"Mun (religion)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le mun, ou munisme ou bongthingisme, est la foi traditionnelle polyth\u00E9iste, animiste, chamanique, et syncr\u00E9tique des Lepchas, population vivant au sud de la cha\u00EEne himalayenne. La religion antidate la conversion des Lepchas au bouddhisme tib\u00E9tain au VIIe si\u00E8cle. Les Lepchas cependant pratiqu\u00E8rent le mun indig\u00E8ne avec le bouddhisme. Depuis l'arriv\u00E9e des missionnaires chr\u00E9tiens au XIXe si\u00E8cle, les traditions mun continu\u00E8rent \u00E0 c\u00F4t\u00E9 des croyances apprises. Le mun traditionnel permet l'incorporation de Bouddha et de J\u00E9sus-Christ en tant que divinit\u00E9s, selon les diff\u00E9rentes croyances familiales. Plusieurs parmi les Lepchas furent convertis au christianisme par des missionnaires \u00E9cossais du XIXe si\u00E8cle, mais le bouddhisme et la foi mun traditionnelle gard\u00E8rent le r\u00F4le majeur dans la vie religieuse des Lepchas. Il existe des chr\u00E9tiens Lepcha qui ont perdu la langue Lepcha et qui ignorent expr\u00E8s les croyances traditionnelles du mun. La religion mun et sa pr\u00EAtrise sont en d\u00E9clin \u00E0 cause de la conversion exclusive \u00E0 d'autres religions, attribu\u00E9e \u00E0 la pression \u00E9conomique, car les pratiques traditionnelles co\u00FBtent extr\u00EAmement cher pour le pratiquant ordinaire. Le mun toutefois regagna l'int\u00E9r\u00EAt des Lepchas contre l'empi\u00E8tement \u00E9cologique. La profondeur du sentiment mun parmi les Lepchas et la connexion de la foi \u00E0 l'environnement se manifest\u00E8rent dans l'opposition au d\u00E9veloppement dans certaines r\u00E9gions vierges, telles que les rivi\u00E8res Rathong Chu et Teesta."@fr . . . . . . 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"37737694"^^ . . . . . . "12728"^^ . . . . . . . . "Le mun, ou munisme ou bongthingisme, est la foi traditionnelle polyth\u00E9iste, animiste, chamanique, et syncr\u00E9tique des Lepchas, population vivant au sud de la cha\u00EEne himalayenne. La religion antidate la conversion des Lepchas au bouddhisme tib\u00E9tain au VIIe si\u00E8cle. Les Lepchas cependant pratiqu\u00E8rent le mun indig\u00E8ne avec le bouddhisme. Depuis l'arriv\u00E9e des missionnaires chr\u00E9tiens au XIXe si\u00E8cle, les traditions mun continu\u00E8rent \u00E0 c\u00F4t\u00E9 des croyances apprises. Le mun traditionnel permet l'incorporation de Bouddha et de J\u00E9sus-Christ en tant que divinit\u00E9s, selon les diff\u00E9rentes croyances familiales."@fr . . "1099505201"^^ . . . . . "\u0645\u0648\u0646 (\u062F\u064A\u0646)"@ar . . . . . . . "September 2019"@en . "Unclear where \"white\" spirits reside"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Mun (religion)"@fr . "Mun or Munism (also called Bongthingism) is the traditional polytheistic, animist, shamanistic and syncretic religion of the Lepcha people. It predates the 7th century Lepcha conversion to Lamaistic Buddhism, and since that time, the Lepcha have practiced it together with Buddhism. Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the nineteenth century, Mun traditions have been followed alongside that religion as well. The traditional religion permits incorporation of Buddha and Jesus Christ as deities, depending on household beliefs."@en . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062D\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062B\u0648\u0646\u063A \u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062A\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0627."@ar . "Mun or Munism (also called Bongthingism) is the traditional polytheistic, animist, shamanistic and syncretic religion of the Lepcha people. It predates the 7th century Lepcha conversion to Lamaistic Buddhism, and since that time, the Lepcha have practiced it together with Buddhism. Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the nineteenth century, Mun traditions have been followed alongside that religion as well. The traditional religion permits incorporation of Buddha and Jesus Christ as deities, depending on household beliefs. The exonym \"Mun\" derives from the traditional belief in spirits called mun or mung. Together with bongthing (also bungthing or b\u00F3ngth\u00EDng), mun comprise a central element in the religion. These terms are also used to describe the shaman priesthood that officiates the respective spirits. The Mun religion and its priesthood are in decline. Conversion to other religions is attributed to economic pressure, as traditional practices are immensely expensive to the ordinary practitioner. It has, however, regained interest among Lepcha as ecological encroachment becomes a growing concern. The environment is so deeply intertwined with Mun beliefs that religious leaders have offered direct opposition to development in areas including the Rathong Chu and Teesta Rivers."@en . . . . . . .