. . . . . "Les types de gladiateurs, que les Romains appelaient armaturae, apparaissent progressivement au cours de l'histoire de la gladiature romaine. Cette apparition correspond au souci des organisateurs de pimenter les affrontements en appariant deux panoplies et deux techniques de combat. L'\u00E9volution de certaines cat\u00E9gories donnant finalement naissance \u00E0 d'autres refl\u00E8te le souci d'\u00E9quilibrer les combats en opposant des cat\u00E9gories diff\u00E9rentes mais de m\u00EAme efficacit\u00E9. Les premiers types \u00E0 avoir vu le jour sont g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement qualifi\u00E9s d'\u00AB ethniques \u00BB, parce que leur nom et leur \u00E9quipement correspondent \u00E0 celui de peuples ayant combattu Rome. Apparaissent ensuite des types \u00AB techniques \u00BB, dont le nom \u00E9voque une technique de combat. La traduction litt\u00E9rale du terme armatura par armure induit une mauvaise perception du gladiateur que l'on imagine recouvert de la lourde armure des chevaliers m\u00E9di\u00E9vaux, d'o\u00F9 la pr\u00E9f\u00E9rence des historiens pour l'\u00E9quivalent grec d'armatura, la panopl\u00EDa ou (en) qui d\u00E9signe un ensemble coh\u00E9rent d'\u00E9quipements (les armes non incluses) qui ne sont pas interchangeables entre eux."@fr . . . "Denna artikel inneh\u00E5ller en lista \u00F6ver romerska gladiatortyper."@sv . . . "List of Roman gladiator types"@en . "Denna artikel inneh\u00E5ller en lista \u00F6ver romerska gladiatortyper."@sv . . "Lista \u00F6ver romerska gladiatortyper"@sv . . . . . . "\u0421\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0454\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434, \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u044F\u043C\u0438."@uk . . . . "24904"^^ . . . . . . "\u0421\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u043F\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0454\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434, \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0437 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u044F\u043C\u0438."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gladiatorengattungen"@de . . . "9054221"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Nelle arene romane combattevano diverse figure gladiatorie, le quali conobbero una evoluzione nel corso dei secoli in merito alle loro caratteristiche. L'attrattiva del combattimento si basava anche sul fatto di permettere a differenti classi di gladiatori di combattere. La maggior parte delle conoscenze a proposito delle armi utilizzate dai gladiatori proviene dagli scavi di Pompei. Numerosi reperti sono stati infatti portati alla luce dalla \"caserma dei gladiatori\" e depositati in esposizione presso il Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Tale conoscenza viene integrata da statuette, lapidi, affreschi, bassorilievi, mosaici, lucerne rappresentanti gladiatori."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Categorie di gladiatori romani"@it . . "There were many different types of gladiators in ancient Rome. Some of the first gladiators had been prisoners-of-war, and so some of the earliest types of gladiators were experienced fighters; Gauls, Samnites, and Thraeces (Thracians) used their native weapons and armor. Different gladiator types specialized in specific weapons and fighting techniques. Combatants were usually pitted against opponents with different, but more or less equivalent equipment, for the sake of a fair and balanced contest. Most gladiators only fought others from within the same school or ludus, but sometimes specific gladiators could be requested to fight one from another ludus."@en . . "\u0422\u0438\u043F\u0438 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0456\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432"@uk . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0438\u043F\u044B \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043A \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044F\u043C, \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u043E\u044F\u043C\u0438."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "Types de gladiateurs"@fr . "In den r\u00F6mischen Arenen k\u00E4mpften eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Gladiatorengattungen, die sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte entwickelten. Der Reiz der K\u00E4mpfe lag auch darin, unterschiedliche Gladiatorengattungen gegeneinander antreten zu lassen. Ursprung und Ablauf der Gladiatorenk\u00E4mpfe sind im Artikel Gladiator beschrieben."@de . . . "1123544505"^^ . . . . . . . . "Nelle arene romane combattevano diverse figure gladiatorie, le quali conobbero una evoluzione nel corso dei secoli in merito alle loro caratteristiche. L'attrattiva del combattimento si basava anche sul fatto di permettere a differenti classi di gladiatori di combattere. La maggior parte delle conoscenze a proposito delle armi utilizzate dai gladiatori proviene dagli scavi di Pompei. Numerosi reperti sono stati infatti portati alla luce dalla \"caserma dei gladiatori\" e depositati in esposizione presso il Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Tale conoscenza viene integrata da statuette, lapidi, affreschi, bassorilievi, mosaici, lucerne rappresentanti gladiatori."@it . . . . . . "Les types de gladiateurs, que les Romains appelaient armaturae, apparaissent progressivement au cours de l'histoire de la gladiature romaine. Cette apparition correspond au souci des organisateurs de pimenter les affrontements en appariant deux panoplies et deux techniques de combat. L'\u00E9volution de certaines cat\u00E9gories donnant finalement naissance \u00E0 d'autres refl\u00E8te le souci d'\u00E9quilibrer les combats en opposant des cat\u00E9gories diff\u00E9rentes mais de m\u00EAme efficacit\u00E9. Les premiers types \u00E0 avoir vu le jour sont g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement qualifi\u00E9s d'\u00AB ethniques \u00BB, parce que leur nom et leur \u00E9quipement correspondent \u00E0 celui de peuples ayant combattu Rome. Apparaissent ensuite des types \u00AB techniques \u00BB, dont le nom \u00E9voque une technique de combat."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "There were many different types of gladiators in ancient Rome. Some of the first gladiators had been prisoners-of-war, and so some of the earliest types of gladiators were experienced fighters; Gauls, Samnites, and Thraeces (Thracians) used their native weapons and armor. Different gladiator types specialized in specific weapons and fighting techniques. Combatants were usually pitted against opponents with different, but more or less equivalent equipment, for the sake of a fair and balanced contest. Most gladiators only fought others from within the same school or ludus, but sometimes specific gladiators could be requested to fight one from another ludus. Elite gladiators wore high-quality decorative armour for the pre-game parade (Pompa). Julius Caesar's gladiators wore silver armour, Domitian's wore golden armour and Nero's wore armour decorated with carved amber. Peacock feathers were used for plumes while tunics and loincloths had patterns in gold thread. For the fighting, functional combat armour was used; this too could be elaborately decorated. Some artistic sources, such as reliefs and mosaics, show gladiators with a various number of tassels hanging from one arm or leg. It has been speculated that they were a form of \"scorecard\" to show the number of fights a gladiator had won. Contests were managed by arena referees, and were fought under strict rules and etiquette. Combat was probably accompanied by music, whose tempo might have varied to match that of the combat. Typical instruments were a long straight trumpet (tuba), a large curved brass instrument (lituus), and a water organ (organum). During the Imperial period, the games might be preceded by a , a form of comedy show. An image from Pompeii shows a \"flute playing bear\" (Ursus tibicen) and a \"horn-blowing chicken\" (Pullus cornicen), that may have been part of such a mimus."@en . . "\u0422\u0438\u043F\u044B \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u043A \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044F\u043C, \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u043E\u044F\u043C\u0438."@ru . . . . . "In den r\u00F6mischen Arenen k\u00E4mpften eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Gladiatorengattungen, die sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte entwickelten. Der Reiz der K\u00E4mpfe lag auch darin, unterschiedliche Gladiatorengattungen gegeneinander antreten zu lassen. Ursprung und Ablauf der Gladiatorenk\u00E4mpfe sind im Artikel Gladiator beschrieben. Die meisten Kenntnisse \u00FCber die Waffen der Gladiatoren sind den Ausgrabungen in Pompeji zu verdanken, wo viele Ausr\u00FCstungsgegenst\u00E4nde aus einer Gladiatorenkaserne gefunden wurden, die heute im Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Neapel aufbewahrt werden. Erg\u00E4nzt werden die Kenntnisse durch erhalten gebliebene kleine Statuetten und Darstellungen von Gladiatoren auf Grabsteinen, Fresken, Reliefs, Mosaiken und \u00D6llampen."@de . . . . . . "\u0422\u0438\u043F\u044B \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432"@ru . .