"\u041A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456"@uk . "Kokushi (\u56FD\u53F8, also read Kuni no tsukasa) were provincial officials in Classical Japan. They were nobles sent from the central government in Kyoto to oversee a province, a system that was established as part of the Taika Reform in 645, and enacted by the Ritsury\u014D system. There were four classes of kokushi, from the highest to the lowest: Kami (\u5B88), Suke (\u4ECB), J\u014D (\u63BE), and Sakan (\u76EE). In the Middle Ages, an acting governor called mokudai, the daikan of the kokushi, took over the local government of the province, while the kokushi returned to the capital to take on a supervising role."@en . . "\u041A\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u041A\u0443\u0301\u043D\u0456-\u043D\u043E-\u0446\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0430 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u53F8, \u3053\u304F\u3057, \u304F\u306B\u3065\u304B\u3055, \u304F\u306B\u306E\u3064\u304B\u3055, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u00BB, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u00BB) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0456\u00BB 8 \u2014 11 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u5BB0, \u3053\u304F\u3055\u3044) \u0423\u0440\u044F\u0434 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0437 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 4 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0432: \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438 (\u5B88, \u043A\u0430\u043C\u0456), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 (\u4ECB, \u0441\u0443\u043A\u0435), \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 (\u63BE, \u0434\u0437\u044C\u043E) \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 (\u76EE, \u0441\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043D). \u041E\u043A\u0440\u0456\u043C \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0456 (\u53F2\u751F, \u0441\u0456\u0441\u044C\u043E). \u0413\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0456 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432."@uk . "\u56FD\u53F8\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u3057\u3001\u304F\u306B\u306E\u3064\u304B\u3055\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u304B\u3089\u4E2D\u4E16\u306E\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u3001\u5730\u65B9\u884C\u653F\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u56FD\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u884C\u653F\u5B98\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4E2D\u592E\u304B\u3089\u6D3E\u9063\u3055\u308C\u305F\u5B98\u540F\u3002\u56DB\u7B49\u5B98\u3067\u3042\u308B\u5B88\uFF08\u304B\u307F\uFF09\u3001\u4ECB\uFF08\u3059\u3051\uFF09\u3001\u63BE\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u3001\u76EE\uFF08\u3055\u304B\u3093\uFF09\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u5B88\u306E\u5510\u540D\u306F\u523A\u53F2\u3001\u592A\u5B88\u306A\u3069\u3002\u5927\u56FD\u3001\u4E0A\u56FD\u306E\u5B88\u306F\u4E2D\u592E\u3067\u306F\u4E2D\u7D1A\u8CB4\u65CF\u306B\u4F4D\u7F6E\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u4EFB\u671F\u306F6\u5E74\uFF08\u306E\u3061\u306B4\u5E74\uFF09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u56FD\u53F8\u305F\u3061\u306F\u56FD\u8859\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u653F\u52D9\u306B\u5F53\u305F\u308A\u3001\u796D\u7940\u30FB\u884C\u653F\u30FB\u53F8\u6CD5\u30FB\u8ECD\u4E8B\u306E\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3092\u53F8\u308A\u3001\u8D74\u4EFB\u3057\u305F\u56FD\u5185\u3067\u306F\u7D76\u5927\u306A\u6A29\u9650\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3002 \u56FD\u53F8\u305F\u3061\u306F\u3001\u305D\u306E\u56FD\u5185\u306E\u5404\u90E1\u306E\u5B98\u540F\uFF08\u90E1\u53F8\uFF09\u3078\u6307\u793A\u3092\u884C\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u90E1\u53F8\u306F\u4E2D\u592E\u5B98\u50DA\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u3001\u5728\u5730\u306E\u6709\u529B\u8005\u3001\u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u65E7\u8C6A\u65CF\u304C\u4EFB\u547D\u3055\u308C\u305F\uFF08\u8A73\u7D30\u306F\u53E4\u4EE3\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u5730\u65B9\u5B98\u5236\u3092\u53C2\u7167\uFF09\u3002"@ja . "\u041A\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u041A\u0443\u0301\u043D\u0438-\u043D\u043E-\u0446\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0430 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u53F8, \u3053\u304F\u3057, \u304F\u306B\u3065\u304B\u3055, \u304F\u306B\u306E\u3064\u304B\u3055, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u00BB, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u00BB) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u00BB VIII\u2014XI \u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0435 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u5BB0, \u3053\u304F\u3055\u3044). \u041F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043B\u043E \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044B\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0439: \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B (\u044F\u043F. \u5B88, \u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438), \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F (\u044F\u043F. \u4ECB, \u0441\u0443\u043A\u044D), \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 (\u044F\u043F. \u63BE, \u0434\u0437\u0451) \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 (\u044F\u043F. \u76EE, \u0441\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043D). \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438 (\u044F\u043F. \u53F2\u751F, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0451). \u0413\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0410\u0434\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u8859), \u0430 \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2014 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u5E9C). \u0414\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B \u0418\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043E XVI \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430. \u041D\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u043A \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0441\u044E\u0433\u043E, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C \u0441\u0451\u0433\u0443\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432."@ru . "Kokushi"@pt . . . . "Kokushi (\u56FD\u53F8? Kuni no tsukasa) erano ufficiali del Giappone feudale mandati dal governo centrale a controllare le provincie dall'VIII secolo, dopo la promulgazione del sistema Ritsury\u014D. In accordo con il Ritsury\u014D, i Kokushi avevano molto potere e responsabilit\u00E0, inclusa la raccolta delle tasse ecc. Il pi\u00F9 alto livello per i Kokushi era il Kami (\u5B88?). Per esempio il governatore Kokushi del Kai aveva il titolo di Kai no Kami (\u7532\u6590\u5B88?). In molti casi il Kami viveva direttamente nella provincia di cui era responsabile, delegando i suoi poteri ad ufficiali minori. Il pi\u00F9 alto ufficiale in carico in una provincia era chiamato Zury\u014D (\u53D7\u9818?)."@it . . "\u56FD\u53F8\uFF08\u3053\u304F\u3057\u3001\u304F\u306B\u306E\u3064\u304B\u3055\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u304B\u3089\u4E2D\u4E16\u306E\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u3001\u5730\u65B9\u884C\u653F\u5358\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u56FD\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u884C\u653F\u5B98\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4E2D\u592E\u304B\u3089\u6D3E\u9063\u3055\u308C\u305F\u5B98\u540F\u3002\u56DB\u7B49\u5B98\u3067\u3042\u308B\u5B88\uFF08\u304B\u307F\uFF09\u3001\u4ECB\uFF08\u3059\u3051\uFF09\u3001\u63BE\uFF08\u3058\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u3001\u76EE\uFF08\u3055\u304B\u3093\uFF09\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u5B88\u306E\u5510\u540D\u306F\u523A\u53F2\u3001\u592A\u5B88\u306A\u3069\u3002\u5927\u56FD\u3001\u4E0A\u56FD\u306E\u5B88\u306F\u4E2D\u592E\u3067\u306F\u4E2D\u7D1A\u8CB4\u65CF\u306B\u4F4D\u7F6E\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u4EFB\u671F\u306F6\u5E74\uFF08\u306E\u3061\u306B4\u5E74\uFF09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u56FD\u53F8\u305F\u3061\u306F\u56FD\u8859\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u653F\u52D9\u306B\u5F53\u305F\u308A\u3001\u796D\u7940\u30FB\u884C\u653F\u30FB\u53F8\u6CD5\u30FB\u8ECD\u4E8B\u306E\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3092\u53F8\u308A\u3001\u8D74\u4EFB\u3057\u305F\u56FD\u5185\u3067\u306F\u7D76\u5927\u306A\u6A29\u9650\u3092\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u305F\u3002 \u56FD\u53F8\u305F\u3061\u306F\u3001\u305D\u306E\u56FD\u5185\u306E\u5404\u90E1\u306E\u5B98\u540F\uFF08\u90E1\u53F8\uFF09\u3078\u6307\u793A\u3092\u884C\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u90E1\u53F8\u306F\u4E2D\u592E\u5B98\u50DA\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u3001\u5728\u5730\u306E\u6709\u529B\u8005\u3001\u3044\u308F\u3086\u308B\u65E7\u8C6A\u65CF\u304C\u4EFB\u547D\u3055\u308C\u305F\uFF08\u8A73\u7D30\u306F\u53E4\u4EE3\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u5730\u65B9\u5B98\u5236\u3092\u53C2\u7167\uFF09\u3002"@ja . "\u041A\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u041A\u0443\u0301\u043D\u0438-\u043D\u043E-\u0446\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0430 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u53F8, \u3053\u304F\u3057, \u304F\u306B\u3065\u304B\u3055, \u304F\u306B\u306E\u3064\u304B\u3055, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u00BB, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u00BB) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u00BB VIII\u2014XI \u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0435 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u5BB0, \u3053\u304F\u3055\u3044). \u0410\u0434\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u8859), \u0430 \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2014 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u5E9C). \u0414\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044B \u0418\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043E XVI \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430. \u041D\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u043A \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0441\u044E\u0433\u043E, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C \u0441\u0451\u0433\u0443\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432."@ru . . . . . . . "\uAD6D\uC0AC(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u56FD\u53F8 \uCF54\uCFE0\uC2DC[*])\uB294 \uC77C\uBCF8 \uC911\uC559 \uC815\uBD80\uAC00 8\uC138\uAE30\uC758 \uC728\uB839\uC81C\uD558\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C0\uBC29\uC758 \uC728\uB839\uAD6D\uC744 \uAC10\uB3C5\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uD30C\uACAC\uD55C \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00\uC774\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uC728\uB839\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C\uC11C \uC138\uAE08 \uC9D5\uC218 \uB4F1 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD55C \uAD8C\uD55C\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uC0AC\uC758 \uC7A5\uAD00\uC744 \uAC00\uBBF8(\u5B88)\uB77C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uAC00\uC774 \uAD6D\uC758 \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uAC00\uC774\uB178\uCE74\uBBF8(\u7532\u6590\u5B88)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uACBD\uC6B0\uC5D0 \uAC00\uBBF8\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC601\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uC0B4\uBA74\uC11C \uC2E4\uBB34\uB97C \uB354 \uB0AE\uC740 \uAD00\uB9AC\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC704\uC784\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD588\uB2E4. \uC728\uB839\uAD6D\uC744 \uC2E4\uC9C8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD1B5\uCE58\uD558\uB294 \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB192\uC740 \uAD00\uB9AC\uB97C \uC218\uB839(\u53D7\u9818 \uC988\uB8CC[*])\uC774\uB77C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uAC00\uB9C8\uCFE0\uB77C \uC2DC\uB300\uC640 \uBB34\uB85C\uB9C8\uCE58 \uC2DC\uB300\uB97C \uAC70\uCE58\uBA74\uC11C \uC218\uD638\uC5D0\uAC8C \uADF8 \uD798\uC744 \uBE7C\uC557\uACBC\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uD558\uC5EC \uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uBA85\uBAA9\uC0C1\uC758 \uC9C1\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uB9CC \uB0A8\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "\uAD6D\uC0AC(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u56FD\u53F8 \uCF54\uCFE0\uC2DC[*])\uB294 \uC77C\uBCF8 \uC911\uC559 \uC815\uBD80\uAC00 8\uC138\uAE30\uC758 \uC728\uB839\uC81C\uD558\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C0\uBC29\uC758 \uC728\uB839\uAD6D\uC744 \uAC10\uB3C5\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uD30C\uACAC\uD55C \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00\uC774\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uC728\uB839\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C\uC11C \uC138\uAE08 \uC9D5\uC218 \uB4F1 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD55C \uAD8C\uD55C\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uC0AC\uC758 \uC7A5\uAD00\uC744 \uAC00\uBBF8(\u5B88)\uB77C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uAC00\uC774 \uAD6D\uC758 \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uAC00\uC774\uB178\uCE74\uBBF8(\u7532\u6590\u5B88)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uACBD\uC6B0\uC5D0 \uAC00\uBBF8\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC601\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uC0B4\uBA74\uC11C \uC2E4\uBB34\uB97C \uB354 \uB0AE\uC740 \uAD00\uB9AC\uB4E4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC704\uC784\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD588\uB2E4. \uC728\uB839\uAD6D\uC744 \uC2E4\uC9C8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD1B5\uCE58\uD558\uB294 \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB192\uC740 \uAD00\uB9AC\uB97C \uC218\uB839(\u53D7\u9818 \uC988\uB8CC[*])\uC774\uB77C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uAC00\uB9C8\uCFE0\uB77C \uC2DC\uB300\uC640 \uBB34\uB85C\uB9C8\uCE58 \uC2DC\uB300\uB97C \uAC70\uCE58\uBA74\uC11C \uC218\uD638\uC5D0\uAC8C \uADF8 \uD798\uC744 \uBE7C\uC557\uACBC\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uD558\uC5EC \uC5D0\uB3C4 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uAD6D\uC0AC\uB294 \uBA85\uBAA9\uC0C1\uC758 \uC9C1\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uB9CC \uB0A8\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4."@ko . . "Kokushi oder Kuni no tsukasa (sinojapanische bzw. japanische Lesung von jap. \u56FD\u53F8) bezeichnete im fr\u00FChen Japan w\u00E4hrend des Ritsury\u014D-Verwaltungssystems die h\u00F6chsten Beamten, die die zivile Regierung der einzelnen Provinzen Japans (kuni) bildeten. H\u00E4ufig wird mit diesem Begriff auch nur der h\u00F6chste Beamte (Provinzgouverneur) bezeichnet. Ab dem 14./15. Jahrhundert war mit den Posten keine tats\u00E4chliche Macht mehr verbunden, er wurde aber weiterhin als Auszeichnung verliehen."@de . . . "\uACE0\uCFE0\uC2DC"@ko . . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0438"@ru . . "Kokushi (\u56FD\u53F8 Kokushi?) foi uma classe de funcion\u00E1rios no Jap\u00E3o enviadas por um governo central para supervisionar uma Prov\u00EDncia Japonesa no VIII s\u00E9culo ap\u00F3s a promulga\u00E7\u00E3o do sistema Ritsuryo. Kokushi ajudou consideravelmente no poder e responsabilidade no acordo de Ritsuryo, incluindo a cobran\u00E7a de impostos, etc. O n\u00EDvel mais alto para um Kokushi era Kami (\u5B88 Kami?). Assim, por exemplo, o kokushi da Prov\u00EDncia de Kai teria o t\u00EDtulo de Kai no Kami (\u7532\u6590\u5B88 Kai no Kami?). Em alguns casos, o pr\u00F3prio Kami vivia na prov\u00EDncia para onde foi mandado. O mais alto cargo da prov\u00EDncia era chamado de Zuryo (\u53D7\u9818 Zuryo?). Os Kokushi perderam seu poder durante o Shogunato Kamakura e durante o per\u00EDodo de Shogunato Muromachi o Shugo. Nas gera\u00E7\u00F5es posteriores, especialmente no per\u00EDodo Edo, uma t\u00EDtulo kokushi permanecia como honor\u00EDfico."@pt . . . . "Kokushi (\u56FD\u53F8, also read Kuni no tsukasa) were provincial officials in Classical Japan. They were nobles sent from the central government in Kyoto to oversee a province, a system that was established as part of the Taika Reform in 645, and enacted by the Ritsury\u014D system. There were four classes of kokushi, from the highest to the lowest: Kami (\u5B88), Suke (\u4ECB), J\u014D (\u63BE), and Sakan (\u76EE). In the Middle Ages, an acting governor called mokudai, the daikan of the kokushi, took over the local government of the province, while the kokushi returned to the capital to take on a supervising role."@en . . "\u570B\u53F8\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u53E4\u4EE3\u5730\u65B9\u4E00\u7D1A\u884C\u653F\u55AE\u4F4D\u4EE4\u5236\u570B\u7684\u884C\u653F\u5B98\u50DA\uFF0C\u7531\u671D\u5EF7\u6D3E\u9063\u8D74\u4EFB\uFF0C\u5206\u70BA\u5B88\u3001\u4ECB\u3001\u63BE\u3001\u76EE\u3002\u56E0\u70BA\u90E1\u7684\u5B98\u540F\uFF08\u90E1\u53F8\uFF09\u901A\u5E38\u662F\u4EE5\u7576\u5730\u6709\u529B\u8C6A\u65CF\u64D4\u4EFB\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u4E2D\u592E\u8A2D\u7F6E\u570B\u53F8\u4EE5\u70BA\u7BA1\u8F44\u3002\u570B\u53F8\u65BC\u570B\u8859\u57F7\u884C\u653F\u52D9\uFF0C\u5305\u542B\u796D\u7940\u3001\u884C\u653F\u3001\u53F8\u6CD5\u3001\u8ECD\u4E8B\u90FD\u638C\u6709\u5927\u6B0A\u3002"@zh . . "Kokushi (\u56FD\u53F8 Kokushi?) foi uma classe de funcion\u00E1rios no Jap\u00E3o enviadas por um governo central para supervisionar uma Prov\u00EDncia Japonesa no VIII s\u00E9culo ap\u00F3s a promulga\u00E7\u00E3o do sistema Ritsuryo. Kokushi ajudou consideravelmente no poder e responsabilidade no acordo de Ritsuryo, incluindo a cobran\u00E7a de impostos, etc."@pt . "Kokushi (\u56FD\u53F8? Kuni no tsukasa) erano ufficiali del Giappone feudale mandati dal governo centrale a controllare le provincie dall'VIII secolo, dopo la promulgazione del sistema Ritsury\u014D. In accordo con il Ritsury\u014D, i Kokushi avevano molto potere e responsabilit\u00E0, inclusa la raccolta delle tasse ecc. Il pi\u00F9 alto livello per i Kokushi era il Kami (\u5B88?). Per esempio il governatore Kokushi del Kai aveva il titolo di Kai no Kami (\u7532\u6590\u5B88?). In molti casi il Kami viveva direttamente nella provincia di cui era responsabile, delegando i suoi poteri ad ufficiali minori. Il pi\u00F9 alto ufficiale in carico in una provincia era chiamato Zury\u014D (\u53D7\u9818?). I Kokushi persero molto loro potere durante lo shogunato Kamakura. Durante il periodo Muromachi vennero inoltre sostituiti dagli Shugo. Di conseguenza, soprattutto durante il periodo Edo, il titolo 'Kokushi' rimase un titolo d'onorificenza."@it . . . . "Kokushi"@de . "Kokushi oder Kuni no tsukasa (sinojapanische bzw. japanische Lesung von jap. \u56FD\u53F8) bezeichnete im fr\u00FChen Japan w\u00E4hrend des Ritsury\u014D-Verwaltungssystems die h\u00F6chsten Beamten, die die zivile Regierung der einzelnen Provinzen Japans (kuni) bildeten. H\u00E4ufig wird mit diesem Begriff auch nur der h\u00F6chste Beamte (Provinzgouverneur) bezeichnet. Ab dem 14./15. Jahrhundert war mit den Posten keine tats\u00E4chliche Macht mehr verbunden, er wurde aber weiterhin als Auszeichnung verliehen."@de . . . . . . "Les kokushi (japonais : \u56FD\u53F8) \u00E9taient des fonctionnaires du Japon ancien envoy\u00E9s par le gouvernement central pour superviser une province \u00E0 partir du VIIIe si\u00E8cle, apr\u00E8s l'entr\u00E9e en vigueur du syst\u00E8me du ritsury\u014D. Ce texte conf\u00E9rait aux kokushi un pouvoir consid\u00E9rable et de grandes responsabilit\u00E9s, notamment la collecte des taxes. \n* Portail de l'histoire du Japon"@fr . . . . "Kokushi (ufficiale)"@it . . . . "Kokushi (official)"@en . "\u570B\u53F8"@zh . . "3703015"^^ . "\u570B\u53F8\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u53E4\u4EE3\u5730\u65B9\u4E00\u7D1A\u884C\u653F\u55AE\u4F4D\u4EE4\u5236\u570B\u7684\u884C\u653F\u5B98\u50DA\uFF0C\u7531\u671D\u5EF7\u6D3E\u9063\u8D74\u4EFB\uFF0C\u5206\u70BA\u5B88\u3001\u4ECB\u3001\u63BE\u3001\u76EE\u3002\u56E0\u70BA\u90E1\u7684\u5B98\u540F\uFF08\u90E1\u53F8\uFF09\u901A\u5E38\u662F\u4EE5\u7576\u5730\u6709\u529B\u8C6A\u65CF\u64D4\u4EFB\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u4E2D\u592E\u8A2D\u7F6E\u570B\u53F8\u4EE5\u70BA\u7BA1\u8F44\u3002\u570B\u53F8\u65BC\u570B\u8859\u57F7\u884C\u653F\u52D9\uFF0C\u5305\u542B\u796D\u7940\u3001\u884C\u653F\u3001\u53F8\u6CD5\u3001\u8ECD\u4E8B\u90FD\u638C\u6709\u5927\u6B0A\u3002"@zh . . . "1084777140"^^ . . . "Kokushi"@fr . . . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u041A\u0443\u0301\u043D\u0456-\u043D\u043E-\u0446\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0430 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u53F8, \u3053\u304F\u3057, \u304F\u306B\u3065\u304B\u3055, \u304F\u306B\u306E\u3064\u304B\u3055, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u00BB, \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u00BB) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u00AB\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0456\u00BB 8 \u2014 11 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u0406\u043D\u0448\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0457\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u56FD\u5BB0, \u3053\u304F\u3055\u3044) \u0423\u0440\u044F\u0434 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0437 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 4 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0432: \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438 (\u5B88, \u043A\u0430\u043C\u0456), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 (\u4ECB, \u0441\u0443\u043A\u0435), \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 (\u63BE, \u0434\u0437\u044C\u043E) \u0456 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 (\u76EE, \u0441\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043D). \u041E\u043A\u0440\u0456\u043C \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0456 (\u53F2\u751F, \u0441\u0456\u0441\u044C\u043E). \u0413\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0456 \u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043E\u043C \u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432. \u0410\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F (\u56FD\u8859), \u0430 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 (\u56FD\u5E9C). \u041F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u044F\u043A \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043E 16 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u0410\u043B\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u044E\u0491\u043E, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u044C\u043E\u0491\u0443\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u044F\u0434\u0456\u0432, \u0443 11 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u0456."@uk . . . . . . "Les kokushi (japonais : \u56FD\u53F8) \u00E9taient des fonctionnaires du Japon ancien envoy\u00E9s par le gouvernement central pour superviser une province \u00E0 partir du VIIIe si\u00E8cle, apr\u00E8s l'entr\u00E9e en vigueur du syst\u00E8me du ritsury\u014D. Ce texte conf\u00E9rait aux kokushi un pouvoir consid\u00E9rable et de grandes responsabilit\u00E9s, notamment la collecte des taxes. La hi\u00E9rarchie des kokushi, comme pour tous les postes de fonctionnaires datant du syst\u00E8me ritsury\u00F4, \u00E9tait divis\u00E9e en quatre grades, dans l'ordre d\u00E9croissant : kami (\u9577\u5B98 / \u5B88, \u00AB gouverneur \u00BB), suke (\u6B21\u5B98, \u00AB sous-gouverneur \u00BB/ \u00AB premier assistant \u00BB), j\u014D (\u5224\u5B98, \u00AB second assistant \u00BB) et sakan (\u4E3B\u5178, \u00AB assistant \u00BB). Par exemple, le kokushi en chef de la province de Kai (Kai no kuni) avait le titre de Kai no kami. Dans certains cas, le kami r\u00E9sidait lui-m\u00EAme dans la province dont il avait la charge, d\u00E9l\u00E9guant ses pouvoirs \u00E0 des fonctionnaires subalternes (suke, j\u014D et sakan). Cependant, en pratique, le grade le plus \u00E9lev\u00E9 pour un fonctionnaire ayant effectivement en charge une province \u00E9tait celui de zury\u014D (\u53D7\u9818). Les kokushi perdirent la majorit\u00E9 de leurs pouvoirs pendant le shogunat de Kamakura et bien plus encore pendant celui de Muromachi, au profit des shugo (\u5B88\u8B77). Le terme de kokushi perdura cependant comme titre honorifique, en la pratique du , un titre offert par la cour imp\u00E9riale pour r\u00E9compenser un guerrier s'\u00E9tant distingu\u00E9 sur le champ de bataille (souvent des g\u00E9n\u00E9raux et samoura\u00EFs de haut rang) ou des artisans illustres. Mais aux \u00E9poques Sengoku et Edo, il devint possible d'acheter ces titres honorifiques (en l'absence de sa capacit\u00E9 d'imposition et la confiscation progressive de ses fiefs par les guerriers, les finances de l'aristocratie et de l'empereur \u00E9taient au plus bas). \n* Portail de l'histoire du Japon"@fr . . "6227"^^ . . "\u56FD\u53F8"@ja .