. . . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (24 ao\u00FBt 1913 \u00E0 Livingston (Montana) \u2013 27 novembre 1997) \u00E9tait un pionnier de l'\u00E9ducation pour adulte. Il d\u00E9veloppa un mod\u00E8le andragogique par opposition au mod\u00E8le p\u00E9dagogique traditionnel qui prend en compte les caract\u00E9ristiques sp\u00E9cifiques de l'adulte dans le processus d'apprentissage. Cette approche s'inscrit dans le courant de l'humanisme contemporain qui s\u2019est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 en r\u00E9action au behaviorisme qui a pr\u00E9valu durant la premi\u00E8re moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle. Malcom Knowles, Carl Rogers, et Abraham Maslow sont les pr\u00E9curseurs de ce courant qui pr\u00E9conise l'apprentissage d'une mani\u00E8re autonome avec une prise en compte essentielle des besoins affectifs et cognitifs."@fr . "Malcolm Sheperd Knowles"@cs . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (* 24. August 1913 in Montana; \u2020 27. November 1997 in Fayetteville (Arkansas)) war ein US-amerikanischer Erwachsenenbildner (Erwachsenenbildung) bzw. Andragoge, bekannt f\u00FCr seinen Entwurf einer Theorie der Andragogik; ihm wird gro\u00DFer Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der humanistischen (Humanismus) Lern- und Bildungstheorie zugeschrieben."@de . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (Livingston, 24 agosto 1913 \u2013 Arkansas, 27 novembre 1997) \u00E8 stato un educatore statunitense di fama mondiale al quale si fa riferimento in particolar modo quando si parla di \u201Candragogia\u201D. Fu proprio lui, infatti, a rendere popolare questo tema, specialmente tra i lettori di lingua inglese. Knowles fu professore di alla North Carolina State University e scrisse diverse opere dedicate proprio al tema dell'andragogia ed ai suoi sviluppi, arrivando a definire sei pilastri dell'apprendimento degli adulti. A Knowles si riconosce il merito di aver tracciato l'ascesa del movimento dell'educazione degli adulti negli Stati Uniti, essendo stato il primo a sviluppare una teoria completa e a individuare prassi di educazione informale degli adulti. I suoi scritti e le sue pubbl"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1997-11-27"^^ . . . . . . "Malcolm Knowles"@fr . . . . "1913"^^ . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (24 ao\u00FBt 1913 \u00E0 Livingston (Montana) \u2013 27 novembre 1997) \u00E9tait un pionnier de l'\u00E9ducation pour adulte. Il d\u00E9veloppa un mod\u00E8le andragogique par opposition au mod\u00E8le p\u00E9dagogique traditionnel qui prend en compte les caract\u00E9ristiques sp\u00E9cifiques de l'adulte dans le processus d'apprentissage. Cette approche s'inscrit dans le courant de l'humanisme contemporain qui s\u2019est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 en r\u00E9action au behaviorisme qui a pr\u00E9valu durant la premi\u00E8re moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (Livingston, 24 agosto 1913 \u2013 Arkansas, 27 novembre 1997) \u00E8 stato un educatore statunitense di fama mondiale al quale si fa riferimento in particolar modo quando si parla di \u201Candragogia\u201D. Fu proprio lui, infatti, a rendere popolare questo tema, specialmente tra i lettori di lingua inglese. Knowles fu professore di alla North Carolina State University e scrisse diverse opere dedicate proprio al tema dell'andragogia ed ai suoi sviluppi, arrivando a definire sei pilastri dell'apprendimento degli adulti. A Knowles si riconosce il merito di aver tracciato l'ascesa del movimento dell'educazione degli adulti negli Stati Uniti, essendo stato il primo a sviluppare una teoria completa e a individuare prassi di educazione informale degli adulti. I suoi scritti e le sue pubblicazioni hanno avuto e continuano ad avere una grande influenza su quanti operano nel campo dell'educazione agli adulti e le sue teorie hanno plasmato numerosi educatori."@it . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (* 24. August 1913 in Montana; \u2020 27. November 1997 in Fayetteville (Arkansas)) war ein US-amerikanischer Erwachsenenbildner (Erwachsenenbildung) bzw. Andragoge, bekannt f\u00FCr seinen Entwurf einer Theorie der Andragogik; ihm wird gro\u00DFer Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der humanistischen (Humanismus) Lern- und Bildungstheorie zugeschrieben. Knowles studierte an der Harvard University und schloss das Studium 1934 ab. Von 1940 bis 1951 (unterbrochen durch den Wehrdienst in der United States Navy) arbeitete er in der Erwachsenenbildung des Christlichen Vereins Junger Menschen, zuerst in Boston, dann in Chicago. Anschlie\u00DFend wurde er Direktor der Adult Education Association of the USA. Ab 1959 lehrte er f\u00FCr 14 Jahre an der Boston University. Von 1974 bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1979 lehrte er an der North Carolina State University."@de . "M.A., 1949"@en . "\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632"@ar . . . . "3832007"^^ . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles"@en . . . . . "1913-08-24"^^ . "9066"^^ . "Malcolm Knowles (24 d'agost de 1913\u201327 de novembre de 1997) \u00E9s considerat com el pare de l'educaci\u00F3 d'adults. \u00C9s fam\u00F3s per l'adaptaci\u00F3 de la teoria de l'andragogia, un terme encunyat inicialment pel professor alemany , com l'art i la ci\u00E8ncia d'ajudar a adults a aprendre. Knowles ha estat una influ\u00E8ncia fonamental en el desenvolupament de la Teoria d'Aprenentatge Humanista."@ca . . "Malcolm Knowles (24 d'agost de 1913\u201327 de novembre de 1997) \u00E9s considerat com el pare de l'educaci\u00F3 d'adults. \u00C9s fam\u00F3s per l'adaptaci\u00F3 de la teoria de l'andragogia, un terme encunyat inicialment pel professor alemany , com l'art i la ci\u00E8ncia d'ajudar a adults a aprendre. Knowles ha estat una influ\u00E8ncia fonamental en el desenvolupament de la Teoria d'Aprenentatge Humanista. Nascut a Montana i fill d'un veterinari, Knowles va ser un Boy Scout en la seva joventut. Va obtenir una beca per Universitat Harvard on es va graduar amb un BA el 1934. Poc despr\u00E9s, va treballar amb l' a Massachusetts i es cas\u00E0 amb la seva esposa Hulda Fornell a qui va con\u00E8ixer mentre estudiava a Harvard. El 1940, va assumir el c\u00E0rrec de Director d'Educaci\u00F3 d'Adults a Boston YMCA fins que va ser reclutat en la Marina dels Estats Units el 1943. El 1946, es va traslladar a Chicago per treballar com a Director d'Educaci\u00F3 d'Adults al YMCA mentre treballa en el seu mestratge a la Universitat de Chicago, que va obtenir el 1949. De 1951-1959 va exercir com a director executiu de l'Associaci\u00F3 d'Educaci\u00F3 d'Adults dels EUA i amb el seu doctorat a la Universitat de Chicago. El 1959, va acceptar un nomenament en la facultat Universitat de Boston com a professor associat d'educaci\u00F3 d'adults amb la tinen\u00E7a. Va passar-hi 14 anys. Es va matricular a la facultat d'Educaci\u00F3 a la el 1974 per completar els seus \u00FAltims quatre anys de tasca acad\u00E8mica pr\u00E8via a la jubilaci\u00F3."@ca . . "1107209537"^^ . . "Massachusetts Adult Education Association"@en . . . . . . . . . . "2"^^ . . . . . "1913-08-24"^^ . . "A.B., 1934"@en . . . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (24 de agosto de 1913-27 de noviembre de 1997) fue un docente estadounidense que se dedic\u00F3 a la andragog\u00EDa. Famoso por la adopci\u00F3n de la teor\u00EDa de andragog\u00EDa; inicialmente el t\u00E9rmino fue acu\u00F1ado por el docente alem\u00E1n ."@es . . "\u041C\u0430\u043B\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043C \u0428\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u041D\u043E\u0443\u043B\u0437 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Malcolm Shepherd Knowles; 24 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1913 \u2014 27 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1997) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0433, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u044B\u0445. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043B \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u044B \u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0438 (\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0432\u0432\u0451\u043B \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0433 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u041A\u0430\u043F\u043F). \u041D\u043E\u0443\u043B\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0441\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0443\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F."@ru . . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u043B\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043C \u0428\u0435\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u041D\u043E\u0443\u043B\u0437 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Malcolm Shepherd Knowles; 24 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1913 \u2014 27 \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1997) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0433, \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u044B\u0445. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u043B \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F\u044B \u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0438 (\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0432\u0432\u0451\u043B \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0435\u0446\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043E\u0433 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0440 \u041A\u0430\u043F\u043F). \u041D\u043E\u0443\u043B\u0437\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0441\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0443\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F."@ru . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (24 de agosto de 1913-27 de noviembre de 1997) fue un docente estadounidense que se dedic\u00F3 a la andragog\u00EDa. Famoso por la adopci\u00F3n de la teor\u00EDa de andragog\u00EDa; inicialmente el t\u00E9rmino fue acu\u00F1ado por el docente alem\u00E1n ."@es . "Malcolm Knowles"@it . . . . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles"@en . . . . "\u041D\u043E\u0443\u043B\u0437, \u041C\u0430\u043B\u043A\u043E\u043B\u043C"@ru . . . . . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (August 24, 1913 \u2013 November 27, 1997) was an American adult educator, famous for the adoption of the theory of andragogy\u2014initially a term coined by the German teacher Alexander Kapp. Knowles is credited with being a fundamental influence in the development of the Humanist Learning Theory and the use of learner constructed contracts or plans to guide learning experiences."@en . "Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (August 24, 1913 \u2013 November 27, 1997) was an American adult educator, famous for the adoption of the theory of andragogy\u2014initially a term coined by the German teacher Alexander Kapp. Knowles is credited with being a fundamental influence in the development of the Humanist Learning Theory and the use of learner constructed contracts or plans to guide learning experiences."@en . . . "Malcolm Sheperd Knowles (24. b\u0159ezna 1913 \u2013 27. listopadu 1997) byl americk\u00FD teoretik vzd\u011Bl\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED dosp\u011Bl\u00FDch a andragogiky."@cs . "Malcolm Knowles"@ca . "Malcolm Knowles"@de . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u064A\u0628\u0631\u062F \u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Malcolm Knowles)\u200F (24 \u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 1913 - 27 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1997) \u0645\u0631\u0628\u064A \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062A\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062F \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0631\u063A\u0648\u062C\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0628. \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u062B\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062E\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u062A\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0647 \u062A\u062C\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062A\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0635\u063A\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062F\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u062A\u062D\u0645\u0633. \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063A\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u062A\u0634 \u0641\u064A \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u062F\u0627 \u0648\u062A\u062E\u0631\u062C \u0645\u0646 \u062B\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u062A\u0634 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1930. \u062D\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062D\u0629 \u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062F \u062D\u064A\u062B \u062A\u062E\u0631\u062C \u062D\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1934. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062A \u0642\u0635\u064A\u0631\u060C \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062A\u0633\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062A\u0632\u0648\u062C\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u062F\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 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\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 14 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F.\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064A \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990. \u062F\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064A\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u063A \u0644\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064A\u0631\u064A \u0648\u0641\u064A \u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0633\u0648."@ar . "1997"^^ . "Ph.D., 1960"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Malcolm Knowles"@en . . . . "Malcolm Sheperd Knowles (24. b\u0159ezna 1913 \u2013 27. listopadu 1997) byl americk\u00FD teoretik vzd\u011Bl\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED dosp\u011Bl\u00FDch a andragogiky."@cs . . . . . . . . . "Hulda Elisabet Fornell"@en . . "Malcolm Knowles"@es . "Livingston, Montana, US"@en . . . . . . . . . "Fayetteville, Arkansas, US"@en . . . . . "\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u064A\u0628\u0631\u062F \u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Malcolm Knowles)\u200F (24 \u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 1913 - 27 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1997) \u0645\u0631\u0628\u064A \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062A\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062F \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0631\u063A\u0648\u062C\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0628\u062A\u062F\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0628. \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u062B\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0637\u0648\u064A\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062E\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u062A\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0647 \u062A\u062C\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0645."@ar . . "1997-11-27"^^ . . . . . .