. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Liste des officiers g\u00E9n\u00E9raux de la Conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration ou Sudistes, durant la guerre de S\u00E9cession :"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Confederate and United States processes for appointment, nomination and confirmation of general officers were essentially the same. The military laws of the United States required that a person be nominated as a general officer by the president and be confirmed by the Senate and that his commission be signed and sealed by the president. Abbreviations and notes:"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "275974"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1122368248"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Liste des g\u00E9n\u00E9raux de la Conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Liste des officiers g\u00E9n\u00E9raux de la Conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration ou Sudistes, durant la guerre de S\u00E9cession :"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Liste der Generale der Konf\u00F6derierten Staaten von Amerika im Sezessionskrieg f\u00FChrt jene Offiziere auf, die im Range eines Generals im konf\u00F6derierten Heer dienten."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Liste der Generale der Konf\u00F6derierten im Sezessionskrieg"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Confederate and United States processes for appointment, nomination and confirmation of general officers were essentially the same. The military laws of the United States required that a person be nominated as a general officer by the president and be confirmed by the Senate and that his commission be signed and sealed by the president. Despite legal interpretations that would preclude posthumous confirmation of appointments or delivery of commissions, the U.S. Senate and the Confederate Senate confirmed a few appointments of officers known to be dead and did not recall or revoke a few other confirmed appointments for officers who had recently died or died before receiving their commissions. No brevet appointments were made in the Confederate States Army but twenty acting or temporary general officers were authorized by and appointed under Confederate States law. At least one State militia (Virginia) had at least one brevet general (Francis Henney Smith). Although not as prevalent as in the Union Army, some dates of rank in the Confederate States Army were before the date of appointment or commission. Under an Act of September 1, 1861, the Confederate Congress permitted Confederate President Jefferson Davis to make recess appointments and nominations subject to Confederate Senate confirmation during the next term. Confederate Senate confirmation of general officer appointments was usually prompt early in the war but often was delayed in the last two years of the war. Details concerning Confederate officers who were appointed to duty as generals late in the war by General E. Kirby Smith in the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, who have been thought of as generals and exercised command as generals but who were not duly appointed and confirmed or commissioned, and state militia generals who had field commands in certain actions in their home states but were never given appointments or commissions in the Confederate States Army are in the List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate). Not all colonels or lower ranking officers who exercised brigade or division command at any time are in this list but those most often erroneously referred to as generals are. A few acting or temporary Confederate generals were duly appointed and confirmed as such. The full entries for these officers are in this list. The notes mainly show pre-war military education or experience, pre-war political office, ranks and appointments prior to general officer appointments, some major assignments or events, information on wounds, killed in action or otherwise during the war, a few close relationships, deaths soon after the war, several of the longest lived generals and Spanish\u2013American War service. Abbreviations and notes: \n* Rank column: conf. = date appointment confirmed by Confederate Senate; nom. = date nominated by Confederate President Jefferson Davis; rank = date of rank \n* USMA = United States Military Academy at West Point, New York; \n* South Carolina Military Academy = Predecessor to The Citadel at Charleston, South Carolina; \n* VMI = Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, Virginia \n* Additional notes: ranks: lt. = lieutenant"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Liste der Generale der Konf\u00F6derierten Staaten von Amerika im Sezessionskrieg f\u00FChrt jene Offiziere auf, die im Range eines Generals im konf\u00F6derierten Heer dienten."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Generali degli Stati Confederati d'America"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "I generali degli Stati Confederati d'America erano collocati gerarchicamente in quattro livelli. Il grado pi\u00F9 elevato era quello di general (\"generale\"): il termine per\u00F2, oltre ad essere specifico di un livello di comando (comandante d'armata), \u00E8 anche la denominazione generica per tutta la categoria degli ufficiali generali, tanto che, nell'uso corrente, si tende a specificare nel primo caso Full General (\"Generale pieno\"). Nelle pagine relative si \u00E8 utilizzato il termine italiano \"generale d'armata\", corrispondente alla collocazione gerarchica del grado."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "I generali degli Stati Confederati d'America erano collocati gerarchicamente in quattro livelli. Il grado pi\u00F9 elevato era quello di general (\"generale\"): il termine per\u00F2, oltre ad essere specifico di un livello di comando (comandante d'armata), \u00E8 anche la denominazione generica per tutta la categoria degli ufficiali generali, tanto che, nell'uso corrente, si tende a specificare nel primo caso Full General (\"Generale pieno\"). Nelle pagine relative si \u00E8 utilizzato il termine italiano \"generale d'armata\", corrispondente alla collocazione gerarchica del grado. Per i gradi inferiori le corrispondenze con gli attuali gradi dell'Esercito italiano sono le seguenti: \n* Lieutenant-General (\"tenente generale\") = generale di corpo d'armata; \n* Major-General (\"maggior generale\") = generale di divisione; \n* Brigadier-General (\"brigadier generale\") = generale di brigata. La promozione a tenente generale e a generale, qualora conseguita sul campo o in seguito all'assegnazione di un comando superiore, doveva essere presentata al Senato per la ratifica. Vi sono clamorosi esempi di promozioni mai ratificate o addirittura mai presentate al Senato. Negli elenchi che seguono i generali sono elencati in funzione del grado effettivamente esercitato, anche se la promozione non fu ratificata. L'eventuale mancata ratifica \u00E8 riportata a fianco dei nomi e nelle singole note biografiche. Le fonti di riferimento sono discordanti circa il numero complessivo dei Generali confederati. Il massimo numero citato \u00E8 di 590, ma non \u00E8 stato possibile risalire oltre i 537 nominativi; poich\u00E9 alcune fonti contano due volte i Generali dell'Esercito Provvisorio e delle Milizie poi confermati nell'Esercito Confederato, il numero esatto \u00E8 di difficile valutazione. Le discordanze non riguardano i due gradi pi\u00F9 elevati. Per alcuni Generali - escluso il massimo grado - esistono inoltre diverse versioni circa il grado effettivamente raggiunto; gli elenchi che seguono sono fondati sui dati pubblicati dalle fonti pi\u00F9 complete e qualificate. Dove possibile sono indicate ulteriori precisazioni."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "29009119"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .