decisivament a modelar la imatge que avui es t\u00E9 de l'Univers, es va iniciar cap al 1609, quan Galileo Galilei va dirigir per primera vegada les seves ulleres cap al cel. Des de llavors, s'ha produ\u00EFt una s\u00E8rie ininterrompuda de millores en l'instrument, que ha passat de ser un modest dispositiu \u00F2ptic format per dues lents col\u00B7locades en els extrems d'un tub, a convertir-se en sofisticades xarxes informatitzades d'observatoris distribu\u00EFts tant per tot el globus terraq\u00FCi com en naus en \u00F2rbita. Pel cam\u00ED han quedat lligats al seu desenvolupament importants fites de la hist\u00F2ria de la ci\u00E8ncia, com la confirmaci\u00F3 de la validesa del sistema helioc\u00E8ntric de Nicolau Cop\u00E8rnic, el coneixement cada vegada m\u00E9s detallat dels cossos que formen el sistema solar, i una comprensi\u00F3 cada vegada m\u00E9s precisa de la din\u00E0mica dels estels, les gal\u00E0xies i de les lleis que regeixen la conformaci\u00F3 de l'Univers. I com a rerefons d'aquests descobriments, figuren de forma destacada les successives millores tecnol\u00F2giques, especialment en el camp de la \u00F2ptica, que van condicionar les diferents etapes hist\u00F2riques de preponder\u00E0ncia dels telescopis refractors o dels reflectors, a trav\u00E9s d'una perllongada carrera entre lents i miralls per obtenir resolucions cada vegada majors. Aquest recorregut ha estat culminat de moment amb les xarxes interferom\u00E8triques de grans observatoris, i amb l'ampliaci\u00F3 de les radiacions estudiades per abastar l'espectre electromagn\u00E8tic complet, des de les ones de r\u00E0dio fins als rajos gamma, passant per la llum visible i les microones."@ca . . . . "Historia del telescopio"@es . . 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\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064A\u063A\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0643\u064A. \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062A \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 1850-1900\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064A\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064A\u062A \u0623\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062F \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064A\u0645\u0629\u00BB \u0628\u0641\u062A\u062D\u0629 \u062A\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062D \u0645\u0646 60 \u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1 \u0645\u062A\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063A\u062A \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062F \u064A\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1897\u061B \u0644\u0643\u0646\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0628\u064F\u0646\u064A\u062A \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062A\u0632\u0627\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062E\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062F \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062A \u0648\u064A\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u062A\u062D\u0629 \u062A\u0628\u0644\u063A 60 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (1.5 \u0645\u062A\u0631)\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u062A\u062D\u0629 100 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (2.5 \u0645\u062A\u0631) (1917)\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u064A\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u062A\u062D\u0629 200 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (5 \u0623\u0645\u062A\u0627\u0631) (1948)\u061B \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D\u062A \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u062B\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900. \u0628\u0646\u064A \u0639\u062F\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062A\u0627\u0631 (160 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0634\u064A\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 1975-1985. \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064A-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064A\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062C\u064A\u0644 \u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062D\u062C\u0645\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0621\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062F\u064A \u0643\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 10 \u0623\u0645\u062A\u0627\u0631 (400 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0641\u064A 1993/1996\u060C \u0648\u0639\u062F\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 8 \u0623\u0645\u062A\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064A\u0645\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062F \u062C\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0646\u064A (\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0621) \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648. \u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0648\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0648\u064A) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0643\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u063A\u0648\u062B \u062C\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0628\u064A \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062F\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1931. \u0637\u064F\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u063A\u0627\u0645\u0627. \u0633\u0645\u062D \u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0635\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u062D\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060C \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . . . "The history of the telescope can be traced to before the invention of the earliest known telescope, which appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands, when a patent was submitted by Hans Lippershey, an eyeglass maker. Although Lippershey did not receive his patent, news of the invention soon spread across Europe. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo improved on this design the following year and applied it to astronomy. In 1611, Johannes Kepler described how a far more useful telescope could be made with a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens. By 1655, astronomers such as Christiaan Huygens were building powerful but unwieldy Keplerian telescopes with compound eyepieces. Isaac Newton is credited with building the first reflector in 1668 with a design that incorporated a small flat diagonal mirror to reflect the light to an eyepiece mounted on the side of the telescope. Laurent Cassegrain in 1672 described the design of a reflector with a small convex secondary mirror to reflect light through a central hole in the main mirror. The achromatic lens, which greatly reduced color aberrations in objective lenses and allowed for shorter and more functional telescopes, first appeared in a 1733 telescope made by Chester Moore Hall, who did not publicize it. John Dollond learned of Hall's invention and began producing telescopes using it in commercial quantities, starting in 1758. Important developments in reflecting telescopes were John Hadley's production of larger paraboloidal mirrors in 1721; the process of silvering glass mirrors introduced by L\u00E9on Foucault in 1857; and the adoption of long-lasting aluminized coatings on reflector mirrors in 1932. The Ritchey-Chretien variant of Cassegrain reflector was invented around 1910, but not widely adopted until after 1950; many modern telescopes including the Hubble Space Telescope use this design, which gives a wider field of view than a classic Cassegrain. During the period 1850\u20131900, reflectors suffered from problems with speculum metal mirrors, and a considerable number of \"Great Refractors\" were built from 60 cm to 1 metre aperture, culminating in the Yerkes Observatory refractor in 1897; however, starting from the early 1900s a series of ever-larger reflectors with glass mirrors were built, including the Mount Wilson 60-inch (1.5 metre), the 100-inch (2.5 metre) Hooker Telescope (1917) and the 200-inch (5 metre) Hale telescope (1948); essentially all major research telescopes since 1900 have been reflectors. A number of 4-metre class (160 inch) telescopes were built on superior higher altitude sites including Hawaii and the Chilean desert in the 1975\u20131985 era. The development of the computer-controlled alt-azimuth mount in the 1970s and active optics in the 1980s enabled a new generation of even larger telescopes, starting with the 10-metre (400 inch) Keck telescopes in 1993/1996, and a number of 8-metre telescopes including the ESO Very Large Telescope, Gemini Observatory and Subaru Telescope. The era of radio telescopes (along with radio astronomy) was born with Karl Guthe Jansky's serendipitous discovery of an astronomical radio source in 1931. Many types of telescopes were developed in the 20th century for a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays. The development of space observatories after 1960 allowed accessto several bands impossible to observe from the ground, including X-rays and longer wavelength infrared bands."@en . "Il telescopio \u00E8 uno strumento che ha subito un lungo processo di trasformazione grazie alle scoperte in campo ottico e fisico. L'evoluzione di questo strumento \u00E8 stata di fondamentale aiuto allo sviluppo dell'astronomia nel corso dei secoli."@it . "The history of the telescope can be traced to before the invention of the earliest known telescope, which appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands, when a patent was submitted by Hans Lippershey, an eyeglass maker. Although Lippershey did not receive his patent, news of the invention soon spread across Europe. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo improved on this design the following year and applied it to astronomy. In 1611, Johannes Kepler described how a far more useful telescope could be made with a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens. By 1655, astronomers such as Christiaan Huygens were building powerful but unwieldy Keplerian telescopes with compound eyepieces."@en . "Teleskopioaren historia"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F2ria del telescopi"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le t\u00E9lescope est un instrument optique \u00E0 r\u00E9flexion destin\u00E9 principalement \u00E0 l'observation astronomique. Le math\u00E9maticien et physicien anglais Isaac Newton le mit en pratique en 1666 en utilisant un miroir concave en (en), qui est un alliage de cuivre (2/3) et d'\u00E9tain (1/3), de 2,5 cm de diam\u00E8tre comme r\u00E9flecteur. Il pr\u00E9senta cette invention ainsi que ces r\u00E9sultats \u00E0 la Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 royale d'astronomie en 1671[r\u00E9f. n\u00E9cessaire]. Au cours du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, les t\u00E9lescopes utilis\u00E8rent des r\u00E9flecteurs de plus en plus gros. L\u2019astronome allemand William Herschel, d\u00E9couvreur de la plan\u00E8te Uranus en 1781, construisit un r\u00E9flecteur toujours en bronze de 122 cm de diam\u00E8tre en 1789. Ce fut le plus gros t\u00E9lescope du monde jusqu'en 1845. En 