"1768"^^ . "George Cooke 1768"@en . . "1774"^^ . . . . . . . "John Wilkes"@de . . . "Westminster, London, Great Britain"@en . . "Parliamentary offices"@en . "John Wilkes"@en . . . . . . . "John Wilkes ingeles politikaria eta kazetaria izan zen."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . "no"@en . . . . . . . "37155"^^ . . "1797-12-26"^^ . . . . . "1754"^^ . "\u0423\u0438\u043B\u043A\u0441, \u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D"@ru . . . . . . . "1757"^^ . . . . . "1756"^^ . . "no"@en . . . "John Wilkes (ur. 17 pa\u017Adziernika 1725, zm. 26 grudnia 1797) \u2013 dziennikarz i cz\u0142onek opozycyjnej partii wig\u00F3w, na kt\u00F3rej czele w parlamencie sta\u0142 William Pitt. W gor\u0105cym klimacie politycznym, jaki narasta\u0142 po wojnie siedmioletniej, zaostrzaj\u0105cym niezadowolenie z powodu nowych podatk\u00F3w, kt\u00F3re uderzy\u0142y szczeg\u00F3lnie w sytuacj\u0119 ludu, 23 kwietnia 1763 Wilkes opublikowa\u0142 w North Briton ostry w tonie artyku\u0142 okre\u015Blaj\u0105cy pok\u00F3j w Pary\u017Cu jako najbardziej absurdalny przyk\u0142ad zniewagi ministerialnej, kt\u00F3ra nigdy nie po\u0142o\u017Cy podwalin pod humanitarno\u015B\u0107."@pl . . . . . . . . "1747"^^ . . . . "John Wilkes"@it . . "1113357619"^^ . . . . . "John Wilkes by Richard Houston"@en . . . . . . . . . . "John Wilkes (Londen, 17 oktober 1725- Londen, 26 december 1797) was een Brits journalist, politicus, demagoog en dandy die zich verzette tegen de politiek van koning George III en zijn ministers. Wilkes was oprichter van het oppositieblad North-Briton en aanhanger van de Verlichting. Hij was bevriend met Benjamin Franklin toen deze in Londen woonde als gedeputeerde van Pennsylvania. In 1763 bekritiseerde Wilkes in , nummer 45, de troonrede van koning George III, die door de eerste minister John Stuart, 3e Graaf van Bute, was geschreven. Omdat de vergaderingen van het parlement niet openbaar waren en omdat Wilkes kritiek op de rede van de koning werd opgevat als majesteitsschennis, werd tegen hem een arrestatiebevel uitgevaardigd. Hij bleef buiten de Tower door naar Frankrijk te vluchten. In 1768 keerde hij terug in de aanloop naar de parlementsverkiezingen. Hij werd in Londen ingehaald als een held en won de parlementszetel van het kiesdistrict Middlesex. Die kon hij echter niet innemen omdat hij werd gearresteerd en veroordeeld wegens godslastering en majesteitsschennis. Hij moest alsnog een gevangenisstraf uitzitten van 22 maanden.In april 1770 kwam hij vrij. Een jaar later erkende de regering van Lord North de openbaarheid van de vergaderingen van het Lagerhuis. Wilkes vervreemdde van zijn vrienden in de Verlichting. Maar hij werd - door zijn flamboyante verschijning, zijn humor en zijn durf - erg populair. In 1774 kwam hij opnieuw maar nu echt in het Lagerhuis, en tevens werd hij Lord Mayor van Londen. Wilkes kwam op voor de rechten en vrijheden van de Engelse burgers en steunde de Amerikaanse Revolutie. Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol (1741\u20131784), een vurig pleitbezorger van de Amerikaanse Revolutie en criticus van de stadhouder, raakte ge\u00EFnspireerd door Wilkes. Wilkes was een tijdgenoot van Edmund Burke en ontmoette tijdens zijn ballingschap James Boswell."@nl . . . . . . "\uC874 \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4"@ko . "John Wilkes (* 17. Oktober 1727 in London; \u2020 26. Dezember 1797 ebenda) war ein britischer Whig-Politiker, Journalist und Schriftsteller in der Zeit der Aufkl\u00E4rung."@de . . . "\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u5A01\u5C14\u514B\u65AF FRS \uFF08John Wilkes\uFF1B1725\u5E7410\u670817\u65E5\uFF0D1797\u5E7412\u670826\u65E5\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u540D\u82F1\u56FD\u6FC0\u8FDB\u4E3B\u4E49\u8BB0\u8005\u548C\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3002\u4ED6\u4E8E1757\u5E74\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u5F53\u9009\u82F1\u56FD\u56FD\u4F1A\u8BAE\u5458\uFF0C\u968F\u540E\u63D0\u51FA\u591A\u9879\u6FC0\u8FDB\u8BAE\u6848\uFF0C\u66FE\u516C\u5F00\u6279\u8BC4\u56FD\u738B\uFF0C\u4E00\u5EA6\u88AB\u56DA\u7981\uFF0C\u6297\u8BAE\u56DA\u7981\u4ED6\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u57281768\u5E74\u7684\u5723\u4E54\u6CBB\u83F2\u5C14\u5179\u5927\u5C60\u6740\uFF08Massacre of St George's Fields\uFF09\u4E2D\u88AB\u9547\u538B\u30021776\u5E74\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5728\u82F1\u56FD\u8BAE\u4F1A\u63D0\u51FA\u4E86\u7B2C\u4E00\u4E2A\u8BAE\u4F1A\u6539\u9769\u6CD5\u6848\u3002 \u7F8E\u570B\u7368\u7ACB\u6230\u722D\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u4ED6\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u65B9\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\uFF0C\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u7231\u56FD\u8005\u4E2D\u9887\u6709\u5A01\u671B\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C1780\u5E74\u4ED6\u6307\u6325\u6C11\u5175\u90E8\u961F\u9547\u538B\u4E86\u4F26\u6566\u7684\uFF0C\u6807\u5FD7\u7740\u4ED6\u5F00\u59CB\u91C7\u53D6\u4FDD\u5B88\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C\u5F15\u53D1\u4ED6\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u4E0D\u6EE1\uFF0C\u6700\u7EC8\u4E8E1790\u5E74\u5927\u9009\u4E2D\u5931\u53BB\u4E86\u7C73\u5FB7\u5C14\u585E\u514B\u65AF\u9078\u5340\u5E2D\u4F4D\u300265\u5C81\u65F6\uFF0C\u5A01\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u5BA3\u5E03\u9000\u51FA\u653F\u575B\uFF0C\u6CA1\u6709\u53C2\u4E0E\u6CD5\u56FD\u5927\u9769\u547D\u540E\u7684\u793E\u4F1A\u6539\u9769\uFF0C\u4F8B\u59821790\u5E74\u4EE3\u7684\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u89E3\u653E\u8FD0\u52A8\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D \u0423\u0438\u0301\u043B\u043A\u0441 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0412\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0441 (John Wilkes; 17 \u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1725, \u041B\u043E\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D \u2014 26 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1797) \u2014 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043A \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438 \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0431\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430."@ru . "yes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D \u0412\u0456\u043B\u043A\u0441 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. John Wilkes; 17 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1725 \u2014 26 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1797) \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457, \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0441\u0442, \u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043B\u043E\u0440\u0434-\u043C\u0435\u0440 \u041B\u043E\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0430."@uk . . . . "\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30A6\u30A3\u30EB\u30AF\u30B9"@ja . . . . . . . . . "Member of Parliament for Aylesbury"@en . . . . . . "3"^^ . . . . . . . . "Mary Meade"@en . "John Wilkes, f\u00F6dd 17 oktober 1727 i London, d\u00F6d d\u00E4r 26 december 1797, var en radikal brittisk politiker och publicist."@sv . . "Member of Parliament for Middlesex"@en . "Welbore Ellis 1761\u20131764"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u5A01\u5C14\u514B\u65AF"@zh . . "Member of Parliament for Aylesbury"@en . "\u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D \u0412\u0456\u043B\u043A\u0441"@uk . . . . . "George Byng 1780\u20131784"@en . . . . "John Wilkes (* 17 de octubre de 1725 \u2014 26 de diciembre de 1797) fue un periodista, pol\u00EDtico radical y parlamentario ingl\u00E9s que se populariz\u00F3 por su defensa del derecho de los electores para determinar sus representantes en la C\u00E1mara de los Comunes brit\u00E1nica y en 1771 por el derecho de los editores y periodistas para poder publicar al pie de la letra las intervenciones de los debates parlamentario. El introdujo a final del siglo XVIII la opini\u00F3n p\u00FAblica y el radicalismo modernos."@es . . . . "Category:John Wilkes"@en . . . . "John Wilkes FRS (17 October 1725 \u2013 26 December 1797) was an English radical journalist and politician, as well as a magistrate, essayist and soldier. He was first elected a Member of Parliament in 1757. In the Middlesex election dispute, he fought for the right of his voters\u2014rather than the House of Commons\u2014to determine their representatives. In 1768, angry protests of his supporters were suppressed in the Massacre of St George's Fields. In 1771, he was instrumental in obliging the government to concede the right of printers to publish verbatim accounts of parliamentary debates. In 1776, he introduced the first bill for parliamentary reform in the British Parliament."