. . . . . . . . . . "\u30E0\u30A2\u30F3 (\u30BF\u30A4\u8A9E: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07\u3001\u30E9\u30FC\u30AA\u8A9E: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87\u3001\u30B7\u30E3\u30F3\u8A9E: \u1013\u1030\u102D\u1004\u1039\u200C\u1038) \u306F\u3001\u30BF\u30A4\u65CF\u306E\u4E16\u754C\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u591A\u6570\u306E\u6751\u306E\u30CF\u30D6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u305F\u90FD\u5E02\u3084\u56FD\u4E3B\uFF08\u30C1\u30E3\u30AA\uFF09\u306B\u3088\u308A\u6CBB\u3081\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u8857\u3084\u6751\u3005\u306E\u5168\u4F53\u9818\u57DF\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u6751\u3005\u306E\u4E0A\u4F4D\u306B\u3042\u308B\u5358\u4F4D\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u53E4\u304F\u306F\u90FD\u5E02\u56FD\u5BB6\u3092\u3055\u3057\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u56FD\u3001\u90FD\u5E02\u306A\u3069\u3092\u793A\u3059\u8A00\u8449\u3068\u306A\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30E9\u30AA\u30B9\u3067\u306F\u30E0\u30A2\u30F3\u306F\u770C\u306E\u4E0B\u4F4D\u306E\u884C\u653F\u533A\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308B\u90E1\u3092\u8868\u3059\u884C\u653F\u7528\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mueang"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u52D0"@zh . . . . "Mueang (Thai: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07 m\u026F\u0304ang, pronounced [m\u026Fa\u014B\u02E7] ), Muang (Lao: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87 m\u026F\u0301ang, pronounced [m\u026Fa\u014B\u02E6]; Tai Nuea: \u195B\u196B\u1952\u1970 muang), Mong (Shan: \u1019\u102D\u1030\u1004\u103A\u1038 m\u0259\u0301\u014B, pronounced [m\u0259\u014B\u02E6]), Meng (Chinese: \u731B or \u52D0) or M\u01B0\u1EDDng (Vietnamese), were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia, adjacent regions of Northeast India and Southern China, including what is now Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, parts of northern Vietnam, southern Yunnan, western Guangxi and Assam. Mueang was originally a term in the Tai languages for a town having a defensive wall and a ruler with at least the Thai noble rank of khun (\u0E02\u0E38\u0E19), together with its dependent villages.The mandala model of political organisation organised states in collective hierarchy such that smaller mueang were subordinate to more powerful neighboring ones, which in turn were subordinate to a central king or other leader. The more powerful mueang (generally designated as chiang, wiang, nakhon or krung \u2013 with Bangkok as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their suzerain and could enjoy periods of relative independence. Mueang large and small often shifted allegiance, and frequently paid tribute to more than one powerful neighbor \u2013 the most powerful of the period being Ming China. Following Kublai Khan's defeat of the Dali Kingdom of the Bai people in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the Shan States and adjoining regions \u2013 though the common description of this as a \"mass migration\" is disputed. Following historical Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by the Yuan as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the Tusi (\"Native Chieftain\") system. Ming and Qing-era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials. In the 19th century, Thailand's Chakri dynasty and Burma's colonial and subsequent military rulers did much the same with their lesser mueang, but, while the petty kingdoms are gone, the place names remain."