. . . . . . . "Unter einer lebenden Polymerisation versteht man Kettenpolymerisationen, bei denen keine Abbruchreaktionen und Ketten\u00FCbertragungen auftreten. Unter \u201Elebenden Bedingungen\u201C wird die Kontrolle von Molmassen mit enger Verteilung m\u00F6glich. Des Weiteren lassen sich unter diesen Voraussetzungen klar definierte Polymerstrukturen, wie zum Beispiel Blockcopolymere mit bestimmten Sequenzl\u00E4ngen erzeugen. Der Nachteil dieser Reaktionsf\u00FChrung ist die hohe Sensitivit\u00E4t gegen\u00FCber Verunreinigungen. Aus diesem Grund sind Schutzgastechnik und absolut trockene, sowie reine Chemikalien fundamentale Voraussetzungen. Der Begriff living polymerisation wurde 1956 von Michael Szwarc f\u00FCr die anionische Polymerisation von Styrol in aprotischen L\u00F6sungsmitteln eingef\u00FChrt."@de . . . . . . . . . . . "Polimeryzacja \u017Cyj\u0105ca \u2013 rodzaj polimeryzacji \u0142a\u0144cuchowej, w kt\u00F3rej zosta\u0142y wyeliminowane wszystkie reakcje terminacji (zako\u0144czania \u0142a\u0144cucha polimer\u00F3w) a szybko\u015B\u0107 reakcji inicjowania jest przynajmniej o jeden rz\u0105d wi\u0119ksza od szybko\u015Bci reakcji propagacji (wzrostu \u0142a\u0144cuch\u00F3w polimeru). Polimeryzacja \u017Cyj\u0105ca jest bardzo trudna technicznie do przeprowadzenia, ale ma szereg unikatowych zalet, dla kt\u00F3rych d\u0105\u017Cy si\u0119 do jej osi\u0105gania, np.:"@pl . . . . . . . . . "La polym\u00E9risation vivante est une polym\u00E9risation en cha\u00EEne o\u00F9 les centres actifs sont p\u00E9rennes. Cela implique l'absence de r\u00E9actions de transfert de cha\u00EEne ou de terminaison. Cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9 particuli\u00E8re est notamment utilis\u00E9e pour synth\u00E9tiser des copolym\u00E8res \u00E0 blocs."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Unter einer lebenden Polymerisation versteht man Kettenpolymerisationen, bei denen keine Abbruchreaktionen und Ketten\u00FCbertragungen auftreten. Unter \u201Elebenden Bedingungen\u201C wird die Kontrolle von Molmassen mit enger Verteilung m\u00F6glich. Des Weiteren lassen sich unter diesen Voraussetzungen klar definierte Polymerstrukturen, wie zum Beispiel Blockcopolymere mit bestimmten Sequenzl\u00E4ngen erzeugen. Der Nachteil dieser Reaktionsf\u00FChrung ist die hohe Sensitivit\u00E4t gegen\u00FCber Verunreinigungen. Aus diesem Grund sind Schutzgastechnik und absolut trockene, sowie reine Chemikalien fundamentale Voraussetzungen. Der Begriff living polymerisation wurde 1956 von Michael Szwarc f\u00FCr die anionische Polymerisation von Styrol in aprotischen L\u00F6sungsmitteln eingef\u00FChrt. Im klassischen Fall dient THF als L\u00F6semittel und als Initiator wird Naphthalin-Natrium eingesetzt (1). Bei der Initiierung bilden sich Styrol-Radikalanionen (2), die in einer Dimerisierung in ein Dianion \u00FCbergeht (3). Damit verf\u00FCgt das Teilchen \u00FCber zwei aktive Kettenenden. Im Wachstum werden die Monomere an das Dianion addiert (4). Als lebende Polymerisationen werden solche Polymerisationen bezeichnet, die folgende Bedingungen erf\u00FCllen: \n* Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Initiierung ist viel gr\u00F6\u00DFer, als die der Propagation (ki \u22D9 kp), sodass zum Zeitpunkt t=0 die aktiven Kettenenden quantitativ vorliegen. \n* Alle aktiven Ketten wachsen unter gleichen Bedingungen. \n* Es gibt weder Kettenabbruchreaktionen, noch gibt es Ketten\u00FCbertragungsreaktionen. Nach der Polymerisation bleiben die Kettenenden aktiv und k\u00F6nnen durch gezielte Umsetzung mit Abbruchreagenzien funktionalisiert werden. Im engeren Sinne \u201Elebend\u201C kann nur die anionische Polymerisation durchgef\u00FChrt werden. Sehr \u00E4hnliche Ergebnisse sind aber auch mit der kontrollierten radikalischen Polymerisation (z. B.: ATRP, RAFT, NMP) sowie der Gruppentransfer-Polymerisation (GTP) erreichbar (quasilebende Polymerisation)."@de . . . . . "Levende polymerisatie is een bijzondere vorm van additiepolymerisatie, waarbij er geen ketenoverdracht of terminatiereactie plaatsvindt. In het ideale geval gebeuren de verschillende stappen - initiatie, propagatie en terminatie - achter elkaar. Na de initiatie zullen de polymeerketens gelijktijdig aangroeien met dezelfde snelheid, totdat alle monomeer is opgebruikt. Het gevolg is dat alle polymeerketens vrijwel even lang zijn, of anders gezegd: de polydispersiteit van het polymeer is bijna gelijk aan 1 (in het ideale geval zijn alle polymeerketens exact even lang en is de polydispersiteit gelijk aan 1, dit wil zeggen dat het polymeer monodispers is). Met levende polymerisatie is het mogelijk om de distributie van de moleculaire massa binnen enge grenzen te houden. Door de hoeveelheid initiator t.o.v. de hoeveelheid monomeer te vari\u00EBren kan men de lengte van de polymeerketens en daarmee ook de eigenschappen van het polymeer nauwkeurig regelen. Men noemt dit daarom ook \"gecontroleerde polymerisatie\" (controlled polymerization). Levende polymerisatie maakt het mogelijk om het \"design\" van polymeren te sturen. Men kan de terminale groepen, zijgroepen, monomeervolgorde bij copolymeren of de sterische structuur be\u00EFnvloeden. Pionier van de techniek van levende polymerisatie was de Brits-Amerikaanse polymeerchemicus (1909-2000), die ook de term \"living polymers\" bedacht. De eerste publicaties errond verschenen in 1956."@nl . . "\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u5728\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5316\u5B78\u4E2D\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u93C8\u589E\u9577\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u7136\u800C\u5728\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\uFF0C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u7684\u6D3B\u6027\u7AEF\u4E26\u4E0D\u5177\u6709\u7684\u80FD\u529B\u3002\u9019\u7A2E\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\u7F3A\u5C11\u53CD\u61C9\u548C\u93C8\u8F49\u79FB\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u4E14\u805A\u5408\u8D77\u59CB\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u9060\u6BD4\u93C8\u6210\u9577\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u4F86\u5F97\u5927\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E0A\u7279\u6027\u7522\u751F\u7684\u7D50\u679C\u662F\uFF1A\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u751F\u9577\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u6BD4\u50B3\u7D71\u805A\u5408\u65B9\u6CD5\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u9084\u4F86\u5F97\u6046\u5B9A\uFF0C\u4E14\u9019\u4E9B\u93C8\u7684\u9577\u5EA6\u662F\u76F8\u4F3C\u7684\uFF08\u5373\u5B83\u5011\u5177\u6709\u975E\u5E38\u4F4E\u7684\uFF09\u3002\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u5C0D\u65BC\u5340\u6BB5\u5171\u805A\u7269\u7684\u5408\u6210\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u5E38\u7528\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u7531\u65BC\u53EF\u4EE5\u5206\u968E\u6BB5\u9032\u884C\u5408\u6210\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u53EF\u4EE5\u63A7\u5236\u4E0D\u540C\u968E\u6BB5\u5408\u6210\u7684\u93C8\u6BB5\u4E0A\u5177\u6709\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u55AE\u9AD4\u3002\u53E6\u5916\u7684\u512A\u9EDE\u662F\u53EF\u4EE5\u9810\u5B9A\u60F3\u5408\u6210\u7684\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\uFF0C\u53CA\u63A7\u5236\u672B\u7AEF\u57FA\u5718\u3002 IUPAC \u5B9A\u7FA9\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9: \u4E0D\u5177\u93C8\u8F49\u79FB\u53CA\u93C8\u7D42\u6B62\u53CD\u61C9\u7684\u93C8\u589E\u9577\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u6CE8: \u5728\u8A31\u591A\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B, \u93C8\u7684\u8D77\u59CB\u53CD\u61C9\u901F\u5EA6\u6BD4\u93C8\u7684\u5EF6\u9577\u901F\u5EA6\u4F86\u5F97\u5FEB, \u4F7F\u52D5\u80FD\u93C8\u6240\u5E36\u7684\u80FD\u91CF\u5728\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\u662F\u7A69\u5B9A\u7684\u3002 \u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u662F\u7406\u60F3\u7684\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5B83\u70BA\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u5408\u6210\u63D0\u4F9B\u4E86\u7CBE\u6E96\u5EA6\u53CA\u53EF\u63A7\u6027\u2500\u2500\u7531\u65BC\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5E38\u5E38\u8868\u73FE\u5728\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u5FAE\u89C0\u7D50\u69CB\u4EE5\u53CA\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\u4E0A\uFF0C\u9019\u5169\u9EDE\u975E\u5E38\u91CD\u8981\u3002\u76F8\u8F03\u4E4B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u8981\u5728\u975E\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5C0D\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\u548C\u7684\u53EF\u63A7\u6027\u662F\u6BD4\u8F03\u4F4E\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u8A31\u591A\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u6703\u88AB\u6DF7\u6DC6\u6216\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u63A7\u5236\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u9019\u5169\u500B\u53CD\u61C9\u975E\u5E38\u76F8\u4F3C\uFF0C\u4F46\u9084\u662F\u6709\u660E\u986F\u7684\u5340\u5225\u4F86\u5340\u5206\u9019\u5169\u500B\u53CD\u61C9\u3002\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u88AB\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u7D42\u6B62\u6216\u93C8\u8F49\u79FB\u88AB\u79FB\u9664\u7684\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u53EF\u63A7\u5236\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u7D42\u6B62\u7684\u5730\u65B9\u88AB\u6291\u5236\uFF0C\u4F46\u4E0D\u88AB\u79FB\u9664\uFF0C\u85C9\u6B64\u4F86\u5F15\u767C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u4F11\u7720\u72C0\u614B\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u9019\u5340\u5206\u4ECD\u7136\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u6709\u722D\u8B70\u7684\u6587\u737B\u3002 \u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u6280\u8853\u662F\uFF1A \n* \u6D3B\u6027\u9670\u96E2\u5B50\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9 \n* \u6D3B\u6027\u967D\u96E2\u5B50\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9 \n* \u6D3B\u6027\u958B\u74B0\u6613\u4F4D\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9 \n* \u6D3B\u6027\u81EA\u7531\u57FA\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9 \n* \u6D3B\u6027\u93C8\u589E\u9577\u7E2E\u805A\u53CD\u61C9"@zh . "Polimeryzacja \u017Cyj\u0105ca"@pl . . . "March 2020"@en . . "La polym\u00E9risation vivante est une polym\u00E9risation en cha\u00EEne o\u00F9 les centres actifs sont p\u00E9rennes. Cela implique l'absence de r\u00E9actions de transfert de cha\u00EEne ou de terminaison. Cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9 particuli\u00E8re est notamment utilis\u00E9e pour synth\u00E9tiser des copolym\u00E8res \u00E0 blocs."@fr . "yes"@en . . . . "InternetArchiveBot"@en . . . . . . "Levende polymerisatie is een bijzondere vorm van additiepolymerisatie, waarbij er geen ketenoverdracht of terminatiereactie plaatsvindt. In het ideale geval gebeuren de verschillende stappen - initiatie, propagatie en terminatie - achter elkaar. Na de initiatie zullen de polymeerketens gelijktijdig aangroeien met dezelfde snelheid, totdat alle monomeer is opgebruikt. Het gevolg is dat alle polymeerketens vrijwel even lang zijn, of anders gezegd: de polydispersiteit van het polymeer is bijna gelijk aan 1 (in het ideale geval zijn alle polymeerketens exact even lang en is de polydispersiteit gelijk aan 1, dit wil zeggen dat het polymeer monodispers is)."@nl . . . . . . "Lebende Polymerisation"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . "Levende polymerisatie"@nl . . . "1117631731"^^ . . . . "37835"^^ . . . . . . . "In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger than the rate of chain propagation. The result is that the polymer chains grow at a more constant rate than seen in traditional chain polymerization and their lengths remain very similar (i.e. they have a very low polydispersity index). Living polymerization is a popular method for synthesizing block copolymers since the polymer can be synthesized in stages, each stage containing a different monomer. Additional advantages are predetermined molar mass and control over end-groups. Living polymerization is desirable because it offers precision and control in macromolecular synthesis. This is important since many of the novel/useful properties of polymers result from their microstructure and molecular weight. Since molecular weight and dispersity are less controlled in non-living polymerizations, this method is more desirable for materials design In many cases, living polymerization reactions are confused or thought to be synonymous with controlled polymerizations. While these polymerization reactions are very similar, there is a distinction between the definitions of these two reactions. While living polymerizations are defined as polymerization reactions where termination or chain transfer is eliminated, controlled polymerization reactions are reactions where termination is suppressed, but not eliminated, through the introduction of a dormant state of the polymer. However, this distinction is still up for debate in the literature. IUPAC definition Living polymerization: A chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent. Note: In many cases, the rate of chain initiation is fast compared with the rate of chain propagation, so that the number of kinetic-chain carriers is essentially constant throughout the polymerization. The main living polymerization techniques are: \n* Living anionic polymerization \n* Living cationic polymerization \n* Living ring-opening metathesis polymerization \n* Living free radical polymerization \n* Living chain-growth polycondensations"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9"@zh . . . . . . . "\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u5728\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5316\u5B78\u4E2D\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u93C8\u589E\u9577\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u7136\u800C\u5728\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\uFF0C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u7684\u6D3B\u6027\u7AEF\u4E26\u4E0D\u5177\u6709\u7684\u80FD\u529B\u3002\u9019\u7A2E\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\u7F3A\u5C11\u53CD\u61C9\u548C\u93C8\u8F49\u79FB\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u4E14\u805A\u5408\u8D77\u59CB\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u9060\u6BD4\u93C8\u6210\u9577\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u4F86\u5F97\u5927\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E0A\u7279\u6027\u7522\u751F\u7684\u7D50\u679C\u662F\uFF1A\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u751F\u9577\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u6BD4\u50B3\u7D71\u805A\u5408\u65B9\u6CD5\u7684\u901F\u5EA6\u9084\u4F86\u5F97\u6046\u5B9A\uFF0C\u4E14\u9019\u4E9B\u93C8\u7684\u9577\u5EA6\u662F\u76F8\u4F3C\u7684\uFF08\u5373\u5B83\u5011\u5177\u6709\u975E\u5E38\u4F4E\u7684\uFF09\u3002\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u5C0D\u65BC\u5340\u6BB5\u5171\u805A\u7269\u7684\u5408\u6210\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u5E38\u7528\u7684\u65B9\u6CD5\uFF0C\u7531\u65BC\u53EF\u4EE5\u5206\u968E\u6BB5\u9032\u884C\u5408\u6210\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u53EF\u4EE5\u63A7\u5236\u4E0D\u540C\u968E\u6BB5\u5408\u6210\u7684\u93C8\u6BB5\u4E0A\u5177\u6709\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u55AE\u9AD4\u3002\u53E6\u5916\u7684\u512A\u9EDE\u662F\u53EF\u4EE5\u9810\u5B9A\u60F3\u5408\u6210\u7684\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\uFF0C\u53CA\u63A7\u5236\u672B\u7AEF\u57FA\u5718\u3002 IUPAC \u5B9A\u7FA9\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9: \u4E0D\u5177\u93C8\u8F49\u79FB\u53CA\u93C8\u7D42\u6B62\u53CD\u61C9\u7684\u93C8\u589E\u9577\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u6CE8: \u5728\u8A31\u591A\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B, \u93C8\u7684\u8D77\u59CB\u53CD\u61C9\u901F\u5EA6\u6BD4\u93C8\u7684\u5EF6\u9577\u901F\u5EA6\u4F86\u5F97\u5FEB, \u4F7F\u52D5\u80FD\u93C8\u6240\u5E36\u7684\u80FD\u91CF\u5728\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\u662F\u7A69\u5B9A\u7684\u3002 \u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u662F\u7406\u60F3\u7684\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5B83\u70BA\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u5408\u6210\u63D0\u4F9B\u4E86\u7CBE\u6E96\u5EA6\u53CA\u53EF\u63A7\u6027\u2500\u2500\u7531\u65BC\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5E38\u5E38\u8868\u73FE\u5728\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u5FAE\u89C0\u7D50\u69CB\u4EE5\u53CA\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\u4E0A\uFF0C\u9019\u5169\u9EDE\u975E\u5E38\u91CD\u8981\u3002\u76F8\u8F03\u4E4B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u8981\u5728\u975E\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5C0D\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\u548C\u7684\u53EF\u63A7\u6027\u662F\u6BD4\u8F03\u4F4E\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u8A31\u591A\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u6703\u88AB\u6DF7\u6DC6\u6216\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u63A7\u5236\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u9019\u5169\u500B\u53CD\u61C9\u975E\u5E38\u76F8\u4F3C\uFF0C\u4F46\u9084\u662F\u6709\u660E\u986F\u7684\u5340\u5225\u4F86\u5340\u5206\u9019\u5169\u500B\u53CD\u61C9\u3002\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u88AB\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u7D42\u6B62\u6216\u93C8\u8F49\u79FB\u88AB\u79FB\u9664\u7684\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\uFF0C\u53EF\u63A7\u5236\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u7D42\u6B62\u7684\u5730\u65B9\u88AB\u6291\u5236\uFF0C\u4F46\u4E0D\u88AB\u79FB\u9664\uFF0C\u85C9\u6B64\u4F86\u5F15\u767C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u4F11\u7720\u72C0\u614B\u3002\u7136\u800C\uFF0C\u9019\u5340\u5206\u4ECD\u7136\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u6709\u722D\u8B70\u7684\u6587\u737B\u3002 \u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u6D3B\u6027\u805A\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u6280\u8853\u662F\uFF1A"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger than the rate of chain propagation. The result is that the polymer chains grow at a more constant rate than seen in traditional chain polymerization and their lengths remain very similar (i.e. they have a very low polydispersity index). Living polymerization is a popular method for synthesizing block copolymers since the polymer can be synthesized in stages, each stage containing a different monomer. Additional advantages are predetermined molar mass and control over end-group"@en . . . . . . . "IUPAC definition"@en . . . "Polimerizzazione vivente"@it . . . "Polimeryzacja \u017Cyj\u0105ca \u2013 rodzaj polimeryzacji \u0142a\u0144cuchowej, w kt\u00F3rej zosta\u0142y wyeliminowane wszystkie reakcje terminacji (zako\u0144czania \u0142a\u0144cucha polimer\u00F3w) a szybko\u015B\u0107 reakcji inicjowania jest przynajmniej o jeden rz\u0105d wi\u0119ksza od szybko\u015Bci reakcji propagacji (wzrostu \u0142a\u0144cuch\u00F3w polimeru). Polimeryzacja \u017Cyj\u0105ca jest bardzo trudna technicznie do przeprowadzenia, ale ma szereg unikatowych zalet, dla kt\u00F3rych d\u0105\u017Cy si\u0119 do jej osi\u0105gania, np.: \n* pe\u0142na kontrola nad stopniem polimeryzacji otrzymywanych polimer\u00F3w, poprzez prost\u0105 zmian\u0119 proporcji u\u017Cytego inicjatora do monomer\u00F3w \n* bardzo ma\u0142a polidyspersyjno\u015B\u0107 (rozrzut mas cz\u0105steczkowych) otrzymanych polimer\u00F3w \n* mo\u017Cliwo\u015B\u0107 syntezy dobrze zdefiniowanych kopolimer\u00F3w blokowych."@pl . . . . . "30.0"^^ . . . "right"@en . . . . "Nella chimica dei polimeri, una polimerizzazione vivente \u00E8 un tipo di polimerizzazione a catena in cui non si ha fase di terminazione e la catena continua a propagarsi. Questo si pu\u00F2 verificare in diversi modi. Condizioni necessarie affinch\u00E9 si parli di questo tipo di polimerizzazione: \n* Non si hanno n\u00E9 fase di terminazione \n* La reazione di inizio \u00E8 velocissima, molto di pi\u00F9 che quella di propagazione. Il risultato \u00E8 che la catena polimerica cresce ad un ritmo pi\u00F9 costante e le loro lunghezze sono pi\u00F9 o meno le stesse, per cui l'indice di polidispersione \u00E8 basso. La polimerizzazione vivente \u00E8 un buon metodo per sintetizzare i copolimeri a blocchi. Altri vantaggi sono la possibilit\u00E0 di controllare la stereochimica e la massa molare. La definizione ufficiale della IUPAC \u00E8: \"una polimerizzazione a catena in cui il trasferimento di catena e la terminazione sono assenti\". La polimerizzazione vivente \u00E8 desiderabile perch\u00E9 offre precisione e controllo sulle sintesi macromolecolari. Questo \u00E8 importante dal momento che molte propriet\u00E0 utili dei polimeri dipendono fortemente dalla loro struttura e dalle dimensioni. Considerando che il peso molecolare e la dispersione sono meno controllati nelle polimerizzazioni non-viventi, questo metodo \u00E8 ottimo per la progettazione di nuovi materiali. In molti casi una reazione di questo tipo viene confusa o considerata come sinonimo di polimerizzazione controllata. Sebbene queste due siano molto simili, c'\u00E8 una differenza notevole nelle definizioni. Mentre quelle viventi sono reazioni in cui mancano trasferimenti di catena o terminazione, nelle polimerizzazioni controllate queste ci sono, soltanto che sono soppresse, non eliminate del tutto, attraverso l'azione di particolari additivi. Ad ogni modo la letteratura spesso usa le due diciture indifferentemente."@it . "Living polymerization"@en . "Polym\u00E9risation vivante"@fr . . . "Nella chimica dei polimeri, una polimerizzazione vivente \u00E8 un tipo di polimerizzazione a catena in cui non si ha fase di terminazione e la catena continua a propagarsi. Questo si pu\u00F2 verificare in diversi modi. Condizioni necessarie affinch\u00E9 si parli di questo tipo di polimerizzazione: \n* Non si hanno n\u00E9 fase di terminazione \n* La reazione di inizio \u00E8 velocissima, molto di pi\u00F9 che quella di propagazione. La definizione ufficiale della IUPAC \u00E8: \"una polimerizzazione a catena in cui il trasferimento di catena e la terminazione sono assenti\"."@it . . . . "308682"^^ . . . "Living polymerization: A chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent.\n\nNote: In many cases, the rate of chain initiation is fast compared with the rate of chain propagation, so that the number of kinetic-chain carriers is essentially constant throughout the polymerization."@en . . . . . . . . . . .