@en . . . . "John Wilkes"@es . . "162419"^^ . . . "\u7EA6\u7FF0\u00B7\u5A01\u5C14\u514B\u65AF FRS \uFF08John Wilkes\uFF1B1725\u5E7410\u670817\u65E5\uFF0D1797\u5E7412\u670826\u65E5\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u540D\u82F1\u56FD\u6FC0\u8FDB\u4E3B\u4E49\u8BB0\u8005\u548C\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3002\u4ED6\u4E8E1757\u5E74\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u5F53\u9009\u82F1\u56FD\u56FD\u4F1A\u8BAE\u5458\uFF0C\u968F\u540E\u63D0\u51FA\u591A\u9879\u6FC0\u8FDB\u8BAE\u6848\uFF0C\u66FE\u516C\u5F00\u6279\u8BC4\u56FD\u738B\uFF0C\u4E00\u5EA6\u88AB\u56DA\u7981\uFF0C\u6297\u8BAE\u56DA\u7981\u4ED6\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u57281768\u5E74\u7684\u5723\u4E54\u6CBB\u83F2\u5C14\u5179\u5927\u5C60\u6740\uFF08Massacre of St George's Fields\uFF09\u4E2D\u88AB\u9547\u538B\u30021776\u5E74\uFF0C\u4ED6\u5728\u82F1\u56FD\u8BAE\u4F1A\u63D0\u51FA\u4E86\u7B2C\u4E00\u4E2A\u8BAE\u4F1A\u6539\u9769\u6CD5\u6848\u3002 \u7F8E\u570B\u7368\u7ACB\u6230\u722D\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u4ED6\u662F\u7F8E\u56FD\u65B9\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\uFF0C\u5728\u7F8E\u56FD\u7231\u56FD\u8005\u4E2D\u9887\u6709\u5A01\u671B\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C1780\u5E74\u4ED6\u6307\u6325\u6C11\u5175\u90E8\u961F\u9547\u538B\u4E86\u4F26\u6566\u7684\uFF0C\u6807\u5FD7\u7740\u4ED6\u5F00\u59CB\u91C7\u53D6\u4FDD\u5B88\u653F\u7B56\uFF0C\u5F15\u53D1\u4ED6\u7684\u652F\u6301\u8005\u4E0D\u6EE1\uFF0C\u6700\u7EC8\u4E8E1790\u5E74\u5927\u9009\u4E2D\u5931\u53BB\u4E86\u7C73\u5FB7\u5C14\u585E\u514B\u65AF\u9078\u5340\u5E2D\u4F4D\u300265\u5C81\u65F6\uFF0C\u5A01\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u5BA3\u5E03\u9000\u51FA\u653F\u575B\uFF0C\u6CA1\u6709\u53C2\u4E0E\u6CD5\u56FD\u5927\u9769\u547D\u540E\u7684\u793E\u4F1A\u6539\u9769\uFF0C\u4F8B\u59821790\u5E74\u4EE3\u7684\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u89E3\u653E\u8FD0\u52A8\u3002"@zh . . . "\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30A6\u30A3\u30EB\u30AF\u30B9\uFF08John Wilkes FRS\u30011725\u5E7410\u670817\u65E5 \u2013 1797\u5E7412\u670826\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306E\u6025\u9032\u4E3B\u7FA9\u30B8\u30E3\u30FC\u30CA\u30EA\u30B9\u30C8\u3001\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3002\u5EB6\u6C11\u9662\u8B70\u54E1\uFF08\u5728\u4EFB\uFF1A1757\u5E74 \u2013 1764\u5E74\u30011768\u5E74 \u2013 1769\u5E74\u30011774\u5E74 \u2013 1790\u5E74\uFF09\u3001\u30ED\u30F3\u30C9\u30F3\u5E02\u9577\uFF08\u5728\u4EFB\uFF1A1774\u5E74 \u2013 1775\u5E74\uFF09\u3092\u6B74\u4EFB\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "John Wilkes"@sv . . . "John Wilkes"@nl . . . "John Wilkes"@fr . "John Wilkes (Londen, 17 oktober 1725- Londen, 26 december 1797) was een Brits journalist, politicus, demagoog en dandy die zich verzette tegen de politiek van koning George III en zijn ministers. Wilkes was oprichter van het oppositieblad North-Briton en aanhanger van de Verlichting. Hij was bevriend met Benjamin Franklin toen deze in Londen woonde als gedeputeerde van Pennsylvania."@nl . . "William Mainwaring 1784\u20131790"@en . . . . . "Henry Uthwaite, of Lathbury"@en . . . "Member of Parliament for Middlesex"@en . . . . . . . . . "John WILKES (n. la 17-an de oktobro 1725 \u2013 m. la 26-an de decembro 1797) estis brita radikala \u0135urnalisto kaj politikisto. Dum la balotdisputo de Middlesex, li klopodis, por ke \u0109iuj balotantoj rajtu determini siajn delegitojn. En 1771, li ludis gravan rolon por obteni, ke la brita registaro permesu al eldonistoj publikigi la transskribon de parlamentaj debatoj. Wilkes tamen i\u011Dis pli kaj pli konservativa, kio malkontentigis radikalojn kaj ka\u016Dzis lian eksigon kiel deputito de Middlesex okaze de la \u011Denerala baloto de 1790. Wilkes tiam retiri\u011Dis el politikaj aferoj, kaj ne partoprenis la kreskon de radikalismo en la 1790-aj jaroj."@eo . . . . . . "John Wilkes (17 de outubro de 1725 \u2014 26 de dezembro de 1797) foi um jornalista e pol\u00EDtico radical ingl\u00EAs que se notabilizou pela sua defesa do direito dos eleitores determinarem os seus representantes na Casa dos Comuns brit\u00E2nica e por ter obtido, em 1771, o direito dos editores e jornalistas poderem publicar verbatim as interven\u00E7\u00F5es proferidas durante os debates parlamentares."@pt . "John Wilkes (Londres, Regne de la Gran Bretanya, 1725 - ib\u00EDdem, 1797) fou un pol\u00EDtic angl\u00E8s, que cre\u00E0 una aur\u00E8ola de personatge excessiu i llibertari entorn de la seva figura. Se'l coneixia per les seves aficions mundanes. Ja de ben jove aconsegu\u00ED arreglar-se un matrimoni amb Mary Mead, deu anys m\u00E9s gran que ell, riquesa considerable i posici\u00F3 social alta. Li proporciona l'escalada social i els diners suficients per portar una vida llibertina. Iniciar aix\u00ED una carrera pol\u00EDtica com a defensor de les llibertats, essent un important pol\u00EDtic pol\u00E8mic. Va ser membre del Parlament des de 1757, es va enfrontar (junt amb el partit Whig) a la pol\u00EDtica arbitr\u00E0ria de Jordi III; a m\u00E9s de la societat estereotipada de la seua \u00E8poca. \u00C9s l'autor d'un an\u00F2nim publicat al diari \"The Norht briton\" titulat \"L'amic incompetent del rei\" on criticava profundament el tarann\u00E0 absolutista del rei Jordi III. Aquest diari el va fundar ell mateix el 1762. Fou expulsat del Parlament dues vegades (el 1764 i el 1769), processat i empresonat diversos cops, tot i tenir immunitat parlament\u00E0ria que el rei va violar. Tanmateix fou tornat a escollir com a diputat al Parlament Brit\u00E0nic, gr\u00E0cies a l'opini\u00F3 p\u00FAblica molt contr\u00E0ria a la reacci\u00F3 del monarca. Va esdevenir un s\u00EDmbol de llibertat i un dels impulsors m\u00E9s reals d'una veritable opini\u00F3 p\u00FAblica polititzada, alhora que va conduir a diferents mesures que obrien el cam\u00ED a la transpar\u00E8ncia. El 1774 va tornar al Parlament i fou nomenat Lord Major."@ca . . . . . . . . . . "Charles Woodnoth, of Maid's Moreton"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "( \uBE44\uC2B7\uD55C \uC774\uB984\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4 \uB9C1\uCEE8 \uB300\uD1B5\uB839 \uC554\uC0B4\uBC94 \uC874 \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4 \uBD80\uC2A4\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uD574\uB2F9 \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uC870\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uC874 \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4(John Wilkes, 1725\uB144 10\uC6D4 17\uC77C - 1797\uB144 12\uC6D4 26\uC77C)\uB294 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uAE09\uC9C4\uC8FC\uC758\uC790, \uC5B8\uB860\uC778\uC774\uC790, \uC815\uCE58\uC778\uC774\uB2E4. \uB7F0\uB358 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uB3C4 \uC5ED\uC784\uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 1757\uB144 \uCD5C\uCD08\uB85C \uC758\uD68C \uC758\uC6D0\uC73C\uB85C \uC120\uCD9C\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uB4E4\uC139\uC2A4 \uC120\uAC70\uC5D0\uC11C, \uADF8\uB294 \uB300\uD45C\uC790\uB97C \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uD558\uC6D0\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uC720\uAD8C\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uC639\uD638\uD558\uBA70 \uC2F8\uC6E0\uB2E4. 1768\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uD654\uB09C \uADF8\uC758 \uC9C0\uC9C0\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC138\uC778\uD2B8 \uC870\uC9C0\uC2A4 \uD544\uC988 \uD559\uC0B4\uB85C \uC9C4\uC555\uB2F9\uD588\uB2E4. 1771\uB144\uC5D0, \uADF8\uB294 \uC815\uBD80\uAC00 \uC758\uD68C \uB17C\uC7C1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uBB38\uC790 \uADF8\uB300\uB85C\uC758 \uC124\uBA85\uC744 \uCD9C\uD310\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uCD9C\uD310\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uB3C4\uB85D \uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uB3C4\uC6C0\uC744 \uC8FC\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1776\uB144\uC5D0 \uADF8\uB294 \uCD5C\uCD08\uC758 \uC758\uD68C \uAC1C\uD601\uC548\uC744 \uC601\uAD6D \uC758\uD68C\uC5D0 \uC81C\uCD9C\uD588\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uAD6D \uB3C5\uB9BD \uC804\uC7C1 \uB3D9\uC548\uC5D0, \uADF8\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uBC18\uAD70\uC744 \uC639\uD638\uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uADF8\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD718\uADF8\uB2F9\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC778\uAE30\uB97C \uC5BB\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098, 1780\uB144, \uADF8\uB294 \uACE0\uB4E0 \uD3ED\uB3D9\uC744 \uBB34\uC790\uBE44\uD558\uAC8C \uC9C4\uC555\uD558\uB294 \uBBFC\uBCD1\uB300\uB97C \uC9C0\uD718\uD588\uACE0, \uC774\uAC83\uC740 \uB9CE\uC740 \uAE09\uC9C4\uC8FC\uC758\uC790\uB4E4\uB85C \uB4F1\uC744 \uB3CC\uB9AC\uAC8C \uD55C \uACC4\uAE30\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC0AC\uAC74\uC744 \uC804\uD658\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uADF8\uB294 \uC810\uC810 \uB354 \uBCF4\uC218\uC801\uC778 \uC815\uCC45\uC744 \uCC44\uD0DD\uD558\uAC8C \uB9CC\uB4E4\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uC774\uB294 \uC911\uB958\uCE35\uBD80\uD130 \uC800\uC18C\uB4DD\uCE35 \uC9C0\uC8FC\uB4E4 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0 \uBD88\uB9CC\uC744 \uC57C\uAE30\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uC774\uAC83\uC740 1790\uB144 \uCD1D\uC120\uC5D0\uC11C \uADF8\uAC00 \uC911\uAC04\uC120\uAC70\uC5D0\uC11C \uD328\uBC30\uB97C \uB2F9\uD558\uB294 \uC6D0\uC778\uC774 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 65\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uC5D0, \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4\uB294 \uC815\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC740\uD1F4\uD588\uACE0, 1790\uB144\uB300\uC5D0 \uCE74\uD1A8\uB9AD \uB178\uC608 \uD574\uBC29\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC9C4\uBCF4\uC801\uC778 \uC0AC\uD68C \uAC1C\uD601\uC5D0 \uCC38\uC5EC\uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC0DD\uC804\uC5D0 \uC790\uC720\uC0AC\uC0C1\uAC00\uB85C \uBA85\uC131\uC744 \uC5BB\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . "John Wilkes (* 17. Oktober 1727 in London; \u2020 26. Dezember 1797 ebenda) war ein britischer Whig-Politiker, Journalist und Schriftsteller in der Zeit der Aufkl\u00E4rung."@de . . . . . . "John Wilkes"@en . "1725-10-17"^^ . "John Willes 1757\u20131761"@en . . . . . . . . "John Wilkes (17 octobre 1725 \u2013 26 d\u00E9cembre 1797) est un homme politique et journaliste britannique. Membre du Parlement de Westminster, Lord-Maire de Londres, son nom reste attach\u00E9 aux scandales et aux \u00E9meutes que provoqu\u00E8rent ses articles et ses combats pour la libert\u00E9 de la presse, l'inviolabilit\u00E9 parlementaire et le droit des classes moyennes \u00E0 \u00E9lire leurs repr\u00E9sentants. Il fut \u00E0 l'origine d'une c\u00E9l\u00E8bre affaire sous le r\u00E8gne de George III connue en France sous le nom d'affaire Wilkes, ou pour la distinguer de la \u00AB seconde affaire Wilkes \u00BB, affaire des Imprimeurs ou affaire du North Briton. Elle s'inscrit dans un contexte de m\u00E9contentement populaire \u00E0 Londres aux lendemains de la Guerre de Sept Ans. Elle r\u00E9v\u00E9la les intentions du roi George III d'affirmer son pouvoir, apr\u00E8s la relative faiblesse de ses deux pr\u00E9d\u00E9cesseurs."@fr . "John Wilkes (17 de outubro de 1725 \u2014 26 de dezembro de 1797) foi um jornalista e pol\u00EDtico radical ingl\u00EAs que se notabilizou pela sua defesa do direito dos eleitores determinarem os seus representantes na Casa dos Comuns brit\u00E2nica e por ter obtido, em 1771, o direito dos editores e jornalistas poderem publicar verbatim as interven\u00E7\u00F5es proferidas durante os debates parlamentares."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30A6\u30A3\u30EB\u30AF\u30B9\uFF08John Wilkes FRS\u30011725\u5E7410\u670817\u65E5 \u2013 1797\u5E7412\u670826\u65E5\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u306E\u6025\u9032\u4E3B\u7FA9\u30B8\u30E3\u30FC\u30CA\u30EA\u30B9\u30C8\u3001\u653F\u6CBB\u5BB6\u3002\u5EB6\u6C11\u9662\u8B70\u54E1\uFF08\u5728\u4EFB\uFF1A1757\u5E74 \u2013 1764\u5E74\u30011768\u5E74 \u2013 1769\u5E74\u30011774\u5E74 \u2013 1790\u5E74\uFF09\u3001\u30ED\u30F3\u30C9\u30F3\u5E02\u9577\uFF08\u5728\u4EFB\uFF1A1774\u5E74 \u2013 1775\u5E74\uFF09\u3092\u6B74\u4EFB\u3057\u305F\u3002"@ja . . "John Wilkes"@pl . . . "John Wilkes"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "John WILKES (n. la 17-an de oktobro 1725 \u2013 m. la 26-an de decembro 1797) estis brita radikala \u0135urnalisto kaj politikisto. Dum la balotdisputo de Middlesex, li klopodis, por ke \u0109iuj balotantoj rajtu determini siajn delegitojn. En 1771, li ludis gravan rolon por obteni, ke la brita registaro permesu al eldonistoj publikigi la transskribon de parlamentaj debatoj. Wilkes tamen i\u011Dis pli kaj pli konservativa, kio malkontentigis radikalojn kaj ka\u016Dzis lian eksigon kiel deputito de Middlesex okaze de la \u011Denerala baloto de 1790. Wilkes tiam retiri\u011Dis el politikaj aferoj, kaj ne partoprenis la kreskon de radikalismo en la 1790-aj jaroj."@eo . . "John Glynn 1768\u20131769"@en . "John Wilkes (Londra, 17 ottobre 1725 \u2013 Londra, 26 dicembre 1797) \u00E8 stato un politico e pubblicista inglese di orientamento radicale. Fu protagonista di un'intera stagione della vita politica inglese. Nella sua battaglia per limitare il potere del governo e del parlamento riusc\u00EC a ottenere: \n* il divieto degli arresti arbitrari; \n* il diritto degli elettori di scegliere i propri candidati, senza veti da parte di governo o parlamento; \n* la libert\u00E0 dei giornali di criticare il governo e di riportare testualmente le sedute parlamentari."@it . "John Wilkes (* 17 de octubre de 1725 \u2014 26 de diciembre de 1797) fue un periodista, pol\u00EDtico radical y parlamentario ingl\u00E9s que se populariz\u00F3 por su defensa del derecho de los electores para determinar sus representantes en la C\u00E1mara de los Comunes brit\u00E1nica y en 1771 por el derecho de los editores y periodistas para poder publicar al pie de la letra las intervenciones de los debates parlamentario. El introdujo a final del siglo XVIII la opini\u00F3n p\u00FAblica y el radicalismo modernos."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . "John Wilkes (Londra, 17 ottobre 1725 \u2013 Londra, 26 dicembre 1797) \u00E8 stato un politico e pubblicista inglese di orientamento radicale. Fu protagonista di un'intera stagione della vita politica inglese. Nella sua battaglia per limitare il potere del governo e del parlamento riusc\u00EC a ottenere: \n* il divieto degli arresti arbitrari; \n* il diritto degli elettori di scegliere i propri candidati, senza veti da parte di governo o parlamento; \n* la libert\u00E0 dei giornali di criticare il governo e di riportare testualmente le sedute parlamentari."@it . . . "Thomas Wood 1779\u20131780"@en . . . . . "no"@en . . "John Glynn 1774\u20131779"@en . . . . . "John Wilkes ingeles politikaria eta kazetaria izan zen."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . "John Wilkes"@eu . . . . . . . . . "Civic offices"@en . . . . . . . "no"@en . "John Wilkes (17 octobre 1725 \u2013 26 d\u00E9cembre 1797) est un homme politique et journaliste britannique. Membre du Parlement de Westminster, Lord-Maire de Londres, son nom reste attach\u00E9 aux scandales et aux \u00E9meutes que provoqu\u00E8rent ses articles et ses combats pour la libert\u00E9 de la presse, l'inviolabilit\u00E9 parlementaire et le droit des classes moyennes \u00E0 \u00E9lire leurs repr\u00E9sentants."@fr . . "John Wilkes"@eo . . . . . . . "John Wilkes (Londres, Regne de la Gran Bretanya, 1725 - ib\u00EDdem, 1797) fou un pol\u00EDtic angl\u00E8s, que cre\u00E0 una aur\u00E8ola de personatge excessiu i llibertari entorn de la seva figura. Se'l coneixia per les seves aficions mundanes. \u00C9s l'autor d'un an\u00F2nim publicat al diari \"The Norht briton\" titulat \"L'amic incompetent del rei\" on criticava profundament el tarann\u00E0 absolutista del rei Jordi III. Aquest diari el va fundar ell mateix el 1762. Fou expulsat del Parlament dues vegades (el 1764 i el 1769), processat i empresonat diversos cops, tot i tenir immunitat parlament\u00E0ria que el rei va violar."@ca . "1757"^^ . "John Wilkes, f\u00F6dd 17 oktober 1727 i London, d\u00F6d d\u00E4r 26 december 1797, var en radikal brittisk politiker och publicist."@sv . "1754"^^ . . . . . . . "John Wilkes"@ca . . . . "John Wilkes"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1774"^^ . . . . "1771"^^ . . "1768"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D \u0412\u0456\u043B\u043A\u0441 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. John Wilkes; 17 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1725 \u2014 26 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1797) \u2014 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044F\u0447 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457, \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0441\u0442, \u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043B\u043E\u0440\u0434-\u043C\u0435\u0440 \u041B\u043E\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D\u0430."@uk . . "John Wilkes (ur. 17 pa\u017Adziernika 1725, zm. 26 grudnia 1797) \u2013 dziennikarz i cz\u0142onek opozycyjnej partii wig\u00F3w, na kt\u00F3rej czele w parlamencie sta\u0142 William Pitt. W gor\u0105cym klimacie politycznym, jaki narasta\u0142 po wojnie siedmioletniej, zaostrzaj\u0105cym niezadowolenie z powodu nowych podatk\u00F3w, kt\u00F3re uderzy\u0142y szczeg\u00F3lnie w sytuacj\u0119 ludu, 23 kwietnia 1763 Wilkes opublikowa\u0142 w North Briton ostry w tonie artyku\u0142 okre\u015Blaj\u0105cy pok\u00F3j w Pary\u017Cu jako najbardziej absurdalny przyk\u0142ad zniewagi ministerialnej, kt\u00F3ra nigdy nie po\u0142o\u017Cy podwalin pod humanitarno\u015B\u0107. To wystarczy\u0142o, aby go oskar\u017Cy\u0107. Wilkes znalaz\u0142 si\u0119 w wi\u0119zieniu, ale proces, kt\u00F3ry mu wytoczono, przekszta\u0142ci\u0142 si\u0119 dzi\u0119ki jego polemistycznej zr\u0119czno\u015Bci w