@en . . . . "Mueang"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u52D0\uFF08\u6CF0\u8BED\uFF1A\u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07\uFF0C\u8F49\u5BEB\uFF1Amueang\uFF1B\u5BEE\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87\uFF1B\u64A3\u8A9E\uFF1A\u1019\u102D\u1030\u1004\u103A\u1038\uFF1B\u8D8A\u5357\u8BED\uFF1AM\u01B0\u1EDDng\uFF0F\U00021667\uFF1B\u5FB7\u5B8F\u50A3\u8BED\uFF1A\u195B\u196B\u1952\u1970\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u8B6F\u4F5C\u66FC\u3001\u5B5F\u3001\u731B\u6216\u8292\uFF0C\u6307\u7684\u662F\u53F0\u8A9E\u6C11\u65CF\u5728\u5370\u5EA6\u652F\u90A3\u534A\u5CF6\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u534A\u7368\u7ACB\u7684\u57CE\u90A6\u6216\u570B\u5BB6\uFF0C\u5728\u83EF\u5357\u548C\u5370\u5EA6\u6771\u5317\u90E8\u4EA6\u6709\u5206\u4F48\u3002\u5176\u8986\u84CB\u7684\u5730\u5340\u5305\u62EC\u4ECA\u65E5\u7684\u6CF0\u570B\u3001\u5BEE\u570B\u3001\u7DEC\u7538\u3001\u67EC\u57D4\u5BE8\u3001\u8D8A\u5357\u5317\u90E8\u90E8\u4EFD\u5730\u5340\u3001\u4E2D\u570B\u96F2\u5357\u5357\u90E8\u53CA\u5EE3\u897F\u897F\u90E8\u3001\u5370\u5EA6\u963F\u85A9\u59C6\u90A6\u3002 \u52D0\u9019\u500B\u8A5E\u5728\u6CF0\u8A9E\u4E2D\u539F\u672C\u610F\u601D\u662F\u64C1\u6709\u57CE\u7246\u7684\u57CE\u93AE\u53CA\u5176\u5468\u908A\u7684\u9644\u5C6C\u6751\u838A\uFF08\u962A\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E14\u5176\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u81F3\u5C11\u64C1\u6709\u300C\u5764\u300D(\u541B)\uFF08\u0E02\u0E38\u0E19\uFF0Ckhun\uFF09\u7684\u7235\u4F4D\u3002\u5728\u66FC\u837C\u7F85\u9AD4\u7CFB\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8F03\u5C0F\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u9644\u5C6C\u65BC\u9130\u8FD1\u7684\u66F4\u70BA\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\uFF0C\u76F8\u61C9\u5730\uFF0C\u5927\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u5247\u9644\u5C6C\u65BC\u4E2D\u592E\u570B\u738B\u6216\u5176\u4ED6\u7684\u9818\u8896\u3002\u66F4\u70BA\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u547D\u540D\u70BA\u300C\u6E05\uFF0F\u666F\u300D\uFF08\u0E40\u0E0A\u0E35\u0E22\u0E07\uFF0Cchiang\uFF09\u3001\u300C\u6DF5\u300D\uFF08\u0E40\u0E27\u0E35\u0E22\u0E07\uFF0Cwiang\uFF09\u3001\u300C\u90A3\u7A7A\u300D\uFF08\u0E19\u0E04\u0E23\uFF0Cnakhon\uFF09\u6216\u300C\u606D\u300D\uFF08\u0E01\u0E23\u0E38\u0E07\uFF0Ckrung\uFF09\uFF0C\u6709\u6642\u5019\u6703\u8A66\u5716\u64FA\u812B\u5B97\u4E3B\u7684\u7D71\u6CBB\u800C\u5C0B\u6C42\u7368\u7ACB\u3002\u5927\u5927\u5C0F\u5C0F\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u5E38\u5E38\u8B8A\u63DB\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u6548\u5FE0\u5C0D\u8C61\uFF0C\u983B\u7E41\u5411\u4E00\u500B\u4EE5\u4E0A\u7684\u5F37\u5927\u9130\u5C45\u9032\u8CA2\u3002\u52D0\u7684\u6BCF\u500B\u5BB6\u5EAD\u6709\u4E00\u584A\u5730\u4F9B\u8015\u7A2E\uFF0C\u76F8\u61C9\u4E5F\u8981\u5411\u52D0\u7684\u982D\u4EBA\uFF08\u662D\u52D0\uFF09\u670D\u5DEE\u5F79\u548C\u4EA4\u7A05\u3002"@zh . . "\u52D0\uFF08\u6CF0\u8BED\uFF1A\u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07\uFF0C\u8F49\u5BEB\uFF1Amueang\uFF1B\u5BEE\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87\uFF1B\u64A3\u8A9E\uFF1A\u1019\u102D\u1030\u1004\u103A\u1038\uFF1B\u8D8A\u5357\u8BED\uFF1AM\u01B0\u1EDDng\uFF0F\U00021667\uFF1B\u5FB7\u5B8F\u50A3\u8BED\uFF1A\u195B\u196B\u1952\u1970\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u8B6F\u4F5C\u66FC\u3001\u5B5F\u3001\u731B\u6216\u8292\uFF0C\u6307\u7684\u662F\u53F0\u8A9E\u6C11\u65CF\u5728\u5370\u5EA6\u652F\u90A3\u534A\u5CF6\u5EFA\u7ACB\u7684\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u534A\u7368\u7ACB\u7684\u57CE\u90A6\u6216\u570B\u5BB6\uFF0C\u5728\u83EF\u5357\u548C\u5370\u5EA6\u6771\u5317\u90E8\u4EA6\u6709\u5206\u4F48\u3002\u5176\u8986\u84CB\u7684\u5730\u5340\u5305\u62EC\u4ECA\u65E5\u7684\u6CF0\u570B\u3001\u5BEE\u570B\u3001\u7DEC\u7538\u3001\u67EC\u57D4\u5BE8\u3001\u8D8A\u5357\u5317\u90E8\u90E8\u4EFD\u5730\u5340\u3001\u4E2D\u570B\u96F2\u5357\u5357\u90E8\u53CA\u5EE3\u897F\u897F\u90E8\u3001\u5370\u5EA6\u963F\u85A9\u59C6\u90A6\u3002 \u52D0\u9019\u500B\u8A5E\u5728\u6CF0\u8A9E\u4E2D\u539F\u672C\u610F\u601D\u662F\u64C1\u6709\u57CE\u7246\u7684\u57CE\u93AE\u53CA\u5176\u5468\u908A\u7684\u9644\u5C6C\u6751\u838A\uFF08\u962A\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E14\u5176\u7D71\u6CBB\u8005\u81F3\u5C11\u64C1\u6709\u300C\u5764\u300D(\u541B)\uFF08\u0E02\u0E38\u0E19\uFF0Ckhun\uFF09\u7684\u7235\u4F4D\u3002\u5728\u66FC\u837C\u7F85\u9AD4\u7CFB\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8F03\u5C0F\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u9644\u5C6C\u65BC\u9130\u8FD1\u7684\u66F4\u70BA\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\uFF0C\u76F8\u61C9\u5730\uFF0C\u5927\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u5247\u9644\u5C6C\u65BC\u4E2D\u592E\u570B\u738B\u6216\u5176\u4ED6\u7684\u9818\u8896\u3002\u66F4\u70BA\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u547D\u540D\u70BA\u300C\u6E05\uFF0F\u666F\u300D\uFF08\u0E40\u0E0A\u0E35\u0E22\u0E07\uFF0Cchiang\uFF09\u3001\u300C\u6DF5\u300D\uFF08\u0E40\u0E27\u0E35\u0E22\u0E07\uFF0Cwiang\uFF09\u3001\u300C\u90A3\u7A7A\u300D\uFF08\u0E19\u0E04\u0E23\uFF0Cnakhon\uFF09\u6216\u300C\u606D\u300D\uFF08\u0E01\u0E23\u0E38\u0E07\uFF0Ckrung\uFF09\uFF0C\u6709\u6642\u5019\u6703\u8A66\u5716\u64FA\u812B\u5B97\u4E3B\u7684\u7D71\u6CBB\u800C\u5C0B\u6C42\u7368\u7ACB\u3002\u5927\u5927\u5C0F\u5C0F\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u5E38\u5E38\u8B8A\u63DB\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u6548\u5FE0\u5C0D\u8C61\uFF0C\u983B\u7E41\u5411\u4E00\u500B\u4EE5\u4E0A\u7684\u5F37\u5927\u9130\u5C45\u9032\u8CA2\u3002\u52D0\u7684\u6BCF\u500B\u5BB6\u5EAD\u6709\u4E00\u584A\u5730\u4F9B\u8015\u7A2E\uFF0C\u76F8\u61C9\u4E5F\u8981\u5411\u52D0\u7684\u982D\u4EBA\uFF08\u662D\u52D0\uFF09\u670D\u5DEE\u5F79\u548C\u4EA4\u7A05\u3002 \u5FFD\u5FC5\u70C8\u65BC1253\u5E74\u6253\u6557\u5927\u7406\u570B\u4E4B\u5F8C\uFF0C\u64A3\u90A6\u5168\u5883\u53CA\u5176\u9130\u8FD1\u5730\u5340\u5927\u91CF\u51FA\u73FE\u65B0\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\uFF0C\u96D6\u7136\u901A\u5E38\u5C07\u5176\u63CF\u8FF0\u70BA\u5927\u91CF\u79FB\u6C11\u5C0E\u81F4\u7684\uFF0C\u4F46\u537B\u662F\u6709\u722D\u8B70\u7684\u3002\u81EA\u5143\u671D\u958B\u59CB\uFF0C\u4E2D\u570B\u5728\u96F2\u5357\u5EFA\u7ACB\u571F\u53F8\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u6388\u4E88\u90E8\u843D\u914B\u9577\u5B98\u8077\uFF0C\u8B93\u4ED6\u5011\u5C0D\u81EA\u5DF1\u90E8\u843D\u5BE6\u884C\u81EA\u6CBB\u3002\u8F03\u5927\u7684\u52D0\u6709\u6642\u5019\u63A7\u5236\u8457\u8F03\u5C0F\u7684\u52D0\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u897F\u96D9\u7248\u7D0D\u7684\u53EC\u7247\u9818\u6703\u6D3E\u4E00\u4E9B\u5B50\u5F1F\u51FA\u4EFB\u5176\u4ED6\u52D0\u7684\u982D\u4EBA\u3002\u5728\u660E\u671D\u548C\u6E05\u671D\u671F\u9593\uFF0C\u4E2D\u570B\u671D\u5EF7\u5BE6\u65BD\u300C\u6539\u571F\u6B78\u6D41\u300D\uFF0C\u9010\u6B65\u5EE2\u9664\u4E16\u8972\u7684\u571F\u53F8\u300219\u4E16\u7D00\uFF0C\u6CF0\u570B\u7684\u624E\u514B\u91CC\u738B\u671D\u53CA\u82F1\u5C6C\u7DEC\u7538\u4EA6\u63A1\u53D6\u985E\u4F3C\u7684\u624B\u6BB5\u5EE2\u9664\u4E86\u8F03\u5C0F\u7684\u300C\u52D0\u300D\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u9019\u4E9B\u5C0F\u570B\u6D88\u5931\u4E86\uFF0C\u4F46\u5730\u540D\u537B\u4FDD\u7559\u4E86\u4E0B\u4F86\u3002"@zh . "\u30E0\u30A2\u30F3 (\u30BF\u30A4\u8A9E: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07\u3001\u30E9\u30FC\u30AA\u8A9E: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87\u3001\u30B7\u30E3\u30F3\u8A9E: \u1013\u1030\u102D\u1004\u1039\u200C\u1038) \u306F\u3001\u30BF\u30A4\u65CF\u306E\u4E16\u754C\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u591A\u6570\u306E\u6751\u306E\u30CF\u30D6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u305F\u90FD\u5E02\u3084\u56FD\u4E3B\uFF08\u30C1\u30E3\u30AA\uFF09\u306B\u3088\u308A\u6CBB\u3081\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u8857\u3084\u6751\u3005\u306E\u5168\u4F53\u9818\u57DF\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u6751\u3005\u306E\u4E0A\u4F4D\u306B\u3042\u308B\u5358\u4F4D\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u53E4\u304F\u306F\u90FD\u5E02\u56FD\u5BB6\u3092\u3055\u3057\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u56FD\u3001\u90FD\u5E02\u306A\u3069\u3092\u793A\u3059\u8A00\u8449\u3068\u306A\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30E9\u30AA\u30B9\u3067\u306F\u30E0\u30A2\u30F3\u306F\u770C\u306E\u4E0B\u4F4D\u306E\u884C\u653F\u533A\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308B\u90E1\u3092\u8868\u3059\u884C\u653F\u7528\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "Mueang o m\u00FCang ([m\u026Fa\u014B]; in lingua lao: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87, traslitterato: mueang o muang; in thailandese: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07?, traslitterato: mueang o muang ; in lingua vietnamita: m\u01B0\u1EDDng; in : mong; in cinese semplificato: \u52D0, pinyin: m\u011Bng) \u00E8 il termine con cui si indicano le storiche citt\u00E0-Stato o Principati dei popoli Tai che nacquero a partire dal I millennio d.C. in Indocina. Tuttora molte di queste antiche municipalit\u00E0 mantengono tale denominazione in Thailandia, Laos, Vietnam, nello Stato Shan della Birmania e nella provincia cinese dello Yunnan."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mueang (Thai: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07 m\u026F\u0304ang, pronounced [m\u026Fa\u014B\u02E7] ), Muang (Lao: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87 m\u026F\u0301ang, pronounced [m\u026Fa\u014B\u02E6]; Tai Nuea: \u195B\u196B\u1952\u1970 muang), Mong (Shan: \u1019\u102D\u1030\u1004\u103A\u1038 m\u0259\u0301\u014B, pronounced [m\u0259\u014B\u02E6]), Meng (Chinese: \u731B or \u52D0) or M\u01B0\u1EDDng (Vietnamese), were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia, adjacent regions of Northeast India and Southern China, including what is now Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, parts of northern Vietnam, southern Yunnan, western Guangxi and Assam."@en . . . . . . . . "Mueang o m\u00FCang ([m\u026Fa\u014B]; in lingua lao: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87, traslitterato: mueang o muang; in thailandese: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07?, traslitterato: mueang o muang ; in lingua vietnamita: m\u01B0\u1EDDng; in : mong; in cinese semplificato: \u52D0, pinyin: m\u011Bng) \u00E8 il termine con cui si indicano le storiche citt\u00E0-Stato o Principati dei popoli Tai che nacquero a partire dal I millennio d.C. in Indocina. Tuttora molte di queste antiche municipalit\u00E0 mantengono tale denominazione in Thailandia, Laos, Vietnam, nello Stato Shan della Birmania e nella provincia cinese dello Yunnan. Il termine mueang si riferisce alle antiche citt\u00E0-Stato e ai territori a essa subordinati, in particolare quelli coltivati in pianura e a fondo valle. In lingua thai, il popolo di tali territori era definito khon mueang (\u0E04\u0E19\u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07), in contrapposizione ai popoli non civilizzati delle foreste, khon pha (\u0E04\u0E19\u0E1B\u0E48\u0E32), e delle montagne, khon d\u00F2i (\u0E04\u0E19\u0E14\u0E2D\u0E22). Gli antichi abitanti di Lanna si autodefinivano Khon mueang, mentre il termine Tai yuan con cui sono conosciuti \u00E8 di origine siamese o birmana. Un modello di sviluppo analogo a quello delle muang lo ebbero le , citt\u00E0-Stato o regni formati nell'Insulindia e nella parte meridionale della penisola malese dalle popolazioni proto-maleo-polinesiache, in particolare nei territori controllati dall'Impero Srivijaya."@it . "M\u00FCang (oder Mueang, franz\u00F6sisch Muang; thail\u00E4ndisch \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07, laotisch \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87, Aussprache [m\u026Fa\u014B], oder Shan Mong) waren die quasi-unabh\u00E4ngigen F\u00FCrstent\u00FCmer oder Stadtstaaten der Tai-V\u00F6lker im heutigen Thailand, Laos, dem Shan-Staat von Birma, Teilen der s\u00FCdchinesischen Provinz Yunnan und dem \u00E4u\u00DFersten Nordwesten Vietnams. Die kleineren M\u00FCang waren den m\u00E4chtigeren Nachbar-M\u00FCang oftmals tributpflichtig, welche wiederum dem K\u00F6nig Tribut zollten (Mandala-System). Manche der gro\u00DFen M\u00FCang wurden auch \u201EK\u00F6nigreich\u201C genannt und erlangten zeitweise eine gewisse Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit. In Lan Na waren die M\u00FCang ebenfalls mehr oder weniger unabh\u00E4ngige Gebiete. Sie wurden weiter in St\u00E4dte und die umliegenden D\u00F6rfer eingeteilt. Durch die Thesaphiban-Reform unter K\u00F6nig Rama V. (Chulalongkorn) wurden Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in Siam die Stadt-Staaten durch die heutigen thail\u00E4ndischen Provinzen (Changwat) ersetzt und der direkten Kontrolle durch die Zentralregierung unterstellt."@de . "Mueang"@it . . . "( \uD0C0\uC774\uC758 \uD589\uC815 \uAD6C\uC5ED\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uBBC0\uC559(\uD0DC\uAD6D\uC5B4: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07) \uB610\uB294 \uBBC0\uC5C9(\uB77C\uC624\uC5B4: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87, \uBCA0\uD2B8\uB0A8\uC5B4: M\u01B0\u1EDDng), \uBABD(\uC0E8\uC5B4: Mong)\uC740 \uBC18\uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uB3C4\uC2DC \uAD6D\uAC00 \uB610\uB294 \uACF5\uAD6D\uC73C\uB85C, \uB3D9\uB0A8\uC544\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uD0C0\uC774\uB098 \uB77C\uC624\uC2A4, \uBCA0\uD2B8\uB0A8 \uBD81\uBD80, \uBBF8\uC580\uB9C8\uC758 \uC0E8 \uC8FC \uB4F1\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uC874\uC7AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uB9C9\uAC15\uD55C \uD798\uC744 \uC9C0\uB2CC \uBBC0\uC559\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0, \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uC655\uAD6D\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB9AC\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uB54C\uB85C\uB294 \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uC885\uC8FC\uAD6D\uC73C\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uD574\uBC29\uD558\uB824 \uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uC885\uC885 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC744 \uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC5EC\uB7EC \uBBC0\uC559\uB4E4\uC740 \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uC880 \uB354 \uB9C9\uAC15\uD55C \uC774\uC6C3\uB098\uB77C\uC5D0 \uC870\uACF5\uC744 \uBC14\uCCE4\uB2E4."@ko . "1092524755"^^ . . . . . . . . "4470451"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30E0\u30A2\u30F3"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uBBC0\uC559"@ko . . . . . . "M\u00FCang"@de . . "Mueang (en tailand\u00E9s: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07), Muang (en lao, \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87), M\u01B0\u1EDDng (en vietnamita) o Mong (Shan) fueron ciudades-estado o pincipados con un alto nivel de independencia en las actuales Tailandia, Laos y el Estado de Shan de Birmania. Los mueang menores estaban subordinados a los mueang vecinos m\u00E1s poderosos, que a su vez estaban subordinados al rey. Estos mueang m\u00E1s poderosos, a veces llamados reino, ocasionalemnte trataron de adquirir total independencia frente al poder real. En Siam estas ciudades-estado se convirtieron en las provincias actuales (changwat) durante las reformas del Pr\u00EDncipe Damrong Rajanubhab. El t\u00E9rmino mueang fue oficialmente cambiado por el de Changwat en 1916. El t\u00E9rmino mueang a\u00FAn se pueden encontrar en la toponimia de los distritos capitales de las provincias de Tailandia (amphoe mueang), as\u00ED como para las localidades que tienen estatuto de ciudad (thesaban mueang). Algunos distritos tambi\u00E9n contienen el t\u00E9rmino mueang como parte de su nombre. En Laos, las provincias est\u00E1n subdivididas en Muang, traducido com\u00FAnmente como distritos."