. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1123718062"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "24.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migraciones indoeuropeas"@es . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062C\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0647\u062C\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062F\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062A\u0631\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062D\u062B\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062C\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063A\u0627\u062A \u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064B\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u062A\u0645\u062A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F \u0648\u0625\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Las migraciones indoeuropeas se refieren a las migraciones que ocurrieron cuando los primeros hablantes de lenguas indoeuropeas se expandieron por Europa y Asia. Lo que se sabe de estas migraciones se basa en datos ling\u00FC\u00EDsticos, arqueol\u00F3gicos, antropol\u00F3gicos y gen\u00E9ticos. La ling\u00FC\u00EDstica describe las similitudes entre varias lenguas y los cambios de estas lenguas a lo largo de la historia. Seg\u00FAn investigaciones arqueol\u00F3gicas, las lenguas indoeuropeas y su cultura se dispersaron en varias etapas, desde el Urheimat de los protoindoeuropeos en la estepa p\u00F3ntica, hasta Europa occidental y central y el sur de Asia. Investigaciones gen\u00E9ticas recientes ayudan a entender las relaciones hist\u00F3ricas entre varias culturas a lo largo de la historia. Las lenguas y cultura indoeuropeas se expandieron en varias etapas. Las primeras sucedieron aproximadamente desde el 4200 a. C. hasta el 3000 a. C. hacia el valle del Bajo Danubio, Anatolia y la regi\u00F3n altaica. Los protoceltas y protoit\u00E1licos probablemente se expandieron a Europa luego de nuevas migraciones al valle del Danubio, mientras que protogerm\u00E1nicos, protoeslavos y protob\u00E1lticos se desarrollaron al este de los C\u00E1rpatos, en lo que hoy en d\u00EDa es Ucrania, mud\u00E1ndose despu\u00E9s al norte y extendi\u00E9ndose con la Cultura de la cer\u00E1mica cordada en Europa central por el 3000 a. C. Las lenguas y cultura indoiranias surgieron en la Cultura de Sintashta (2100 - 1800 a. C.), al este de la Cultura de la cer\u00E1mica cordada, cerca a Asia Central; y luego se desarrollaron en la Cultura Andronovo (1800 - 800 a. C.). Los indoarios se trasladaron al Complejo arqueol\u00F3gico Bactria-Margiana (2300 - 1700 a. C.) y se expandieron por el Levante (Mitanni), el norte de la India (per\u00EDodo v\u00E9dico, 1500 a. C.) y China (Wusun). Los iranios se expandieron por las estepas a trav\u00E9s de los escitas y a la meseta irania con los medos, persas y partos desde el 800 a. C."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migrasi Indo-Eropa"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migracions indoeuropees"@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Indo-European migrations"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "These movements of both Tocharians and Iranians into East Central Asia were not a mere footnote in the history of China but... were part of a much wider picture involving the very foundations of the world's oldest surviving civilization.\""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migra\u00E7\u00F5es Indo-Europeias foram as migra\u00E7\u00F5es dos povos pastoris que falavam a l\u00EDngua proto-indo-europeia. Relacionados aos e outros povos, partiram da estepe p\u00F4ntica, no leste europeu, por volta dos anos 4000 a.C. Seus descendentes espalharam-se por toda Europa e partes da \u00C1sia, formando novas culturas com as comunidades locais, incluindo a cultura da cer\u00E2mica cordada no norte da Europa e a cultura v\u00E9dica no subcontinente indiano. Essas migra\u00E7\u00F5es, em \u00FAltima inst\u00E2ncia, semearam as culturas e l\u00EDngua de grande parte da Europa, do Ir\u00E3, e do subcontinente Indiano. Posteriormente, resultou na maior e mais fala fam\u00EDlia lingu\u00EDstica no mundo."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents\u2014Europe and South Asia, and location of the Afanasievo culture, which has the same genetic characteristics as the Yamnayas."