jedn\u0105 wielk\u0105 mow\u0119 oskar\u017Cycielsk\u0105 przeciwko oligarchii rz\u0105dowej. Wilkes uczyni\u0142 w ten spos\u00F3b ze swojej sprawy s\u0105dowej spraw\u0119 ka\u017Cdego uczciwego obywatela. Zaprezentowana przeze\u0144 nowa retoryka pobudzi\u0142a do aktywno\u015Bci jego zwolennik\u00F3w, nak\u0142aniaj\u0105c wszystkich, kt\u00F3rzy postrzegali w\u0142asn\u0105 wolno\u015B\u0107 jako zagro\u017Con\u0105, do protest\u00F3w przeciw korupcji i samowoli w\u0142adzy. W rezultacie dosz\u0142o do wyst\u0105pie\u0144, w trakcie kt\u00F3rych wznoszono okrzyki Wilkes and liberty oraz Wilkes for ever; przy\u0142\u0105czali si\u0119 do nich coraz liczniej przedstawiciele warstw produktywnych, pozbawionych udzia\u0142u we w\u0142adzy: kupcy, rzemie\u015Blnicy i robotnicy najemni, kt\u00F3rzy, obok wolno\u015Bci dla Wilkesa, zacz\u0119li domaga\u0107 si\u0119 tak\u017Ce praw politycznych dla siebie. Zwolniony dzi\u0119ki immunitetowi parlamentarnemu, Wilkes zaatakowa\u0142 z kolei w\u0142adze w imi\u0119 swojej \u201Enormalno\u015Bci\u201D: powinien przecie\u017C zosta\u0107 uwolniony nie dlatego, \u017Ce przys\u0142ugiwa\u0142 mu okre\u015Blony przywilej, ale ze wzgl\u0119du na niewinno\u015B\u0107, jak ka\u017Cdy inny poddany brytyjski. Wyst\u0105pi\u0142 o odszkodowanie za krzywd\u0119 i otrzyma\u0142 je. Rz\u0105d wykluczy\u0142 go jednak z Izby Gmin i zagrozi\u0142 wi\u0119zieniem, zmuszaj\u0105c pod koniec 1763 do szukania azylu we Francji. W 1768 Wilkes powr\u00F3ci\u0142 do Anglii, przygotowawszy sobie uprzednio teren seri\u0105 publikacji, w kt\u00F3rych kreowa\u0142 si\u0119 na obro\u0144c\u0119 wolno\u015Bci przeciwko tyra\u0144skim rz\u0105dom kr\u00F3lewskim i ministerialnym oraz zaprezentowa\u0142 si\u0119 jako kandydat z Middlesex w wyborach z 1768. Zosta\u0142 wybrany, ale parlament odm\u00F3wi\u0142 uznania rezultat\u00F3w g\u0142osowania i aresztowa\u0142 go na podstawie dawnych zarzut\u00F3w. To umocni\u0142o jego s\u0142aw\u0119 m\u0119czennika, prowokuj\u0105c wzburzenie i rozruchy, kt\u00F3rych tragiczn\u0105 kulminacj\u0105 by\u0142a \u015Bmier\u0107 kilku demonstrant\u00F3w 10 maja 1768 na St. George's Fields, naprzeciwko wi\u0119zienia, w kt\u00F3rym osadzono Wilkesa. Wybranemu jeszcze dwa razy zamykano drog\u0119 do Izby Gmin. Tym razem jednak reakcja by\u0142a bardziej trafiona: przede wszystkim w\u0142a\u015Bciciele ziemscy, ale tak\u017Ce kupcy i rzemie\u015Blnicy, zalali parlament petycjami. Wilkes ze swojej strony r\u00F3wnie\u017C protestowa\u0142, oskar\u017Caj\u0105c rz\u0105d o rozmy\u015Blne uniemo\u017Cliwienie freeholders (wolnym w\u0142a\u015Bcicielom ziemskim) egzekwowania w\u0142asnego prawa g\u0142osu \u2013 \u201Epierwszego prawa konstytucyjnego\u201D. Tak\u017Ce opozycja parlamentarna, dot\u0105d raczej oboj\u0119tna, zabra\u0142a g\u0142os. I tak oto Wilkes, uwolniony w 1770, w wyniku wybor\u00F3w w 1774 zyska\u0142 stanowisko lorda majora Londynu; w ko\u0144cu te\u017C, bez protest\u00F3w, zosta\u0142 przedstawicielem Middlesex w parlamencie. Potyczka, w kt\u00F3rej uczestniczy\u0142, nie by\u0142a zwyk\u0142ym problemem personalnym. \u0141\u0105cz\u0105c si\u0119 z \u017C\u0105daniami kolonii ameryka\u0144skich, ruch wilkesowski potwierdza\u0142, \u017Ce wszystkim, kt\u00F3rzy p\u0142acili podatki, przys\u0142ugiwa\u0142o prawo g\u0142osu. Z drugiej strony historia Wilkesa ma bezpo\u015Bredni zwi\u0105zek z si\u0142\u0105 i stopniem rozprzestrzenienia si\u0119 i wyrafinowania, jaki osi\u0105gn\u0119\u0142a w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 60. XVIII wieku prasa periodyczna. Zalewaj\u0105c rynek pamfletami, artyku\u0142ami w dziennikach, interwencjami w periodykach, listami, balladami, obrazami, dowcipami politycznymi, Wilkes umia\u0142 dotrze\u0107 do wszystkich potencjalnych sfer spo\u0142ecznych, do wykszta\u0142conego kupca ksi\u0105\u017Cek i do biednego analfabety, do mieszka\u0144c\u00F3w miast i peryferii \u2013 czyni\u0142 ze swojego procesu \u201Ekwesti\u0119 narodow\u0105\u201D, stosuj\u0105c jako pierwszy \u201Ekomercjalizacj\u0119 polityki\u201D (jak to okre\u015Bli\u0142 J. Brewer). Wraz z Wilkesem pojawi\u0142a si\u0119 wtedy nowa forma propagandy."