1866, L\u00E9on Foucault inventa un miroir plus l\u00E9ger en d\u00E9posant une fine couche transparente d'argent du c\u00F4t\u00E9 externe du verre d'un t\u00E9lescope. D\u00E8s lors on fabriqua des t\u00E9lescopes plus grands que les lunettes (comme ceux de l'Observatoire du Mont Wilson). En 1810, l\u2019\u00E9cossais James Gregory fut le premier \u00E0 d\u00E9crire le principe du t\u00E9lescope \u00E0 miroir[\u00E0 v\u00E9rifier]. Au d\u00E9but de XXe si\u00E8cle, les astronomes am\u00E9ricains prirent conscience de la qualit\u00E9 des sites d'observations de leur pays. Ils construisirent l\u2019observatoire du Mont Wilson, en Californie. Muni d'un r\u00E9flecteur de 2,54 m, cet instrument reste c\u00E9l\u00E8bre pour avoir servi aux travaux de l\u2019astronome Edwin Hubble dans les ann\u00E9es 1920, pr\u00E9figurant ainsi les travaux d'Albert Einstein. L'observatoire du Mont Palomar et son t\u00E9lescope de 5 m de diam\u00E8tre fut construit en 1947 (mis en service en 1949), sa contribution \u00E0 l'astronomie et l'astrophysique est immense. La Russie sovi\u00E9tique construisit un t\u00E9lescope g\u00E9ant de 6 m, le BTA-6 \u00E0 Zelenchukskaya, mis en service en 1975 (il d\u00E9tint le record du plus gros t\u00E9lescope jusqu'en 1993). Accumulant de nombreux d\u00E9fauts, ce t\u00E9lescope ne put jamais donner tout son potentiel. Reprenant les travaux d'Antoine Labeyrie dans les ann\u00E9es 1970, l'interf\u00E9rom\u00E9trie se g\u00E9n\u00E9ralise dans les observatoires d'astronomie. L'observatoire W. M. Keck fut mis en service au Mauna Kea en 1993. Son miroir de 9,8 m de diam\u00E8tre en fit longtemps le plus gros du monde. On l'utilise actuellement en interf\u00E9rom\u00E9trie. Actuellement, c'est le t\u00E9lescope Fast, inaugur\u00E9 en Chine qui d\u00E9tient le record de plus gros miroir. L'apparition de la technologie des miroirs minces et de l'optique adaptative a permis de construire des miroirs monolithiques de 10 m de diam\u00E8tre mais actuellement les miroirs segment\u00E9s (segmentation d'un miroir en petits miroirs hexagonaux) permet d'envisager des miroirs de 50 m de diam\u00E8tre (comme l'E-ELT). Citons l'existence du t\u00E9lescope spatial Hubble, mis en service en 1990 ; et du VLT utilisant 4 miroirs de 8,4 m en interf\u00E9rom\u00E9trie. Si ces t\u00E9lescopes \u00E9tudient le spectre visible venant de l'espace, on a construit aussi des t\u00E9lescopes capables d'observer dans le domaine infrarouge, micro-ondes, des ondes radio, des rayons X et des rayons gamma."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gill"@en . . . . . . . . . "November 2017"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Telescope"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u671B\u9060\u93E1\u53F2"@zh . . . . . . . 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\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043D\u0456 \u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436\u0438\u043D \u0445\u0432\u0438\u043B\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0456\u043E \u0434\u043E \u0433\u0430\u043C\u043C\u0430-\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0432."@uk . . . . . . "La historia del telescopio como instrumento cient\u00EDfico que ha contribuido decisivamente a modelar la imagen que hoy se tiene del Universo, se inici\u00F3 hacia 1609, cuando Galileo Galilei dirigi\u00F3 por primera vez su anteojo hacia el cielo. Desde entonces, se ha producido una serie ininterrumpida de mejoras en el instrumento, que ha pasado de ser un modesto dispositivo \u00F3ptico formado por dos lentes colocadas en los extremos de un tubo, a convertirse en sofisticadas redes informatizadas de observatorios distribuidos tanto por todo el globo terr\u00E1queo como en naves en \u00F3rbita. Por el camino han quedado ligados a su desarrollo importantes hitos de la historia de la ciencia, como la confirmaci\u00F3n de la validez del sistema helioc\u00E9ntrico de Nicol\u00E1s Cop\u00E9rnico, el conocimiento cada vez m\u00E1s detallado de los cuerpos que forman el sistema solar, y una comprensi\u00F3n cada vez m\u00E1s precisa de la din\u00E1mica de las estrellas, las galaxias y de las leyes que rigen la conformaci\u00F3n del Universo. Y como trasfondo de estos descubrimientos, figuran de forma destacada las sucesivas mejoras tecnol\u00F3gicas, especialmente en el campo de la \u00F3ptica, que condicionaron las distintas etapas hist\u00F3ricas de preponderancia de los telescopios refractores o de los reflectores, a trav\u00E9s de una prolongada carrera entre lentes y espejos por obtener resoluciones cada vez mayores. Este recorrido ha sido culminado por el momento con las redes interferom\u00E9tricas de grandes observatorios, y con la ampliaci\u00F3n de las radiaciones estudiadas para abarcar el espectro electromagn\u00E9tico completo, desde las ondas de radio hasta los rayos gamma, pasando por la luz visible y las microondas."@es . . . . . . . . . . "557"^^ . . . . . . "Teleskopioaren historia XVII. mendean hasi zen."@eu . . . . . . . "Storia dei telescopi"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "David"@en . . "1115027290"^^ . 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"Teleskopioaren historia XVII. mendean hasi zen."@eu . . . . . . "\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0430"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Il telescopio \u00E8 uno strumento che ha subito un lungo processo di trasformazione grazie alle scoperte in campo ottico e fisico. L'evoluzione di questo strumento \u00E8 stata di fondamentale aiuto allo sviluppo dell'astronomia nel corso dei secoli."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .