"La Inf\u00E0mia, a l'antiga Roma, era un concepte jur\u00EDdic que definia la \"Degradaci\u00F3 de l'honor civil\", que consisteix en la p\u00E8rdua de reputaci\u00F3 o descr\u00E8dit en la qual queia el ciutad\u00E0 rom\u00E0 una vegada efectuat el Cens per part del magistrat competent (censor). D'aquesta forma, era marcat amb nota d'Inf\u00E0mia. Part important de l'estatus d'un ciutad\u00E0 rom\u00E0, era el seu Existimatio, o timbre d'orgull que ostentava davant de la societat; i era aquesta estima, en la que la societat romana el tenia, la que es veia afectada amb el fet de ser considerat \u00ABinfame\u00BB. Si b\u00E9 la inf\u00E0mia no comporta un impediment expl\u00EDcit conforme a dret, a la pr\u00E0ctica limita t\u00E0citament el ciutad\u00E0 en molts \u00E0mbits de la vida jur\u00EDdica i social; no podent per exemple, votar en els Comicis ni tampoc accedir als c\u00E0rrecs d'elecci\u00F3 popular; o exercir tuteles o curateles. Es distingien dos tipus d'inf\u00E0mia en el Dret Rom\u00E0: \n* Infamia Iuris: Era aquella que tenia lloc a conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia de ser processat en judici per haver obrat dolosamente o haver maquinat enganys de manera fraudulenta contra un altre. \n* Infamia Facti: Aquella inf\u00E0mia que s'aconsegueix pel simple fet d'haver realitzat un acte contrari a la moral, l'ordre p\u00FAblic i els bons costums, per exemple, el cas de la dona ad\u00FAltera."@ca . . "\u0418\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u044F"@ru . "La infamia, en la cultura de la Antigua Roma, era la degradaci\u00F3n del honor civil, consistente en la p\u00E9rdida, ante la sociedad o incluso legal, de reputaci\u00F3n o descr\u00E9dito en la que ca\u00EDa el ciudadano romano una vez efectuado el Censo por parte del magistrado competente (el censor). De esta forma, era tachado como infamis. Se distingu\u00EDan dos tipos de infamia en el derecho romano:"@es . "In ancient Roman culture, infamia (in-, \"not,\" and fama, \"reputation\") was a loss of legal or social standing. As a technical term of Roman law, infamia was an official exclusion from the legal protections enjoyed by a Roman citizen, as imposed by a censor or praetor. More generally, especially during the Republic and Principate, infamia was informal damage to one's esteem or reputation. A person who suffered infamia was an infamis (plural infames). A passive homosexual who was \"outed\" might also be subject to social infamia, although if he were a citizen he might retain his legal standing."@en . . . . "Infamia (do latim in-, priva\u00E7\u00E3o ou nega\u00E7\u00E3o e fama, \"renomado\" ou \"de boa reputa\u00E7\u00E3o\"), na Cultura da Roma Antiga era um tipo de desonra formal envolvendo certas incapacidades e limita\u00E7\u00F5es legais. Ou ainda uma perda de statu jur\u00EDdico ou social. Como termo t\u00E9cnico do Direito romano, a infamia era uma exclus\u00E3o oficial das prote\u00E7\u00F5es legais usufru\u00EDdas pelo cidad\u00E3o romano, como imposta por um censor ou pretor."@pt . . . . . . . "La Inf\u00E0mia, a l'antiga Roma, era un concepte jur\u00EDdic que definia la \"Degradaci\u00F3 de l'honor civil\", que consisteix en la p\u00E8rdua de reputaci\u00F3 o descr\u00E8dit en la qual queia el ciutad\u00E0 rom\u00E0 una vegada efectuat el Cens per part del magistrat competent (censor). D'aquesta forma, era marcat amb nota d'Inf\u00E0mia. Es distingien dos tipus d'inf\u00E0mia en el Dret Rom\u00E0:"@ca . . "\u0418\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. infamia) \u2014 y \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u043B\u044F\u043D , \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0418\u0433\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. ignominia) \u2014 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0412 \u0434\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u0438\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u044F\u00BB \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u043D\u0443\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043B\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0440\u0435\u043F\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E."