@pl . "John Wilkes FRS (17 October 1725 \u2013 26 December 1797) was an English radical journalist and politician, as well as a magistrate, essayist and soldier. He was first elected a Member of Parliament in 1757. In the Middlesex election dispute, he fought for the right of his voters\u2014rather than the House of Commons\u2014to determine their representatives. In 1768, angry protests of his supporters were suppressed in the Massacre of St George's Fields. In 1771, he was instrumental in obliging the government to concede the right of printers to publish verbatim accounts of parliamentary debates. In 1776, he introduced the first bill for parliamentary reform in the British Parliament. During the American War of Independence, he was a supporter of the American rebels, adding further to his popularity with American Whigs. In 1780, however, he commanded militia forces which helped put down the Gordon Riots, damaging his popularity with many radicals. This marked a turning point, leading him to embrace increasingly conservative policies which caused dissatisfaction among the radical low-to-middle income landowners. This was instrumental in the loss of his Middlesex parliamentary seat in the 1790 general election. At the age of 65, Wilkes retired from politics and took no part in the social reforms following the French Revolution, such as Catholic Emancipation in the 1790s. During his life, he earned a reputation as a libertine."@en . . . "( \uBE44\uC2B7\uD55C \uC774\uB984\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C4 \uB9C1\uCEE8 \uB300\uD1B5\uB839 \uC554\uC0B4\uBC94 \uC874 \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4 \uBD80\uC2A4\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uD574\uB2F9 \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uC870\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uC874 \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4(John Wilkes, 1725\uB144 10\uC6D4 17\uC77C - 1797\uB144 12\uC6D4 26\uC77C)\uB294 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uAE09\uC9C4\uC8FC\uC758\uC790, \uC5B8\uB860\uC778\uC774\uC790, \uC815\uCE58\uC778\uC774\uB2E4. \uB7F0\uB358 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uB3C4 \uC5ED\uC784\uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 1757\uB144 \uCD5C\uCD08\uB85C \uC758\uD68C \uC758\uC6D0\uC73C\uB85C \uC120\uCD9C\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uB4E4\uC139\uC2A4 \uC120\uAC70\uC5D0\uC11C, \uADF8\uB294 \uB300\uD45C\uC790\uB97C \uACB0\uC815\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uD558\uC6D0\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uC720\uAD8C\uC790\uB4E4\uC744 \uC639\uD638\uD558\uBA70 \uC2F8\uC6E0\uB2E4. 1768\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uD654\uB09C \uADF8\uC758 \uC9C0\uC9C0\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC138\uC778\uD2B8 \uC870\uC9C0\uC2A4 \uD544\uC988 \uD559\uC0B4\uB85C \uC9C4\uC555\uB2F9\uD588\uB2E4. 1771\uB144\uC5D0, \uADF8\uB294 \uC815\uBD80\uAC00 \uC758\uD68C \uB17C\uC7C1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uBB38\uC790 \uADF8\uB300\uB85C\uC758 \uC124\uBA85\uC744 \uCD9C\uD310\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uCD9C\uD310\uAD8C\uC744 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uB3C4\uB85D \uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uB3C4\uC6C0\uC744 \uC8FC\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1776\uB144\uC5D0 \uADF8\uB294 \uCD5C\uCD08\uC758 \uC758\uD68C \uAC1C\uD601\uC548\uC744 \uC601\uAD6D \uC758\uD68C\uC5D0 \uC81C\uCD9C\uD588\uB2E4. 65\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uC5D0, \uC70C\uD06C\uC2A4\uB294 \uC815\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC740\uD1F4\uD588\uACE0, 1790\uB144\uB300\uC5D0 \uCE74\uD1A8\uB9AD \uB178\uC608 \uD574\uBC29\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uC9C4\uBCF4\uC801\uC778 \uC0AC\uD68C \uAC1C\uD601\uC5D0 \uCC38\uC5EC\uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC0DD\uC804\uC5D0 \uC790\uC720\uC0AC\uC0C1\uAC00\uB85C \uBA85\uC131\uC744 \uC5BB\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . "John Wilkes"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D \u0423\u0438\u0301\u043B\u043A\u0441 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0412\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0441 (John Wilkes; 17 \u043E\u043A\u0442\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1725, \u041B\u043E\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D \u2014 26 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1797) \u2014 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043A \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438 \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0431\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u0437\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . "1771"^^ .