@es . . . "( \uD0C0\uC774\uC758 \uD589\uC815 \uAD6C\uC5ED\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uBBC0\uC559(\uD0DC\uAD6D\uC5B4: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07) \uB610\uB294 \uBBC0\uC5C9(\uB77C\uC624\uC5B4: \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87, \uBCA0\uD2B8\uB0A8\uC5B4: M\u01B0\u1EDDng), \uBABD(\uC0E8\uC5B4: Mong)\uC740 \uBC18\uB3C5\uB9BD\uC801\uC778 \uB3C4\uC2DC \uAD6D\uAC00 \uB610\uB294 \uACF5\uAD6D\uC73C\uB85C, \uB3D9\uB0A8\uC544\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uD0C0\uC774\uB098 \uB77C\uC624\uC2A4, \uBCA0\uD2B8\uB0A8 \uBD81\uBD80, \uBBF8\uC580\uB9C8\uC758 \uC0E8 \uC8FC \uB4F1\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uC874\uC7AC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uB9C9\uAC15\uD55C \uD798\uC744 \uC9C0\uB2CC \uBBC0\uC559\uC758 \uACBD\uC6B0, \uB54C\uB54C\uB85C \uC655\uAD6D\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD88\uB9AC\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uC73C\uBA70, \uB54C\uB85C\uB294 \uADF8\uB4E4\uC758 \uC885\uC8FC\uAD6D\uC73C\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uD574\uBC29\uD558\uB824 \uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uC885\uC885 \uB3C5\uB9BD\uC744 \uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC5EC\uB7EC \uBBC0\uC559\uB4E4\uC740 \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uC880 \uB354 \uB9C9\uAC15\uD55C \uC774\uC6C3\uB098\uB77C\uC5D0 \uC870\uACF5\uC744 \uBC14\uCCE4\uB2E4."@ko . "27057"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mueang (en tailand\u00E9s: \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07), Muang (en lao, \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87), M\u01B0\u1EDDng (en vietnamita) o Mong (Shan) fueron ciudades-estado o pincipados con un alto nivel de independencia en las actuales Tailandia, Laos y el Estado de Shan de Birmania. Los mueang menores estaban subordinados a los mueang vecinos m\u00E1s poderosos, que a su vez estaban subordinados al rey. Estos mueang m\u00E1s poderosos, a veces llamados reino, ocasionalemnte trataron de adquirir total independencia frente al poder real."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "M\u00FCang (oder Mueang, franz\u00F6sisch Muang; thail\u00E4ndisch \u0E40\u0E21\u0E37\u0E2D\u0E07, laotisch \u0EC0\u0EA1\u0EB7\u0EAD\u0E87, Aussprache [m\u026Fa\u014B], oder Shan Mong) waren die quasi-unabh\u00E4ngigen F\u00FCrstent\u00FCmer oder Stadtstaaten der Tai-V\u00F6lker im heutigen Thailand, Laos, dem Shan-Staat von Birma, Teilen der s\u00FCdchinesischen Provinz Yunnan und dem \u00E4u\u00DFersten Nordwesten Vietnams. Die kleineren M\u00FCang waren den m\u00E4chtigeren Nachbar-M\u00FCang oftmals tributpflichtig, welche wiederum dem K\u00F6nig Tribut zollten (Mandala-System). Manche der gro\u00DFen M\u00FCang wurden auch \u201EK\u00F6nigreich\u201C genannt und erlangten zeitweise eine gewisse Unabh\u00E4ngigkeit."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .