. "1117121422"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "Lowelleko Errotako Neskak (ingelesez: Lowell Mill Girls) Ameriketako Industria Iraultzan zehar Massachusettseko Lowell industriara lanera etorri ziren neska gazteak ziren. Langileak, korporazioek errekrutatu zituztenak, Ingalaterra Berriko baserritarren alabak ziren, 15 eta 35 urte bitartekoak. 1840an, Industria Iraultzaren goren unean, ehun-fabrikak 8.000 emakume baina gehiago bildu zituzten. Hasierako periodoan, emakumeak beraien kabuz joaten ziren fabriketara hainbat arrazoiengatik: nebei unibertsitatea ordaintzen laguntzeko, Lowelleko hezkuntza aukerengatik edota aparteko diru-sartzeak lortzeko. Beraien soldatak gizonen soldaten erdia zirelarik, askok independentzia ekonomikoa lortu zuten lehen aldiz, beraien aita eta gizonen kontroletik kanpo. Ondorioz, bizitza zapaltzailea izan arren, emakumeei genero estereotipoak zalantzan jartzea ahalbidetu zieten. Hala ere, fabrika-sistema berria bistakoa egin zenean, emakume asko Estatu Batuetako langile-mugimendura batu ziren, aldaketa sozialen kontra borrokatzeko. 1845ean, hainbat greba eta manifestazioen ondoren, hainbat langile Estatu Batuetako emakume langileen batasuna eratzeko batu ziren, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. Elkarteak The Voice of Industry izeneko egunkari bat sortu zuen, non langileek kritikak argitaratzen zituzten. The Voicek kontrastea markatzen zuen emakumeek idazten zituzten beste egunkariekin; izan ere gainerakoek ikuspegi optimista batetik idazten zuten."@eu . . . . . . . "Lowelleko Errotako Neskak"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lowell Mill Girls"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lowelleko Errotako Neskak (ingelesez: Lowell Mill Girls) Ameriketako Industria Iraultzan zehar Massachusettseko Lowell industriara lanera etorri ziren neska gazteak ziren. Langileak, korporazioek errekrutatu zituztenak, Ingalaterra Berriko baserritarren alabak ziren, 15 eta 35 urte bitartekoak. 1840an, Industria Iraultzaren goren unean, ehun-fabrikak 8.000 emakume baina gehiago bildu zituzten."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Lowell mill girls were young female workers who came to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of New England farmers, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. By 1840, at the height of the Textile Revolution, the Lowell textile mills had recruited over 8,000 workers, with women making up nearly three-quarters of the mill workforce. During the early period, women came to the mills for various reasons: to help a brother pay for college, for the educational opportunities offered in Lowell, or to earn supplemental income for the family. Francis Cabot Lowell emphasized the importance of providing housing and a form of education to mirror the boarding schools that were emerging in the 19th century. He also wanted to provide an environment that sharply contrasted the poor conditions of the British Mills notoriously portrayed by Dickens. While their wages were only half of what men were paid, many women were able to attain economic independence for the first time, free from controlling fathers and husbands. On average, the Lowell mill girls earned between three and four dollars per week. The cost of boarding ranged between seventy-five cents and $1.25, giving them the ability to acquire good clothes, books, and savings. The girls created book clubs and published journals such as the Lowell Offering, which provided a literary outlet for the girls with stories about life in the mills. The demands of factory life enabled these women to challenge gender stereotypes. Over time, adult women would displace child labor, which an increasing number of factory owners, such as Lowell, were disinclined to hire. As the \"factory system\" matured, however, many women joined the broader American labor movement, to protest increasingly harsh working conditions. Labor historian Philip Foner observed, \"they succeeded in raising serious questions about woman\u2019s so-called \u2018place\u2019.\" In 1845, after a number of protests and strikes, many operatives came together to form the first union of working women in the United States, the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. The Association adopted a newspaper called the Voice of Industry, in which workers published sharp critiques of the new industrialism. The Voice stood in sharp contrast to other literary magazines published by female operatives."@en . . . . . . . "7551781"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lowell Mill Girls est le nom que re\u00E7urent les ouvri\u00E8res du textile de la ville de Lowell (Massachusetts) au XIXe si\u00E8cle. Les usines textile de Lowell, t\u00EAtes de pont de la R\u00E9volution industrielle aux \u00C9tats-Unis, pr\u00E9sentaient la particularit\u00E9, unique pour l'\u00E9poque, d'employer une main d'\u0153uvre constitu\u00E9e aux trois-quarts de femmes \u00E2g\u00E9es de 16 \u00E0 35 ans."@fr . "Lowell mill girls"@en . . . . . . "The Lowell mill girls were young female workers who came to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of New England farmers, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. By 1840, at the height of the Textile Revolution, the Lowell textile mills had recruited over 8,000 workers, with women making up nearly three-quarters of the mill workforce."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lowell Mill Girls est le nom que re\u00E7urent les ouvri\u00E8res du textile de la ville de Lowell (Massachusetts) au XIXe si\u00E8cle. Les usines textile de Lowell, t\u00EAtes de pont de la R\u00E9volution industrielle aux \u00C9tats-Unis, pr\u00E9sentaient la particularit\u00E9, unique pour l'\u00E9poque, d'employer une main d'\u0153uvre constitu\u00E9e aux trois-quarts de femmes \u00E2g\u00E9es de 16 \u00E0 35 ans. Recrut\u00E9es dans les campagnes de Nouvelle-Angleterre, elles \u00E9taient soumises par leurs employeurs \u00E0 un contr\u00F4le \u00E9troit qui devait garantir la moralit\u00E9 de leur comportement : log\u00E9es dans des pensions, elles \u00E9taient plac\u00E9es sous la surveillance de chaperonnes. Cet entre-soi essentiellement f\u00E9minin fut \u00E0 l'origine d'une coh\u00E9sion qui d\u00E9boucha sur plusieurs conflits sociaux, ainsi que sur des campagnes de p\u00E9titions \u00E0 l'adresse de la chambre des repr\u00E9sentants de l'\u00C9tat, en faveur d'une l\u00E9gislation sur les conditions et le temps de travail. Les ouvri\u00E8res \u00E9dit\u00E8rent \u00E9galement plusieurs magazines litt\u00E9raires, comme le Lowell Offering qui publiait des essais, de la po\u00E9sie et des fictions \u00E9crites par les ouvri\u00E8res elles-m\u00EAmes."@fr . . . . "31375"^^ . . . . .