@ru . . . "Infamia"@pt . . . . "\u0418\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. infamia) \u2014 y \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u043C\u043B\u044F\u043D , \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u044F\u0436\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0418\u0433\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u043B\u0430\u0442. ignominia) \u2014 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043B\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0412 \u0434\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u0438\u043D\u0444\u0430\u043C\u0438\u044F\u00BB \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u043D\u0443\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043B\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0440\u0435\u043F\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E."@ru . . . . "Infamia ozna\u010Dovala v \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9m pr\u00E1vu bezectnost, \u00FAjmu na ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 cti a v\u00E1\u017Enosti. \u0160lo o pr\u00E1vn\u00ED institut s pr\u00E1vn\u00EDmi d\u016Fsledky, nast\u00E1vala a\u017E na z\u00E1klad\u011B n\u011Bjak\u00E9 pr\u00E1vem stanoven\u00E9 skute\u010Dnosti, zat\u00EDmco \u0161patn\u00E1 pov\u011Bst (turpido, n\u011Bkdy ozna\u010Dovan\u00E1 infamia facti) byla faktick\u00FDm stavem zp\u016Fsoben\u00FDm u\u017E vlastn\u00EDm hanebn\u00FDm zp\u016Fsobem \u017Eivota. Rozli\u0161ovala se infamie bezprost\u0159edn\u00ED (infamia immediata) a zprost\u0159edkovan\u00E1 (infamia mediata). Bezprost\u0159edn\u00ED nast\u00E1vala ihned po sp\u00E1ch\u00E1n\u00ED n\u011Bjak\u00E9ho \u010Dinu, jemu\u017E pr\u00E1vo p\u0159isoudilo infamuj\u00EDc\u00ED \u00FA\u010Dinky, nap\u0159. bigamie, provd\u00E1n\u00ED vdovy je\u0161t\u011B p\u0159ed uplynut\u00EDm smute\u010Dn\u00EDho roku, fale\u0161n\u00E9ho ud\u00E1n\u00ED, insolvence a rozprodej dlu\u017En\u00EDkova majetku, p\u0159\u00EDp. v\u00FDkonem ur\u010Dit\u00E9ho povol\u00E1n\u00ED, jako tomu bylo u herc\u016F, prostitutek \u010Di gladi\u00E1tor\u016F. Zprost\u0159edkovan\u00E1 byla a\u017E n\u00E1sledkem odsouzen\u00ED v soudn\u00EDm procesu, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm trestn\u00EDm, ale tak\u00E9 soukrom\u00E9m, pokud \u0161lo o ne\u010Destn\u00E9 jedn\u00E1n\u00ED \u017Ealovan\u00E9ho. Typicky u kr\u00E1de\u017Ee a loupe\u017Ee (v \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9m pr\u00E1vu byly poj\u00EDman\u00E9 jako soukrom\u00E9 delikty) nebo podveden\u00ED nezletil\u00E9ho, p\u0159\u00EDp. p\u0159i hrub\u00E9m poru\u0161en\u00ED d\u016Fv\u011Bry ve sporech z \u00FAschov, poru\u010Denstv\u00ED anebo p\u0159\u00EDkazn\u00EDch smluv. Tyto \u017Ealoby se bez ohledu na sv\u016Fj hlavn\u00ED p\u0159edm\u011Bt souhrnn\u011B naz\u00FDvaly actiones famosae, nebo\u0165 jejich vedlej\u0161\u00EDm d\u016Fsledkem byla pro odsouzen\u00E9ho bezecnost. Proto\u017Ee p\u0159edpokladem pr\u00E1vn\u00ED zp\u016Fsobilosti byla ve starov\u011Bk\u00E9m \u0158\u00EDm\u011B neporu\u0161en\u00E1 ob\u010Dansk\u00E1 \u010Dest, obsahoval infamii u\u017E Z\u00E1kon dvan\u00E1cti desek: jestli\u017Ee se n\u011Bkdo z\u00FA\u010Dastnil mancipace a pot\u00E9 o tom odm\u00EDtl podat sv\u011Bdectv\u00ED, stal se intestabilis. S\u00E1m ji\u017E nemohl nikdy sv\u011Bd\u010Dit a z\u00E1rove\u0148 jin\u00ED nemohli sv\u011Bd\u010Dit jemu, co\u017E m\u011Blo za praktick\u00FD n\u00E1sledek nap\u0159. to, \u017Ee nemohl po\u0159izovat testament. Dal\u0161\u00ED infamie zavedly zvl\u00E1\u0161tn\u00ED z\u00E1kony a praeto\u0159i ve sv\u00E9 praxi. Bezectn\u00FD ob\u010Dan tak nemohl zastupovat na soud\u011B \u010Di se s\u00E1m nechat zastupovat, pod\u00E1vat soudu r\u016Fzn\u00E9 n\u00E1vrhy, nemohl ani podat actio popularis, kterou jinak mohl podat ka\u017Ed\u00FD \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00FD ob\u010Dan (turpido m\u011Bla leh\u010D\u00ED n\u00E1sledky, by\u0165 k n\u00ED soudce musel tak\u00E9 nap\u0159. p\u0159i sv\u011Bdeck\u00E9 v\u00FDpov\u011Bdi p\u0159ihl\u00ED\u017Eet). V oblasti ve\u0159ejn\u00E9 pak bezecnost mohla v\u00E9st k vylou\u010Den\u00ED ze sen\u00E1tu nebo nemo\u017Enosti se uch\u00E1zet o magistratury. Soukromopr\u00E1vn\u00ED a procesn\u00ED n\u00E1sledky infamie nicm\u00E9n\u011B nep\u0159evzala justini\u00E1nsk\u00E1 kodifikace \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9ho pr\u00E1va."@cs . . "Inf\u00E0mia"@ca . "Infamia"@es . . . "Infamia"@en . "Infamia (do latim in-, priva\u00E7\u00E3o ou nega\u00E7\u00E3o e fama, \"renomado\" ou \"de boa reputa\u00E7\u00E3o\"), na Cultura da Roma Antiga era um tipo de desonra formal envolvendo certas incapacidades e limita\u00E7\u00F5es legais. Ou ainda uma perda de statu jur\u00EDdico ou social. Como termo t\u00E9cnico do Direito romano, a infamia era uma exclus\u00E3o oficial das prote\u00E7\u00F5es legais usufru\u00EDdas pelo cidad\u00E3o romano, como imposta por um censor ou pretor. A infamia era uma \"consequ\u00EAncia inevit\u00E1vel\" para determinadas profissionais, incluindo prostitutas e cafet\u00F5es, artistas como atores, dan\u00E7arinos, e gladiadores. Os infames n\u00E3o poderiam, por exemplo, prestar depoimento em um tribunal de direito. Eles estavam sujeitos a castigos corporais, o que era geralmente reservado para escravos. A infamia difere-se da Nota censoria, a infamia n\u00E3o parece ter sido criada por lei escrita, mas apenas uma antiga institui\u00E7\u00E3o romana. Em muitos casos, embora n\u00E3o em todos, era uma consequ\u00EAncia de uma decis\u00E3o judicial. O poder dos censores era em seus efeitos an\u00E1logos ao da infamia, mas diferente em muitos outros aspectos."@pt . "21297236"^^ . . . . "1115310109"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "4184"^^ . . . . . "In ancient Roman culture, infamia (in-, \"not,\" and fama, \"reputation\") was a loss of legal or social standing. As a technical term of Roman law, infamia was an official exclusion from the legal protections enjoyed by a Roman citizen, as imposed by a censor or praetor. More generally, especially during the Republic and Principate, infamia was informal damage to one's esteem or reputation. A person who suffered infamia was an infamis (plural infames). Infamia was an \"inescapable consequence\" for certain professionals, including undertakers, executioners, prostitutes and pimps, entertainers such as actors and dancers, and gladiators. Two jurists of the later Imperial era argue against the \"infamous\" status of charioteers, on the grounds that athletic competitions were not mere entertainment but \"seem useful\" as instructive displays of Roman strength and virtus. Infames could not, for instance, provide testimony in a court of law. They were liable to corporal punishment, which was usually reserved for slaves. The infamia of entertainers did not exclude them from socializing among the Roman elite, and entertainers who were \"stars\", both men and women, sometimes became the lovers of such high-profile figures as Mark Antony and the dictator Sulla. A passive homosexual who was \"outed\" might also be subject to social infamia, although if he were a citizen he might retain his legal standing."@en . . "Infamia"@cs . "La infamia, en la cultura de la Antigua Roma, era la degradaci\u00F3n del honor civil, consistente en la p\u00E9rdida, ante la sociedad o incluso legal, de reputaci\u00F3n o descr\u00E9dito en la que ca\u00EDa el ciudadano romano una vez efectuado el Censo por parte del magistrado competente (el censor). De esta forma, era tachado como infamis. Parte importante del estatus de un ciudadano romano era su existimatio, o timbre de orgullo que ostentaba ante la sociedad; y era esta estima en la que la sociedad romana lo ten\u00EDa la que se ve\u00EDa afectada con el hecho de ser tachado de infame. Si bien la infamia no conlleva un impedimento expl\u00EDcito conforme a derecho, en la pr\u00E1ctica limita t\u00E1citamente al ciudadano en muchos \u00E1mbitos de la vida jur\u00EDdica y social; no pudiendo por ejemplo, votar en los comicios ni tampoco acceder a los cargos de elecci\u00F3n popular o ejercer tutelas o curatelas. Se distingu\u00EDan dos tipos de infamia en el derecho romano: \n* Infamia iuris: Era aquella que ten\u00EDa lugar como consecuencia de ser procesado en juicio por haber obrado dolosamente o haber maquinado enga\u00F1os de manera fraudulenta contra otro. \n* Infamia facti: Aquella infamia que se obtiene por el solo hecho de haber realizado un acto contrario a la moral, el orden p\u00FAblico y las buenas costumbres, por ejemplo, el caso de la mujer ad\u00FAltera. \n* Datos: Q6028761"@es . . . . "Infamia ozna\u010Dovala v \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00E9m pr\u00E1vu bezectnost, \u00FAjmu na ob\u010Dansk\u00E9 cti a v\u00E1\u017Enosti. \u0160lo o pr\u00E1vn\u00ED institut s pr\u00E1vn\u00EDmi d\u016Fsledky, nast\u00E1vala a\u017E na z\u00E1klad\u011B n\u011Bjak\u00E9 pr\u00E1vem stanoven\u00E9 skute\u010Dnosti, zat\u00EDmco \u0161patn\u00E1 pov\u011Bst (turpido, n\u011Bkdy ozna\u010Dovan\u00E1 infamia facti) byla faktick\u00FDm stavem zp\u016Fsoben\u00FDm u\u017E vlastn\u00EDm hanebn\u00FDm zp\u016Fsobem \u017Eivota."@cs .