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migra\u00E7\u00F5es indo-europeias"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Indo-European migrations were hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which explains why these languages are spoken across a large area of Eurasia from India and Iran to Europe. While there can be no direct evidence of prehistoric languages, a synthesis of linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and genetics establish both the existence of Proto-Indo-European and the spread of its daughter dialects through migrations of large populations of its speakers, as well as the recruitment of new speakers through emulation of conquering elites. Comparative linguistics describes the similarities between various languages and the laws of systematic change, which allow the reconstruction of ancestral speech (see Indo-European studies). Archaeology traces the spread of artifacts, habitations, and burial sites presumed to be created by speakers of Proto-Indo-European in several stages: from the hypothesized locations of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, into their later locations of Western Europe, Central, South and Eastern Asia. These changes occurred by migrations and by language shift through elite-recruitment as described by anthropological research. Recent genetic research has increasingly contributed to understanding the kinship relations among prehistoric cultures. According to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis, or renewed Steppe hypothesis, the oldest migration branch produced the Anatolian languages (Hittite language and Luwian language) which split from the earliest proto-Indo-European speech community (archaic PIE) inhabiting the Volga basin. The second-oldest branch language group, Tocharian, was spoken in the Tarim Basin (now western China), after splitting from early PIE spoken on the eastern Pontic steppe. The bulk of the Indo-European languages developed from late PIE, which was spoken within the Yamnaya horizon on the Pontic\u2013Caspian steppe around 3000 BCE. Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic may have developed from Indo-European languages coming from Central Europe to Western Europe after the 3rd millennium BCE Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley, while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian mountains, in present-day Ukraine, moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). The Proto-Indo-Iranian language and culture probably emerged within the Sintashta culture (circa 2100\u20131800 BCE), at the eastern border of the Abashevo culture, which in turn developed from the Corded Ware-related Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture. The Sintashta culture grew into the Andronovo culture (ca. 1900\u2013800 BCE), the two first phases being the Fedorovo Andronovo culture (ca. 1900\u20131400 BCE) and Alakul Andronovo culture (ca. 1800\u20131500 BCE). Indo-Aryans moved into the Bactria\u2013Margiana Archaeological Complex (ca. 2400\u20131600 BCE) and spread to the Levant (Mitanni), northern India (Vedic people, ca. 1500 BCE). The Iranian languages spread back throughout the steppes with the Scyths, and into Ancient Iran with the Medes, Parthians and Persians from ca. 800 BCE. A number of alternative theories have been proposed, most notably the Anatolian hypothesis and the Armenian hypothesis. Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis suggests a much earlier date for the Indo-European languages, proposing an origin in Anatolia and an initial spread with the earliest farmers who migrated to Europe. It has been the only serious alternative for the steppe-theory, but suffers from a lack of explanatory power. The Anatolian hypothesis also led to some support for the Armenian hypothesis, which proposes that the Urheimat of the Indo-European language was south of the Caucasus. While the Armenian hypothesis has been criticized on archeological and chronological grounds, recent genetic research has revived debate."@en . . . . . . . . . . "Las migraciones indoeuropeas se refieren a las migraciones que ocurrieron cuando los primeros hablantes de lenguas indoeuropeas se expandieron por Europa y Asia. Lo que se sabe de estas migraciones se basa en datos ling\u00FC\u00EDsticos, arqueol\u00F3gicos, antropol\u00F3gicos y gen\u00E9ticos. La ling\u00FC\u00EDstica describe las similitudes entre varias lenguas y los cambios de estas lenguas a lo largo de la historia. Seg\u00FAn investigaciones arqueol\u00F3gicas, las lenguas indoeuropeas y su cultura se dispersaron en varias etapas, desde el Urheimat de los protoindoeuropeos en la estepa p\u00F3ntica, hasta Europa occidental y central y el sur de Asia. Investigaciones gen\u00E9ticas recientes ayudan a entender las relaciones hist\u00F3ricas entre varias culturas a lo largo de la historia."