. . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force (MRAF) is the highest rank in the Royal Air Force (RAF). In peacetime it was granted to RAF officers in the appointment of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS), and to retired Chiefs of the Air Staff (CAS), who were promoted to it on their last day of service. While surviving Marshals of the RAF retain the rank for life, the highest rank to which officers on active service are promoted is now air chief marshal. Although general promotions to Marshal of the Royal Air Force have been discontinued since the British defence cuts of the 1990s, further promotions to the rank may still be made in wartime, for members of the Royal Family and certain very senior RAF air officers in peacetime at the discretion of the monarch; all such promotions in peacetime are only honorary, however. In 2012, the then Prince of Wales was promoted to the rank in recognition of his support for his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, in her capacity as head of the armed forces (commander-in-chief), while in 2014 Lord Stirrup, who had served as Chief of the Air Staff and Chief of the Defence Staff for over seven years, was also promoted. Marshal of the Royal Air Force is a five-star rank and unlike the air marshal ranks, can properly be considered a marshal rank. MRAF has a NATO ranking code of OF-10, equivalent to an admiral of the fleet in the Royal Navy or a field marshal in the British Army. The rank was instituted in 1919 and the first officer to be promoted to MRAF was Sir Hugh Trenchard in 1927. Since that time, including Trenchard, there have been 27 men who have held the rank. Of those, 22 have been professional RAF officers and five have been senior members of the British Royal Family. King George V did not formally hold the rank of marshal of the RAF; rather he assumed the title of Chief of the Royal Air Force. In this capacity from time to time he wore RAF uniform with the rank insignia of a marshal of the RAF. He first publicly wore such uniform in 1935, the year before his death. Excluding monarchs and other members of the Royal Family, the only two RAF officers ever to have held the rank without serving as Chief of the Air Staff were Lord Douglas of Kirtleside and Sir Arthur Harris. Both held high command during the Second World War. Harris was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Bomber Command and Douglas was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Fighter Command, Middle East Command and Coastal Command."@en . . . . "24089"^^ . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0412\u0412\u0421"@ru . . . "Mariscal de la Reial For\u00E7a A\u00E8ria (MRAF) \u00E9s el m\u00E0xim rang a la RAF. En temps de pau nom\u00E9s \u00E9s llu\u00EFt pels oficials de la RAF nomenats com Cap de l'Estat Major de la Defensa, i pels Caps de l'Estat Major de l'Aire retirats, els quals s\u00F3n promoguts immediatament abans del seu retir. Les promocions al rang van cessar a la d\u00E8cada dels 90. Actualment, el m\u00E0xim rang pels oficials al servei actiu de \u00E9s Mariscal en Cap de l'Aire, si b\u00E9 la promoci\u00F3 a Mariscal de la Reial For\u00E7a A\u00E8ria \u00E9s encara possible en temps de guerra, aix\u00ED com pels membres de la fam\u00EDlia reial brit\u00E0nica i per a alguns oficials veterans a discreci\u00F3 del Monarca."@ca . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B"@uk . 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"\u7A7A\u8ECD\u5143\u5E25 (\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9)"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force (MRAF) is the highest rank in the Royal Air Force (RAF). In peacetime it was granted to RAF officers in the appointment of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS), and to retired Chiefs of the Air Staff (CAS), who were promoted to it on their last day of service. While surviving Marshals of the RAF retain the rank for life, the highest rank to which officers on active service are promoted is now air chief marshal. Although general promotions to Marshal of the Royal Air Force have been discontinued since the British defence cuts of the 1990s, further promotions to the rank may still be made in wartime, for members of the Royal Family and certain very senior RAF air officers in peacetime at the discretion of the monarch; all such promotions in peacetime are only honor"@en . "150"^^ . . "\u4EE5\u4E0B\u662F\u82F1\u570B\u7687\u5BB6\u7A7A\u519B\u5143\u5E05\u5217\u8868\u3002"@zh . . "Maresciallo della Royal Air Force (MRAF) (inglese: marshal of the Royal Air Force) \u00E8 il grado pi\u00F9 alto della Royal Air Force (RAF), l'aeronautica militare britannica. In tempo di pace il grado \u00E8 stato concesso agli ufficiali della RAF nominati del Capo di stato maggiore della Difesa (CDS) e ai capi di stato maggiore dello staff aereo (CAS), nel loro ultimo giorno di servizio. Mentre i marescialli sopravvissuti della RAF mantengono il grado per tutta la durata della loro vita, il grado pi\u00F9 alto per gli ufficiali in servizio attivo \u00E8 adessoquello di Maresciallo capo dell'aria; in tempo di pace il grado \u00E8 puramente onorario, detenuto oltre che da alcuni ufficiali della Royal Air Force giunti all'apice della loro carriera, anche dal Principe Carlo e dal Principe Filippo di Edimburgo che ha lo "@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "MRAF"@en . . . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force est le plus haut grade de la Royal Air Force. Il se classe imm\u00E9diatement au-dessus du grade de Air Chief Marshal et est l'\u00E9quivalent d'un Admiral of the Fleet dans la Royal Navy et d'un Field Marshal de l'Arm\u00E9e de terre britannique."@fr . "1120618318"^^ . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marshal of the Royal Air Force) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457. \u0423 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043C \u041F\u0421 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. 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\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443 \u0456 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0412\u041F\u0421. \u0417 22 \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0412\u041F\u0421, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0431\u0443\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043E \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 (William Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside) \u0456 \u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0456\u0441 (Sir Arthur Harris) \u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u0456\u0439\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u0412\u041F\u0421."@uk . . . . . . . . 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Marshal of the Royal Air Force) \u2014 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 (\u0447\u0438\u043D) \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u00AB\u0424\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0434\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u00BB \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u00AB\u0410\u0434\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043B \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u00BB \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0412\u041C\u0424 \u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u00AB\u0413\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B-\u043A\u0430\u043F\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u00BB \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0442\u0435. \u0418\u0437 22 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0412\u0412\u0421, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u043C \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043E \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0423\u0438\u043B\u044C\u044F\u043C \u0428\u043E\u043B\u0442\u043E \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441 (William Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside) \u0438 \u0441\u044D\u0440 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0441 (Sir Arthur Harris) \u043D\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0412\u0412\u0421."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Marsekal Besar Angkatan Udara Kerajaan (RAF) dinamakan Marshal of the Royal Air Force (MRAF) merupakan pangkat tertinggi Angkatan Udara Kerajaan. Dalam masa damai, pangkat jenderal bintang lima ini dihibahkan kepada (CDS), dan pensiunan (CAS) di hari terakhir dinas mereka. Pada 2012, Charles, Pangeran Wales dipromosikan ke pangkat ini, dan pada 2014 , yang telah menjabat di CDS dan CAS selama tujuh tahun, juga dipromosikan pangkat MRAF."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mariscal de la Reial For\u00E7a A\u00E8ria"@ca . . . 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"Marsekal Besar (Britania Raya)"@in . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force ist der h\u00F6chste Dienstgrad der britischen Royal Air Force. Seine Entsprechungen in Heer und Marine sind der Field Marshal und der Admiral of the Fleet. Der NATO-Rangcode ist OF-10. Der Rang wird in Friedenszeiten nur noch in Ausnahmef\u00E4llen verliehen. Die meisten Tr\u00E4ger waren Chief of the Defence Staff oder Chief of the Air Staff kurz vor ihrer Au\u00DFerdienststellung bzw. Angeh\u00F6rige des K\u00F6nigshauses."@de . "Marsekal Besar Angkatan Udara Kerajaan (RAF) dinamakan Marshal of the Royal Air Force (MRAF) merupakan pangkat tertinggi Angkatan Udara Kerajaan. Dalam masa damai, pangkat jenderal bintang lima ini dihibahkan kepada (CDS), dan pensiunan (CAS) di hari terakhir dinas mereka. Pada 2012, Charles, Pangeran Wales dipromosikan ke pangkat ini, dan pada 2014 , yang telah menjabat di CDS dan CAS selama tujuh tahun, juga dipromosikan pangkat MRAF."@in . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force sleeve & shoulder board"@en . . . . . . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force ist der h\u00F6chste Dienstgrad der britischen Royal Air Force. Seine Entsprechungen in Heer und Marine sind der Field Marshal und der Admiral of the Fleet. Der NATO-Rangcode ist OF-10. Der Rang wird in Friedenszeiten nur noch in Ausnahmef\u00E4llen verliehen. Die meisten Tr\u00E4ger waren Chief of the Defence Staff oder Chief of the Air Staff kurz vor ihrer Au\u00DFerdienststellung bzw. Angeh\u00F6rige des K\u00F6nigshauses."@de . . . . . . . "A Marshal of the RAF star plate"@en . . . . . . . . "United Kingdom-Air force-OF-10-collected.svg"@en . . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force est le plus haut grade de la Royal Air Force. Il se classe imm\u00E9diatement au-dessus du grade de Air Chief Marshal et est l'\u00E9quivalent d'un Admiral of the Fleet dans la Royal Navy et d'un Field Marshal de l'Arm\u00E9e de terre britannique."@fr . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u82F1\u56FD\u7A7A\u519B\u5143\u5E05\u5217\u8868"@zh . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force"@de . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marshal of the Royal Air Force) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0457. \u0423 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043C \u041F\u0421 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Chief of the Defence Staff) \u0430\u0431\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0456 \u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Chief of the Air Staff) (\u043D\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u041F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u0412\u041F\u0421)."@uk . . . . "\u4EE5\u4E0B\u662F\u82F1\u570B\u7687\u5BB6\u7A7A\u519B\u5143\u5E05\u5217\u8868\u3002"@zh . . . . . . ""@en . . "Marshal of the RAF rank flag"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "1927"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "100"^^ . . . "Maresciallo della Royal Air Force"@it . . "Maresciallo della Royal Air Force (MRAF) (inglese: marshal of the Royal Air Force) \u00E8 il grado pi\u00F9 alto della Royal Air Force (RAF), l'aeronautica militare britannica. In tempo di pace il grado \u00E8 stato concesso agli ufficiali della RAF nominati del Capo di stato maggiore della Difesa (CDS) e ai capi di stato maggiore dello staff aereo (CAS), nel loro ultimo giorno di servizio. Mentre i marescialli sopravvissuti della RAF mantengono il grado per tutta la durata della loro vita, il grado pi\u00F9 alto per gli ufficiali in servizio attivo \u00E8 adessoquello di Maresciallo capo dell'aria; in tempo di pace il grado \u00E8 puramente onorario, detenuto oltre che da alcuni ufficiali della Royal Air Force giunti all'apice della loro carriera, anche dal Principe Carlo e dal Principe Filippo di Edimburgo che ha lo stesso titolo onorario anche nella Royal Australian Air Force e nella Royal New Zealand Air Force, dove il massino grado raggiunto \u00E8 quello di Air Marshal detenuto dal capo di stato maggiore delle forze armate se appartenente all'aeronautica, mentre il grado di air vice-marshal \u00E8 detenuto dal comandante in capo della aeronautica della Nuova Zelanda. Il grado \u00E8 equivalente a quello di Ammiraglio della flotta (inglese: Admiral of the Fleet) e Maresciallo di campo (inglese: Field Marshal) del British Army."@it . . . "437824"^^ . . . "Mariscal de la Reial For\u00E7a A\u00E8ria (MRAF) \u00E9s el m\u00E0xim rang a la RAF. En temps de pau nom\u00E9s \u00E9s llu\u00EFt pels oficials de la RAF nomenats com Cap de l'Estat Major de la Defensa, i pels Caps de l'Estat Major de l'Aire retirats, els quals s\u00F3n promoguts immediatament abans del seu retir. Les promocions al rang van cessar a la d\u00E8cada dels 90. Actualment, el m\u00E0xim rang pels oficials al servei actiu de \u00E9s Mariscal en Cap de l'Aire, si b\u00E9 la promoci\u00F3 a Mariscal de la Reial For\u00E7a A\u00E8ria \u00E9s encara possible en temps de guerra, aix\u00ED com pels membres de la fam\u00EDlia reial brit\u00E0nica i per a alguns oficials veterans a discreci\u00F3 del Monarca. El Mariscal de la Reial For\u00E7a A\u00E8ria \u00E9s un rang de 5 estrelles i t\u00E9 el codi de rang de l'OTAN de OF-10, equivalent a Almirall de la Flota a la Royal Navy o a Mariscal de Camp a l'Ex\u00E8rcit brit\u00E0nic."@ca . . . . . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force"@fr . . . "Marshal of the Royal Air Force"@en . . "MRAF star plate.svg"@en . . "\u041C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0412\u0412\u0421 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Marshal of the Royal Air Force) \u2014 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 (\u0447\u0438\u043D) \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u00AB\u0424\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0434\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B\u00BB \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u00AB\u0410\u0434\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043B \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u00BB \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0412\u041C\u0424 \u0438 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\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043B \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F (\u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043E \u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0412\u0412\u0421 \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F, \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0413\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043C\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043B \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (Air Chief Marshal)). \u0414\u043E 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0412\u0412\u0421 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B (Chief of the Defence Staff) \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0412\u0412\u0421 (Chief of the Air Staff) (\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F Marshal of the Royal Air Force 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