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migra\u00E7\u00F5es Indo-Europeias foram as migra\u00E7\u00F5es dos povos pastoris que falavam a l\u00EDngua proto-indo-europeia. Relacionados aos e outros povos, partiram da estepe p\u00F4ntica, no leste europeu, por volta dos anos 4000 a.C. Seus descendentes espalharam-se por toda Europa e partes da \u00C1sia, formando novas culturas com as comunidades locais, incluindo a cultura da cer\u00E2mica cordada no norte da Europa e a cultura v\u00E9dica no subcontinente indiano. Essas migra\u00E7\u00F5es, em \u00FAltima inst\u00E2ncia, semearam as culturas e l\u00EDngua de grande parte da Europa, do Ir\u00E3, e do subcontinente Indiano. Posteriormente, resultou na maior e mais fala fam\u00EDlia lingu\u00EDstica no mundo. O conhecimento moderno destas migra\u00E7\u00F5es \u00E9 baseado em dados de diversas ci\u00EAncias, como lingu\u00EDstica, arqueologia, antropologia e gen\u00E9tica. A lingu\u00EDstica descreve as similaridades entre diversas l\u00EDnguas e as leis da lingu\u00EDsticas presentes nas altera\u00E7\u00F5es dessas l\u00EDnguas. A arqueologia descreve a migra\u00E7\u00E3o da cultura proto-indo-europeia e sua l\u00EDngua em variados est\u00E1gios: da regi\u00E3o origin\u00E1rio do proto-indo-europeu a Europa Ocidental, Central e Meridional e, especialmente, \u00E0 Asia Oriental por migra\u00E7\u00F5es e mudan\u00E7as lingu\u00EDsticas decorrentes de recrutamento de elite, como descrevem algumas pesquisas. Pesquisas gen\u00E9ticas recentes, por sua vez, possuem uma crescente contribui\u00E7\u00E3o ao entendimento das rela\u00E7\u00F5es hist\u00F3ricas entre diferentes culturas. As l\u00EDnguas e culturas indo-europeias espalharam-se durante v\u00E1rios per\u00EDodos. Migra\u00E7\u00F5es iniciais de 4200-3000 a.C. trouxeram o proto-indo-europeu arcaico para o vale do Rio Dan\u00FAbio, Anat\u00F3lia e a regi\u00E3o do Altai. O protoc\u00E9ltico e o proto-it\u00E1lico provavelmente desenvolveram-se e espalharam-se a partir da Europa Central para a Europa Ocidental ap\u00F3s novas migra\u00E7\u00F5es Yamnaya para o vale do Rio Dan\u00FAbio, enquanto o protogerm\u00E2nico e o podem ter se desenvolvido a leste dos C\u00E1rpatos, na atual Ucr\u00E2nia, migrando em dire\u00E7\u00E3o a norte e espalhando-se com a cultura da cer\u00E2mica cordada na Europa Central, por voltado de 2000 a.C. Alternativamente, um ramo europeu dos dialetos indo-europeus, denominado \"indo-europeu noroeste\" e associado \u00E0 cultura beaker, podem possuir ancestrais n\u00E3o somente c\u00E9lticos e it\u00E1licos, mas tamb\u00E9m germ\u00E2nicos e balto-esl\u00E1vicos. As culturas e l\u00EDnguas indo-iranianas emergiram a partir da Cultura de Sintashta (2100-1800 a.C.), na fronteira leste da cultura Yamnaya e da cultura da cer\u00E2mica cordada, crescendo para a cultura (1800-800 a.C.). Indo-arianos migraram para o (2300-1700 a.C.) e migraram para o Levante (Mitani), \u00CDndia do Norte (povo , 1500 a.C.) e China (Usun). As l\u00EDnguas iranianas espalharam-se pelas estepes com os citas e para o Ir\u00E3 com os medos, partas e persas a partir de 800 a.C."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062C\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "note"@en . . . . . . . . . "55.88333511352539"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migrasi Indo-Eropa adalah migrasi dari kelompok-kelompok penggembala berbahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa, yang berpindah dari wilayah Yamnaya dan stepa Pontus\u2013Kaspia yang terkait secara budaya, yang sejak kira-kira tahun 4000 SM. Mereka menyebar ke seantero Eropa dan Asia, dan membentuk budaya baru bersama berbagai kelompok budaya yang ditemui dalam perpindahan tersebut, antara lain dengan kelompok budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali di Eropa Utara dan kelompok budaya Weda di India. Pengetahuan modern mengenai migrasi ini diperoleh berdasarkan data linguistik, arkeologi, antropologi dan genetika. Ilmu linguistik menjelaskan persamaan antara berbagai bahasa, serta aturan linguistik yang berlaku dalam perubahan bahasa-bahasa tersebut. Data arkeologi menjelaskan penyebaran dari bahasa dan budaya Proto-Indo Eropa dalam beberapa tahap, dari wilayah asal Eurasia masyarakat Proto-Indo-Eropa di stepa Pontus\u2013Kaspia, hingga ke Eropa Barat serta Asia Tengah dan Selatan, melalui berbagai migrasi, yang disertai pergeseran bahasa akibat masuknya kelompok elit tertentu dalam masyarakat, sebagaimana yang dijelaskan dalam penelitian antropologi. Penelitian genetik mutakhir semakin besar peranannya dalam memahami bagaimana hubungan masa lalu antara berbagai budaya tersebut. Bahasa dan budaya Indo-Eropa tersebar dalam berberapa tahapan. Migrasi awal pada k. 4200-3000 SM membawa budaya Proto-Indo-Eropa kuno ke dataran rendah lembah Donau, Anatolia, dan wilayah Altai. Budaya Pra-Keltik dan Pra-Italia kemungkinan tersebar ke Eropa setelah munculnya gelombang migrasi-migrasi selanjutnya ke Lembah Donau, sedangkan budaya Pra-Jermanik dan Pra-Balto-Slavia berkembang di sebelah timur pegunungan Carpathia, yaitu wilayah Ukraina saat ini, kemudian bergerak ke utara dan tersebar bersama budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali di Eropa Tengah (yaitu pada milenium ketiga SM). Bahasa dan Budaya Indo-Iran yang muncul pada budaya Sintashta (k. 2100-1800 SM) di sebelah timur dari perbatasan budaya Yamna dan budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali, kemudian bertumbuh menjadi budaya Andronovo (k. 1800-800 SM). Masyarakat Indo-Arya lalu berpindah ke Kompleks Arkeologi Baktria\u2013Margiana (k. 2300-1700 SM) dan tersebar hingga ke Levant (Mitanni), India utara (masyarakat Weda, k. 1500 SM), dan Tiongkok (Wusun). Bahasa-bahasa Iran tersebar di seluruh stepa melalui bangsa Skitia, dan ke Iran melalui bangsa-bangsa Media, Partia dan Persia sejak k. 800 SM."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "POINT(55.700000762939 55.883335113525)"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Migrasi Indo-Eropa adalah migrasi dari kelompok-kelompok penggembala berbahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa, yang berpindah dari wilayah Yamnaya dan stepa Pontus\u2013Kaspia yang terkait secara budaya, yang sejak kira-kira tahun 4000 SM. Mereka menyebar ke seantero Eropa dan Asia, dan membentuk budaya baru bersama berbagai kelompok budaya yang ditemui dalam perpindahan tersebut, antara lain dengan kelompok budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali di Eropa Utara dan kelompok budaya Weda di India."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "3.471336E8"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "270871"^^ . . . "410"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "0"^^ . . . . . . "0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les migracions indoeuropees comprenen un seguit de moviments de poblaci\u00F3 dels parlants del protoindoeuropeu des del seu Urheimat o p\u00E0tria origin\u00E0ria fins a \u00E0mplies regions d'\u00C0sia i Europa. Aquestes migracions van expandir l'idioma nadiu dels protoindoeuropeus que amb el temps es va anar fragmentant fins a donar lloc a les diferents lleng\u00FCes indoeuropees. S'han reconstru\u00EFt amb una combinaci\u00F3 de testimonis arqueol\u00F2gics, gen\u00E8tics i reconstruccions ling\u00FC\u00EDstiques per\u00F2 existeixen desacords entre els investigadors sobre algunes rutes migrat\u00F2ries, especialment les inicials, ja que s'han postulat diferents or\u00EDgens per als protoindoeuropeus."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Indo-European migrations were hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which explains why these languages are spoken across a large area of Eurasia from India and Iran to Europe."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014 J. P. Mallory & Victor H. Mair"@en . . . . . . . "42589952"^^ . . . . . "410"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\"no support\""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062F\u0629. \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0637\u064F\u0631\u062D\u062A \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062A\u062D\u0638 \u0628\u0623\u064A \u062F\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . "April 2021"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les migracions indoeuropees comprenen un seguit de moviments de poblaci\u00F3 dels parlants del protoindoeuropeu des del seu Urheimat o p\u00E0tria origin\u00E0ria fins a \u00E0mplies regions d'\u00C0sia i Europa. Aquestes migracions van expandir l'idioma nadiu dels protoindoeuropeus que amb el temps es va anar fragmentant fins a donar lloc a les diferents lleng\u00FCes indoeuropees. S'han reconstru\u00EFt amb una combinaci\u00F3 de testimonis arqueol\u00F2gics, gen\u00E8tics i reconstruccions ling\u00FC\u00EDstiques per\u00F2 existeixen desacords entre els investigadors sobre algunes rutes migrat\u00F2ries, especialment les inicials, ja que s'han postulat diferents or\u00EDgens per als protoindoeuropeus."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "55.88333333333333 55.7" . . . . . . . "55.70000076293945"^^ . . . . . . . .